Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 73, Indianapolis, Marion County, 4 August 1931 — Page 4

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Sullivan Acts In striking contrast to the suggestions of the organizations of big taxpayers is the action of Mayor Sullivan to relieve the overburdened citizen of his tax woes. The mayor proposes to look into the justice of the contracts between the city and the public utilities which in other days have had influence enough to enable them to collect all they desired from the public cash box. Instead of cutting the wages of men who work in the streets, and of girls who work as stenographers, the mayor proposes to cut the toll of gigantic corporations. Strangely enough, none of those who prate about official economy and demand slashes in the pay envelopes of the low priced public help have ever suggested such a relief program. It is significant that the Chamber of Commerce, demanding the abolition of kindergartens and vocational schools, made no suggestion to the school board that savings might be made by a rate adjustment on electricity and water. That remained for Mayor Sullivan, who has no obligations to these utilities and does not owe his election to funds contributed from these sources. The contract with the city for electric light was made when coal was selling at war-time prices. It was high when made. Today it is extortionate. The cost of lighting the city is beyond reason. And the evil feature of the situation is that about 30 per cent of all that is paid is taken by devious methods, about which the public service commission shows no curiosity, for the use of the holding company that owns the common stock of the concern. Os course, if the city is entitled to anew rate based on present conditions, then all citizens might be entitled to the same relief. The demand of the mayor for some semblance of justice in dealing with the light and water companies should result in a general demand by all citizens for similar adjustments. One of the causes of depression is the exactions and extortions of the holding companies which operate the light, water and telephone companies. Their levies amount to much more than the cost of government. The attitude of Mvyor Sullivan should result in a public inquiry into the justice of all rates and into the practices of holding companies. Perhaps the water baron may discover that he can not lull the people into indifference by giving a pipe organ to a political club.

Trying to Bleed the Turnip There is a bitter coal strike on in the soft coal fields of western Pennsylvania. The miners are engaged in a desperate effort to regain the West Virginia coal fields for unionized labor. There is plenty of activity in Kentucky and Ohio. Civilized men will be likely to sympathize with the miners in their struggle to secure so elemehtal a human right as that of collective bargaining, their only safeguard of anything approaching decent standards of living. But informed common sense demands a calm examination of the general economic conditions in the whole industry. Such suggestion is no disguised apology for the majority of the coal operators, whose socio-economic policies have proved them to be as choice a collection of industrial pirates as ever scuttled the ship of social justice. Yet the plain fact is that the miners now have to contend not only with the irresponsible selfishness of the operators, but with an even more impregnable enemy, namely, the forces and processes of industrial evolution. It is futile to attempt to make a turnip bleed even in the best of causes. If one requires blood, he must look elsewhere. The coal industry of the United States, outside the well-unionized anthracite fields of Pennsylvania, is in a state of anarchy and depression which will force either readjustment or disintegration. , , This is due to the increasing use of cheap oil for fuel and other reasons for decreased coal consumption, to the increased efficiency of coal-mining methods, and to the persistence in trying to mine marginal fields which should be closed down indefinitely. The maximum annual demand for soft coal in the United States came in the year 1918. It then was 579.000.000 tons. Yet even in the present disorganized state of the industry, there would be no difficulty in producing a billion tons of soft coal in the United States in one year without increasing either the machinery, fields worked or the labor force available. Thoroughly reorganized, equipped with ihe best machinery, exploiting only the most productive fields, and recognizing labor organizations so as to promote the fullest productive co-operation, there is little doubt that we could produce a billion and a half tons each year. In 1927, a fairly prosperous year, we produced 518.000,000 tons, with labor in the soft coal fields averaging 191 days of work during the year. Along with the decreased consumption of soft coal has gone a falling off in coal prices. These conditions have produced a sharp competition between rival coal fields and operators. As labor cost represents at least 75 per cent of the cost of coal, this means that operators fiercely resist any such raising of the wage scale as would be implied In full unionization of the industry. This resistance is especially savage and determined when the threatened increase in wages falls upon any local group of operators and promises to put them at a competitive disadvantage with other operators in another field. Our soft coal situation, then, is one which calls for something more than a courageous battle for the rights of union labor. It demands a complete industrial shakeup, in the interest of the American public, the coal industry, the operators and the miners. All the poorer or marginal mines should be closed. Cmly the richest fields should be worked. *These

The Indianapolis Times (A 6CKIFPB-HOWARD NEWSPAPER) Owned and published dally (except Sunday) by The IndiaDapolia Tlmea Publishing Cos 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis. Ind. Price in Marion County. 2 cents a copy: elsewhere. 8 cents—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a woek. BOYD GL’RLEY BOV W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON Editor rresident Business Manager PHONE—Riley MSI TUESDAY. AUG. 4. 1931. Member of United Press. Bcripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

should be equipped with the latest and most improved machinery. Labor in these fields should be organized thoroughly to provide decent living standards, efficient work and productive co-operation. This unquestionably would mean that from a half to two-thirds of the present coal miners of the United States would be thrown permanently out of work In this line of industry. This may appear harsh at first sight, but it is the only way out. The longer this vast surplus of available mine labor is permitted to exist the slower will be the progress of unionization and the greater the temptation to go on working inferior mines for a few days each year. But these displaced miners hardly can be left to starve, though tjiey are not so far from that situation right now. Industrial re-education, such as that suggested by Dean Russell of Teachers college, is the thing to turn to. The federal and state government well might subsidize such vocational training as is necessary to teach the miners anew trade. Not a few formerly engaged in mining and other trades may have to turn to the country for existence rather than profit cultivation. Goverment aid also may be necessary here. Whatever may be done with respect to the refugees from the reorganized coal industry, the road to sound economy and social justice in the country itself is all too plain to any man possessed of information and candor.

Unloading Our Surplus The suggestion that Germany purchase on credit some of the federal farm board’s “stabilization” stocks of wheat and cotton might be a temporary solution of the irritating problems of disposing of surpluses acquired by this government in its ill-advised efforts to peg prices. But the after-effect might not be so good. The Hoover moratorium was, essentially, a business deal to protect private American business investments. To link it with virtual forced sales of wheat and cotton to Germany would be but enlarging that deal. That might divest the moratorium of some of the high humanitarian aspects that surrounded it at the cutset; but that alone would not limit its effectiveness from Europe’s point of view. Enlightened selfishness is desirable—if it is enlightened. Cotton is a world crop. If production were limited to domestic demand the annual American crop would be halved. With domestic consuming industries depressed, demand for the staple in America is now far below normal. Tims, overseas markets, always vital, become even more so. Germany is one of our important buyers of cotton. If she were to buy 1,300,000 bales of cotton from the federal farm board, it' seems logical to suppose that the cotton trade—which has been lamenting farm board operations ever since they started—would lose that amount of business. Such a scale would remove the farm board’s stabilization” cotton from the domestic scene, but who is to say now that disposal of this cotton by the government to foreign customers normally served by the private American trade would improve the position of the industry generally? It was, we believe, a former assistant secretary of agriculture in President Wilson’s administration who first suggested—in a recent speech at the University of Virginia—that the moratorium to Germany should be conditioned on her purchase of some of our surplus agricultural and, perhaps, mining products. But one government economist pointed out that if Germany were forced to purchase our surplus wheat, when her own production was almost sufficient for her needs, the resHlt would be simply to transfer the surplus. The surplus still would exist, and would be borne by a country less favorably situated than our own. Effect of such sales on the wheat and cotton trade, and upon the prices of these two world crops, should be considered carefully before we peddle to distressed Germany the commodities that have been so costly to this government and its citizens. “Mussolini pledges arms limitation.” Headline. But not, of course, those raised in Fascist salute. By the time the debt situation is finally settled the Young plan will no longer be young. The matter of taxing cigarets, like everything else, has its ifs and butts. A Massachusetts man is said to be holding sixteen different jobs. Sweet are the uses of diversity. The government planted 79.000.000 trees last year. Probably to better its chances for presidential timber. Billie Burke, new golf champion, was formerly a foundry worker. Which may have something to do with the excellence of his iron shots.

Just Every Day Sense BY MRS. WALTER FERGUSON

“ A BIRD in the hand is worth two in the bush,” JE\ is an adage women never should forget. A husband at home is worth a couple of dozen in prospect. Sometimes a wife’s desire for adventure or her natural lack of sense makes her overlook this important fact. Several years ago, the wife of a hard-working prfessional man, the mother of one child, decided that she was too young and beautiful for domestic drudgery. So she played around for a time with an elegant and fascinating bachelor, the catch of the town. Then the community was treated to a veritable sensation when she eloped with the gentleman, leaving her husband and small son to fend for themselves. Today, seven years later, she still is waiting for the lover to marry her. The former husband has for some time been happily wed to a woman who cares for his child and who now lives in comparative ease, since his efforts have been crowned with success. mam THE first wife is a pathetic figure. Those who knew her best realize that she was only a foolish girl, restless, thoughtless, weak, yet inherently decent and good, the sort of person who can not stand up against adversity and who succumbs easily to temptation. The truth is that men who make perfect lovers seldom are willing tp play the part of husbands. It’s one thing to seduce a wife from her safe home, but quite another to marry her yourself and be in danger of having to assume the role of injured husband in your turn. And in spite of philosophers, we can’t laugh off the cold, hard fact that one small mistake can ruin a woman's life. To fail in one’s duty is to be a traitor to the highest innate personal decency. And it sometimes happens, as it> this case, that it also results in disillusion and despair.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

Hasn't the Time Come for Us to Consider the Problems of What Constitutes a Reasonable Profit? NEW YORK, Aug. 4.—According to the National City bank review, 325 industrial and merchandising corporations earned 45 per cent less during the first six months of this year than during the same period last year. It sounds pretty bad until you learn that they still made a profit of per cent, which would be 11 per cent annually. These same 325 corporations earned 10 per cent during the first six months of 1930, or at a rate ot 20 per cent for the year. During the first six months of 1929, they earned nearly 15 per emt, or at a rate of almost 30 per cent for the year. Such figures cause you to wonder whether unreasonable profit did not have something to do with bringing on the depression. tt tt tt A Limit to Profits IN this free country of ours, it has been understood generally that, barring public utilities, business was entitled to all it could make. Sound as such a rule might have been when business was largely controlled by individuals, is it sound in this age of combine and monopoly? 'Can we afford to kill competition, without imposing certain limits? tt it a Competition Stifled COMPETITION was a great regulator, not only of prices, but profits. „ Before we had such stupendous organizations as dominate business today, and enterprises could be launched with comparatively little capital, the man, or concern making large returns was sure to have rivals. Many lines now are so completely in the power of some organization, or group of organizations, that rivalry is out of the question. tt n tt ‘Shirtsleeve’ Rule Passes AS far as the law is concerned, we have about as much opportunity to create competition as we ever did, but the economic structure has changed. In the old days, widespread competition tended to restrict profits,' while a high percentage of failures dissipated them. The present idea is to eliminate both competition and failure. No matter how big a business a man might develop, or how rich he might become, our grandfathers consoled themselves by saying, ‘‘only three generations from shirtsleeves to shirtsleeves.” We can’t afford to take any such happy-go-lucky view, not with concerns like United States Steel and General Motors on our hands.

Reasonable Profit EVEN such an 'outstanding financier as Robert Morris could fail without creating too much commotion, but think what would happen if the Du Ponts, or General Electric were to go down. Well, if we can’t afford to let them losa, can we afford to let them make without limit, or restraint? Not as a matter of law, but as a matter of plain, ordinary common sense, hasn't the time come for us to consider the problem of what constitutes a reasonable profit? Is there any other basis on which we can hope to make capital investments safe, much less obtain anything like a just distribution of wealth? a tt a Labor Needs Safeguard IN this connection, it should be obvious that the earnings of capital have a definite bearing on wages. The more capital takes, the less will be left for labor and management. Capital has discovered scientific, if not arbitrary means for securing its share and making itself safe. The next logical step is to discover scientific ways of making a just division. tt u a Russian Plan Taboo RUSSIA has undertaken to solve this problem by creating a capitalistic state in which people have no opportunity, except to earn wages. Admitting that such a solution may work in Russia, because of her peculiar background, it will not work in this country. It is too repugnant to our traditions, standards and conceptions. We believe in private property, as well as personal liberty, and in returns on capital, as well as in capital itself. All that, however, does not mean that we should, or can, close our eyes to the profound change that has taken place in the methods of mobilizing and employing capital. It is absurd to suppose that monopolies, or near-monopolies can be permitted to do what small, independent, precarious business was permitted to do. As the late Theodore Roosevelt once said, “we are headed for regulated monopoly, or state socialism.”

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KING GEORGE’S MESSAGE August 4

ON Aug. 4, 1917, King George V of England, on the occasion of the third anniversary of the war, sent identical telegrams to the presidents and sovereigns of the United States, France, Portugal, Italy, Japan, Serbia and Rumania, expressing ‘‘the unwavering determination of the British empire to pursue the contest until our joint efforts are crowned with success and our common aims attained.” The king also expressed confidence in the unwaverinc will of the allied peoples and the heroism of their forces in achieving a final victory obtaining the possibility of: peaceful progress for humanity. In his message to King Albert of: Belgium, King George expressed confidence in the ultimate restora-, tion of Belgium to her rightful position among the free countries of Europe, adding: ’’The unfailing spirit of her people under the grievous suffering inflicted upon them by their enemies will continue to inspire the joint efforts of the allied countries against the nation which has trampled them underfoot.”

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Whole Wheat Bread Not Essential

This is the sixth of a series of twenty-six timely articles by Dr. Morris Fishbein on ‘‘Food Truths and Follies,” dealing; with such much discussed but little known subjects as calories, vitamins, minerals, digestion and balanced diet. BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor, Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hrgeia, the Health Magazine. r T'HE proteins are a group of closely related substances composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Some of them contain phosphorus and iron also. The basic proteins are amino acids. Whereas it was originally thought many of the proteins were alike, it is now realized that thev differ. Some are made out of essential elements in the body; others can not be made in the body, but must be taken in the form of various foods. It would hardly interest the average person without a scientific knowledge of chemistry to explain to him the ways in which the different proteins vary chemically. Their technical names, such as alanine, glycine and histidine, having meaning for chemists. Some food substances are called complete proteins because they contain all

IT SEEMS TO ME by h ™ d

JOHN BARTON PAYNE, chairman of the American Red Cross, says he is not alarmed about unemployment, although he admits that the present stiuation is serious. Just how much comfort the jobless will find in Judge Payne’s lack of alarm remains to be seen. It may be that the head of the Red Cross is not unduly troubled, for after an interview with President Hoover he reiterated the opinion that the Red Cross has its own job to perform and does not deal with unemployment as such. It would seem as if men and women out of work will have to gather together and pray for catastrophes. Until they become flood sufferers or cyclone victims, they will not fall into Judge Payne's province. However, Judge Payne has a brand new remedy for the present condition. He is quoted as saying, “This country can deal with the unemployment situation without any difficulty if it is kept where it belongs—at home.”

Pity for the Prosperous SEEMINGLY it is the philanthropist’s notion that the workers should stick each to his own nook and cranny and not wander out into the open to be seen and to cause distress to the more prosperous. If the jobless only would starve quietly at home, the unemployment problem would be solved in no time at all. It is interesting to learn from Judge Payne that the Red Cross does not deal with unemployment as such and has its own job to perform. I think the gentleman should be a little more specific. After all, the Red Cross is not a secret organization. All of us on occasion are tapped for membership during drives to raise funds. It can not be that the association’s function begins and ends with these drives. During the war we all saw posters in which the Red Cross was pictured as “The Greatest Mother in the World.” if my memory serves me. And so it still seems curious to me that the organization should stand aside until it has a chance to relieve suffering occasioned by “acts of God.” Almost it would seem as if Judge Payne required the Creator to nudge him from time to time so that the Red Cross cah swing into action. a a a Summer Reading ONE of the most interesting books of the summer season is “Living Philosophies.” which includes a statement of belief by men like Albert Einstein, John Dewey, H. G. Wells, H. L. Mencken, Theodore Dreiser, Bertrand Russell and several others. It is a fascinating collection because practically every contributor has made a sincere effort to speak with utter frankness. But it is well to emphasize the word “effort.” Few men in the history of the i world have been, able to become wholly articulate in the statement

Digging His Own Grave

of the amino acids essential- for growth and for tissue repair. The best examples of protein foods of this character are milk, lean meat and eggs. Others contain some essential substances, but need additional proteins to make growth and maintenance possible. These are called partially complete proteins. The best examples of this type are cereals and such substances as peas and beans. Flour contains as its protein gliadin of wheat, but this protein requires the addition of another protein called lysine in order to insure growth. In arranging a diet, these facts must be considered so that the diet will include some of all the essential protein substances. Milk furnishes the best type of protein for both maintenance and growth. Eggs come next, and then various meat products. Beans, peas, corn and various cereals require additions in the form of milk, meat, or eggs, to satisfy protein needs. When the proteins get into the body they are digested partly in the stomach by hydrochloric acid, water and pepsin, and to some extent in the intestines by juices secreted by the pancreas and by the intestinal wall. A protein diet is essentially an acid-forming one. When burned in the body, meat, cereals and prunes

of their belief. Even a superbly disciplined and polished mind like that of Einstein can not quite accomplish the trick. For instance, Professor Einstein writes: ’’The ideals which always have shone before me and filled me with the joy of living are goodness, beauty and truth. To make a goal of comfort or happiness never has appealed to me; a system of ethics built on those beliefs would be sufficient only for a herd of cattle.” tt u tt Not Exactly Scientific HERE we find the first scientist of our day using words which are incapable of definition. What, for instance, is goodness? And I

People’s Voice

Editor Times—l think it is wonderful the wholesome interest The Times has given to John Tooley, the 13-year-old boy from Princeton, Ind., w T ho certainly has been a much-abused boy by Judge Claude Smith’s decision. John Tooley is a much misunderstood boy, growing up in a bad environment. For Judge Claude Smith to brand this boy “bad, feebleminded, incorrigible,” and banish him from the county, is a decided shove on the road to further criminal tendencies. I feel deep sympathy for John Tooley, and sincerely hope that he has a fair and fighting chance given him. I also wish to praise C. W. Negus, superintendent of the Indiana Boys’ school at Plainfield, for his loyalty to youth and John Tooley. A friend indeed to every boy in his charge. Thank God for such men as Mr. Negus and shame to Judge C. Smith, who has the authority by the stroke of a pen, to condemn a boy to the feeble-minded school and grand him a “bad boy,” unruly and incorrigible. I know’ Mr. Negus personally through my interest in the boys of the school. It is marvelous the way the boys are trained and his personal interest in each boy is sincere and encouraging to each. Governor Leslie certainly should deal with a judge like Smith. I do not think he should be impeached. He, too, must earn a living, but he can be honest in doing so. I hope this boy will be left at the school with Mr. Negus. He has a better chance there than out in the world without a guide, hungry and heartsick. I think it also fine for J. Brown to offer a boy a home; this is what he needs, love and understanding, a chance to grow up to a good American citizen. M. PEARL FIBIGER. 3360 North Meridian street. Was there a battle fought in Yosemite valley during the Civil war? No. How is Maurice Chevalier’s last name pronounced? Also Bebe Daniels’ first name? Chevalier, “Sha-vahl%ay;” Bebe, “Bee’-be.”

furnish acids in predominance. Gelatin is a protein, but it is an incomplete protein because it does not provide some of the important constituents. Every one has to have 100 to 120 grams of protein in the daily diet. An ordinary glass of milk has only seven grams of protein. The white of the egg consists chiefly of water, proteins, and mineral salts. An average egg weighs about two ounces; about one-sixth of this is protein. There are dietary faddists who inveigh against proteins, claiming that they putrefy in the intestines and that a safe diet is low in protein. Such argument is utterly without basis in scientific fact. Proteins are found in fish, cheese, in vegetables and in most natural foods. The cheaper cuts of meat are as good as the more expensive ones in supplying protein. For palatability, meat protein is in general superior to vegetable protein. An adequate diet contains about two ounces of actual protein each day. When it is considered that only one-sixth of the egg is protein, that less than 5 per cent of milk is protein, it will be realized that a considerable quantity of food may be necessary to supply the protein needs, provided this need is not kept in mind.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this nauer.—The Editor.

believe people from Pilate up and down have been troubled about truth, not to mention beauty. One man’s beauty may be another’s man’s sister. And some of the acrimonious conflicts in the history of the world have been fought over the precise meaning of goodness. Indeed, there is a certain negative quality in the articles contributed by -the various great minds represented in “Living Philosophies.” In one point they all agree. No one seeks to explain the meaning of existence. Indeed, three or four oonter.u that it is silly to worry about the problem. But, silly or not, mankind always has been concerned with this riddle and always will. a u The Subconscious TkELIEF is a matter which does not reside wholly in the conscious mind. The most precise individual will state his entire creed and then in a crisis behave in a manner which does not fit at all his professed belief. I always have felt that even in the most dogmatic sects some few grains of salt were current in the minds of the worshipers. And, likewire, when I encounter the individual who says, “I believe in nothing!” I refuse to take him at face value, either. Man does not live by rational mind alone, although it would be an excellent system. Each brain has in its recesses where there are stored some bits or boulders, as the case may be, of hopes and fears and nameless memories which have come to us from the beginning of all time. fCoDvrlKht. 1931. bv The Times*

The Dietitians Say—- “ Eat more vegetables in summertime.” Fresh vegetables of all kinds are on the market in quantities, and at prices lower in general than have been obtained for many years. Our Washington bureau has ready for you anew and completely up-to-date bulletin on selection, preparation and cooking all sorts of vegetables in many attractive ways. You will be surprised at the appetizing dishes that can be made from some of the common vegetables that perhaps you have only heretofore prepared in one way. Fill out toe coupon and send for this bulletin and add it to your collection of recipes. CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 139, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, D. C.: I want a copy of the bulletin Vegetables and How to Prepare Them, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin, or loose, uncanceled. United States postage stamps, to cover return postage and handling Name St. and No Cifc y State I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

.'AUG. 4, 1931

SCIENCE —BY DAVID DIETZ

Stars' Weight Varies With Their Brightness; Some So Heavy a Tablespoonful Would Weigh a Ton. OTARS range from ones composed of thin gaseous material a thousand times thinner than the air we breathe, to ones composed of material so heavy that a tablespoonful of it would weigh one ton. This is one of the amazing facts brought to light by modern astronomers since they have devised means of weighing the stars. Other facts which this particular field of research has disclosed within the last year are equally amazing. It has been known for some time that the range of size of stars is immense. The largest known stars are more than a million miles in diameter. The giant star, Antares, has a diameter of 415,000,000 miles. The smallest known star has a diameter of 24,000 miles. But there is no such wide range of weight or mass, to use the technical term. No star has a mass greater than 100 times that of our own sun. No star is known to have a mass less than one-twentieth of our sun. The large stars are the ones composed of the extremely gaseous stuff. They are. Professor J. C. Duncan has called them, “prodigious bubbly of rarefied gas.” The small stars are the heavy ones. As Professor A. S. Eddington of Cambridge has said, it is-just as though someone had used a great ladle to parcel out material for the stars, putting approximately the same amount of material in each star, but bloving it out thin in some and packing it closely in others. a a u Bright in Proportion ANOTHER important relation brought out by recent studies is that between the true brightness or luminosity of a star and its weight. The brightest star has a true brightness 10,000 times greater than our sun. That is, if it were the same distance from our earth that the sun is it would drench the earth in 10,000 times as much light and heat. Tire dimmest star known has a true brightness 10,000 times less than our sun. Luminosity, it will be seen, runs over a tremendous range. The brightest star is 100,000,000 times as bright as the dimmest one. The range of weight or mass, as already stated, is small. Yet the relationship between luminosity and mass is so exact that knowing one it is possible to predict the other. Another curious relationship exists between the color of stars and their mass. The blue-white stars, which are the hottest of all stars, are on an average twenty times the mass of the sun. The white stars average less in mass, the yellow-white still less, and the yellow ones still less, until finally we reach the orange stars, which have an average mass twice that of our sun. These facts are more than interesting. Hidden in them, astronomers feel certain, is the story of the origin and lives of the stars. The world awaits the genius who can interpret them correctly.

Weighing Ingenious THE method used to weigh stars illustrates the ingenuity of modern astronomy, an ingenuity which surmounts the trillions of miles between us and the stars. The weight of an object is really the measurement of the gravitational pull of the earth for it. That •is why it is not technically correct to speak of weight except for objects on the earth. Mass is defined as the amount of matter in a body. According to Newton’s law of universal gravi - tation, every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force proportional to the product of their masses. Kepler, the great astronomer, showed that the speed of the planets around the sun varied with the distance. The farther a planet is from the sun, the slower it moves. From this, modem astronomers worked out a relationship which Involves mass as well as distance and speed. In the sky, there are many double stars, that Is, systems in which there are two stars revolving around each other. By determining the speed with which these stars revolve around each other, and the distance between them, it is possible, by applying Kepler’s law, to determine their mass in terms of the sun’s mass. Having done this, it is then possible to estimate the mass of other stars which are not part of doublestar systems.

Daily Thought

All the brethren greet you. Greet yet one another with an holy kiss.—Corinthian* 16:20. We have been born to associate with our fellow-men, and to Join in community with the human race.— Cicero.