Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 72, Indianapolis, Marion County, 3 August 1931 — Page 4

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Start at the Top 1 If there Is to be wage cutting in public service, start should be made at the top and not at the bottom. ; One of the real reasons why there are frequent Recurrences of panics and depressions, why there are demands for wage cuts on the part of taxpayers, why Ihere are bread lines and charity lists, is that during periods of so-called prosperity there is too wide a between the wage at the top and the Wage at the bottom. Just why one human being is paid a hundred thousand or in one case a million six hundred thousand dollars a year and another six hundred is hard jto explain. The one does not need so much. The other needs more. Both presumably do the best they Can at their particular jobs. Unquestionably there will be an increased demand lor wage reductions. It will come from the taxpayers’ representing always large property •owners. The small taxpayer will not kick. His own will be cut. Unquestionably there can be reductions in wages paid to some public servants. There is no reason or -sense in paying a county treasurer seventy-five or one hundred thousand dollars a year. There is no •sense in paying fancy prices for high officials. There 3s no sense in paying the Ohio firm which scrubs the ;Ktatehouse $64,000 for a job that Indiana firms offered to do for many thousands less. It is probable that during these dull times the state could worry along with less fantastic furniture in state offices. If there is to be a reduction of governmental costs, the knife should strike at the high branches. Already the state is doing its bit to increase depression by permitting contractors on road work to pay slave wages to those who build. Alert officials in other states have prevented this. * The first wage cut of a minor employe should be the signal for a special session of the legislature to cut the wage of those at the top. War and Prosperity 1 This ia the seventeenth annniversary of the “war to end war," to make the world safe for democracy, small nations and peace, to end the enormous wastes *of armaments, and to produce social and economic Utopia. ’ Today much of the civilized world is in a state tof such abject misery that many leaders, secretly or "openly, are considering the possibility of another -war as a temporary relief from the economic depression. That is probably the chief danger in the European depression. Things may get bad enough so that in sheer ‘desperation peoples will turn to war as the only practical and rapid way out of their conomic suffering. Though those who lived through the World war reimember the horrors, they also remember that they .ate and had a life full of vast excitement. To many ihe battle line seems less horrible than the bread line. Yet a little reflection on the costs and results of the World war should shatter this menacing mirage -effectively. War may afford a moment’s respite, but on “the morning after” things are worse than ever. ;War as a method of escape from economic misery is a debauch to make ond forget a chronic disease. In the end the same old malady persists and our resistance is lowered. Look at the economic exhibit presented by the ■World war. The personal loss ran about as follows: ! Known dead 10,000,000 i Presumably dead 3,000,000 - Dead civilians 13,000,000 Wounded soldiers 20,000,000 War orphans 9,000,000 * War widows 5,000,000 Capitalizing the economic life of an able-bodied ■man at a low estimate, the deaths enumerated above cost the nations involved some $67,000,000,000—n0t counting the physical and mental suffering. The total immediate economic cost of the war has Seen estimated at $331,600,000,000, including: - (1) Munitions and armament, $180,000,000,000; T 2) property losses on land, $29,960,000,000; (3) losses io shipping, $6,800,000,000; (4) production losses through diverted and noneconomic production, $45,600,000,000. These figures take no account of subsequent costs like interest on loans, retirement of loans, tensions and the like. * ... President Coolidge once officially stated that the ■ultimate total cost of the participation of the United jgtates alone in the World war would be $100,000,000,000. ; No form of production or labor can be ultimately profitable—truly economical—unless it contributes in a permanent way to ‘the increase of human wellbeing. Destructive forms of production are parasitical and anti-economic. Zi We can not blow to pieces dwellings and factories, flood and ruin mines, devastate the country-side, divert millions from the manufacture of the necessities of life into the making of engines of destruction, Without ultimately being called to account. -* Europe today is paying the price—and it may be ©niy the beginning of the total cost —for the abysmal carnage and destruction of 1914-1918. ~ if the world should now seek refuge from its present dizzy hangover Joy getting drunk in another season of carnage, there is little hope for the continuation of western civilization. Crooked Clients Some lawyers today are no more than high-grade racketeers, Norman Thomas charges in the preface to anew book, "A Lawyer Tells the Truth,” by Morris <>isnet. ~ Dr. John Barker Waite of the University of Michigan law school, discussing the criminal law recently, pointed out that “the most serious evils in the present system are not the fault of the law, but ihe fault of lawyers.” But as Thomas pointed out, lawyers do not deserve all the blame for this condition. - “For every crooked lawyer, or sharp and cynical lawyer, there are clients who want that kind of lawyer," says Thomas. “The legal racket is only one of many rackets which flourish in a society which iaas made profit god.” _ As long as any of us is willing to employ legal Advice to tell us how we may evade an income tax 3aw or an anti-trust law or a divorce or marriage law, we will have lawyers willing to sell the advice. Good Cops and Bad - The country is Indebted to the Wickersham com•tnlssion for forthright criticism of the police of its pities. ; Blaming low salaries, political control a bad public attitude, this latest report finds that “the majority o| American police are not suited

The Indianapolis Times (A BCRIPPS-nOWAKD NEWSPAPER) Oesd and pn?>llsbed daily (except Bunilay) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis. Ind. Price In Marlon County 2 cents s copy: elsewhere, 8 cents—delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. * BOTD GURLEY^ROT W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON __ Editor President Business Manager' phone—Riley si Monday, auo. 3. 1931 Member of United Proas, Bcrlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Asso elation. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

either by temperament, training or education for their position,” that more than 75 per cent are not endowed mentally to perform the duty assigned.” “Little wonder,” we are told, “that policemen 01 today are looked upon with a sneer. We can not, nor will we ever, have respect for a police force in which the personnel is stupid, dishonest, incapable, or inefficient.” It is not only that the new underworld army is manned ably, well financed and scientifically equipped and therefore can be conquered only by superior brains and equipment. The multitude of antivice laws that never should have been put on the criminal statute books requires a police force of men of broad vision, human sympathy and expert knowledge. A brutal, stupid “cop” treats all offenders alike. A wise policeman sees under the surface. Rightly the policeman has been called “the blue court,” the court of first instance. And upon his decisions may depend the future career of a young offender for better or worse. Os course the good officers suffer from the sins of the evil. The author of this report is August Vollmer, himself an educated policeman. It reflects impatience with mere coercion and punishment. Certairf detection and swift punishment are greater deterrents than harsh measure. We see no reason why all policemen should not be Vollmers, experts trained for their jobs as carefully as engineers and doctors. We agree with the Wickersham commission that little headway will be made in the war on crime until cities first have conquered the stupidity, the brutality and the political corruption so often camouflaged in their own police systems.

Mother Necessity at Work Isecessity, the mother of invention, has not, as some seem to think, been completely overcome by the depression. She is still on the job. We quote from a letter that comes from a section of the country which has been hit harder perhaps than any other—Arkansas, where drought was added by nature to the already great burden of man-made economic trouble. A friend of mine was in Morrilton, Ark., the other day and noticed three big trucks backed up to the platform of a warehouse just off the . public square. They were loading snap beans into the trucks. Three truck loads is a lot of beans and this fellow made inquiries. The truck boss told him they were hauling the beans to Oklahoma City. That’s 300 miles from Morrilton. My friend expressed surprise, and here’s what the truck boss told him: That his home was in Oklahoma City and that he operated a fleet of six trucks; his territory is 300 miles from Oklahoma City in every direction; he buys everything that is for sale—from coon skins to snake oil, scrap iron to eggs. He loads up with snap beans, say, in Morrilton, and shoves off for Oklahoma City. He passes through several towns that are po- • tential markets, including Ft. Smith. He buys the beans cheap because the farmer is saved the cost of hauling to market. He might sell half the beans in Ft. Smith. If he does, he buys something else in Ft. Smith and goes on with the second cargo. The cargo might be eggs. These he sells en route to Oklahoma City, disposes, of the rest of the snap beans en route, and takes on another load of something else. By the time he arrives in Oklahoma City with a cargo he probably has bought and sold three cargoes of stuff—he’s turned his merchandise three times. His trucks operate all over Oklahoma, in southern Kansas, northern Texas and western Arkansas. It’s a case of the itinerant peddler of Jubilee Jim Fisk days done over with variations. The main point is that this is anew wrinkle in this country, and was started by a man who failed in another line of business. It is anew business sprung up out of adversity and hard times. The letter continues, telling about another man who had been a banker—in one of the many banks which failed last year. He has hung out a sign which says "Trader.” He is just that. He will buy anything, trade anything, swap anything—and sell it again, or trade it again for his profit. He is specializing now in bank and office equipment thrown on the market by bank failures. In one little town the other day, he bought a 7,000-pound safe for $l5O, loaded it on a truck, drove thirty-five miles and sold it for $l,lOO. He is buying up adding machines, typewriters, scrap iron—anything, and hauling it around by truck until he finds a market. The truck and several thousand miles of hard-sur-faced roads are developing a mobile industry that has no name as yet, a business that carries its merchandise on its back, so to speak, and rolls on rubber at a minimum freight cost until it finds a market. It is of such stuff that economic recoveries are made. With the big news of the day concerned with armament cuts, slices in salary and dividend slashes, future generations probably will understand A. D. to mean After Dissection. What this country needs more than a 5-cent cigar is a good two-reel comedy. When the good wife asks for a fifty to buy a gown that, as the literati well know, is also a figure of speech. Banks recently were closed in Chili. But where is a more appropriate place to have frozen assets? When the cerditor nations tell Germany to help herself, they do not mean, of course, with their money. What France and Germany seem to fear most in burying the hatchet is that one of them wall catch it in the neck. A dyed-in-the-wool politician, says the office sage, never shrinks from publicity. The telephone is said to have opened anew era in diplomacy. But you can’t tell that to the young man using it in an attempt to make up to his girl friend. .Another evil born in thla age & crime is.the tendency. of a good many to waste, lose and kill time.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES *.

M: E. Tracy SAYS:

No Matter How Great the Multitude , How Stupendous Its Resources, it Becomes Impotent When Dominated by Fear. NEW YORK, Aug. 3.—After what he saw :n Russia, George Bernard Shaw “dreads” the thought of going back to London. As for Ireland, “Good God, no!” Wishes he were 18. so he could grow up with the Soviet, but admits being too old for anything like that. Thinks the bankers “have made a mess of things, declaring that “any child knows the world can’t exist on credit.” Such remarks are not to be taken too seriously. The peppy old playwright gets a good price for them, which he would not, if they were trite and orthodox. a 0 0 Credit indispensable MEANWHILE, hot, dry weather is reported from the Russian grain belt, with crops suffering and a reduced yield in prospect. Suppose there should be a general failure, how could Russia feed her people without buying grain from abroad on credit? Suppose Germany hadn’t been granted a moratorium, which is merely an extension of Credit, -or New York and Paris hadn’t come to the rescue of the Bank of England with a $250,000,000 loan? 000 Abuse No Excuse AS long as there is a year between harvests, or engine blocks have to be cooled for six months, we must have credit. The only way to get along without credit is to invent an Aladdin’s lamp which will produce everything instantaneously as needed. Like all other man-made schemes, credit can be, and often has been abused, but that does not mean that it can be dispensed with. 000

Lost Confidence CREDIT plays as big a part in politics as in finance. It is based on confidence in both cases. When you loan a man money, you assume he will pay it back. When you put him in office, you assume he will perform his duty. Loss of confidence acts the same way on law enforcement as on a bank. That is the chief cause of trouble today. \ Whether it’s German reparations, or gang rule in an American city, there has been a pronounced loss of faith in existing methods. 000 Gangs Vs, Police IN its fourteenth report, the Wickersham commission says that the police breakdown is due to corruption, inefficiency, and political interference, all of which has led to loss of confidence. Police Commissioner Mulrooney of New York doubts whether this is true, but admits that the stupendous force under his command has been unable to trace the gangsters who killed Michael- Vaneghello last Tuesday. The people of the neighborhood where this outrage occurred simply won’t talk. Their fear of the gang is greater than their confidence in the police. 000 Fear Weakens WHAT people can do in theory is not so important as what they will do in practice. You hear a great deal about the power of organized minorities. It is largely derived from confidence and courage. The same thing is true of leadership. The careers of such men as Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte were mainly due to the confidence and courage they were able to inspire in their followers. No matter how great the multitude, or how stupendous its resources, it becomes impotent when dominated by fear. 0 0 0 Confidence Needed MUCH of the present-day trouble goes back to fear. Vast numbers of people, as well as many leaders, are scared —scared of crime, scared of the possibility of a financial collapse, scared of the rumors of war and revolution. The restoration of confidence has become imperative in a dozen different fields. \ 000 Down to the Roots NATURALLY enough, statesmen regard the international field as all-important. Fear of what might happen if any major government went to pieces at this time has not only aroused them, but brought about such a spirit of co-operation as civilization never knew before. The things that have been done to set the world right during the last six weeks are unprecedented; But that is not enough. The problem of restoring confidence goes down to where people live.

Daily Thought

He that believeth and is baptised shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned.— St. Luke 16:16. Not that God doth require nothing unto happiness- at the hands of men saving only a naked belief, but that without belief all other things are as nothing.—Hooker. How much is a stone weight? It is a measure of weight, avoirdupois, in Great Britain, legally equal to twenty-eight pounds, or to one-eighth hundred weight, but varying in practice at different places and times from five to thirtytwo pounds. Do the United States coast guards wear the same uniform as enlisted men in the navy? The only difference is in the insignia. Hew does the number of automobiles in New York compare with the number in Germany, England and France? As of Jan. 1, 1930, there were 635,500 automobiles in Germany, 1,245,839 in England, 1,294,167 in France and 2,263,259 in New- York. Which of the Duncan sisters is a comedienne?" " r Rosetta, , \

‘Be Kind to Your Adams Apple! 9

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DAILY HEALTH SERVICE What’s a Calory? It’s Energy Unit

This is the fifth of a series of twentysix timely articles by Dr. Morris Fishbein on “Food Truths and Follies.” dealing: with such much discussed but little known subjects as calories, vitamins, minerals, digestion and balanced diet. BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor, Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hvtreia, the Uealth Magazine. A SSOCIATED with the development of the machines, has come a gradual change in food habits, so that we eat less meat, less cereals, less sugar and less carbohydrates generally than formerly. The per capita consumption of sugar has dropped from 109 pounds a person a year to ninety-nine pounds. The fall in the consumption of cereals has been so great as to cause extreme consternation in the

IT SEEMS TO ME

ITERE is a letter from a lady In Red Bank, N. J., and she wa- Is to ask a question; “Some time ago,” writes Mrs. G. L. K., “you had a column about censorship, and you said that you thought parents ought to watch over what their children read and not expect the state to do it for them. “I agree with you, but just what do you think a 12-year-old boy ought to read? Mine, for instance. His \name is Jack, and the thing that interests him most is a good story in the newspapers. I’m worried. What do you advise?” tt tt tt Teething Tabloid I DON’T know what to advise you, Mrs. K. I’m sorry already that I picked out this particular letter to talk about. All I can say is that we are both in the same boat. My son, Heywood Hale Broun, is 13, and he just loves murder trials. Maybe I’m worse off than you. I don’t know whether you have tabloid papers in your city. I think my son is probably one of the greatest experts in the country on the HallMills case. We talked about it one day and he seemed to have all the evidence at his fingertips. And a few years later there was some other murder around here. I can’t remember the name of it just now, but I was a little startled when Woodie said that maybe the defendant would get off because it was a love crime. When I was a child I didn’t know anything about love or crime, either. At irr.ct, not enough to talk about. The best I can do is just sit tight and pray that there won’t be many murders. tt u Those Merriweiis MY parents tried to stop me from reading dime novels. They said trash like that would spoil my taste for good literature. I don’t know whether it did or not. Os course, I kept on reading dime novels even when I was told that I shouldn’t. Probably I’m talking about stuff that’s long before the time of any of you. My favorite series was about Frank Merriwell and after him his brother Dick. Frank, according to the stories, went to Yale, and he was a marvelous athlete on all the teams. The series ran a long time. In fact, after the first eight or ten years some of the readers began to complain. They said that, even though he was a fictional character, Frank shouldn’t be allowed to stay in college so long. Eight years is a long time for a man to play on a varsity football team —even at Yale. That’s why the author (I never did know his name) had to invent Dick. And Dick hit just as many home runs and made just as many long dashes for touchdowns in the last minute of the game as Frank did. tt a tt At Harvard NATURALLY, there never was a poison that could down a Merriwell or any barn strong enough to hold him in. Still, these diabolical plots sometimes were enough to slow up Dsk or Frank a little. Very often they didn’t get into the game until the ninth inning And,

cereal industry, from the farmer down to the baker. I have been saying much about calories and have not yet explained exactly what a calory is. Calory is a term used to indicate a measurement of energy in terms of heat. When the human body does work, it takes up oxygen, gives off carbon dioxide, water and heat. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats taken into the body undergo chemical changes and make their energy available. This energy then is measured in terms of calories. Asa result, it has become possible to say exactly how many calories of energy will be developed by any certain food in any certain amount. The energy needed by the body must be made up of definite quantities of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. The body can select to a certain extent from all of the food given to it what it needs for en-

naturally, Harvard would be ahead until the hero arrived. I couldn’t say at all whether all these dime novels hurt me. They didn’t seem to influence me directly. After spending five or six of the most impressionable years of my life reading about “Frank Merriwell on the Yale Crew” and “Frank Merruvell Wins the Football Game” and "‘Frank ' Merriwell, the Young High Jumper at Yale,” I went to Harvard. When I saw Yale teams I realized the Merriwells were just fictional. I must be losing my taste for

Questions and Answers

What should pet turtles be fed? How do land turtles differ from water turtles in appearance? Feed raw beef, earthworms, insects, lettuce or other vegetables and fruits. Aquatic turtles have strong webs between their toes and their feet are rather flat like paddles. Land turtles have stouter feet with thicker toes and coarser nails. How can ants be kept out of a bee hive? The usual method is to put the hive on a stand, with legs set in vessels containing water or creosote. Another method is to wrap a tape soaked in corrosive sublimate around the bottom board. What is the origin of the names “Sixteenth of September” and “Fifth of May Avenue” for streets in the City of Mexico? They are named for important dates in Mexican history. Sixteenth of September was the day when Mexican independence was declared and May 5 was the date the Mexican troops won a victory over the French at Pueblo in 1862. What is the correct abbreviation for midnight? Midnight is generally abbreviated 12 p. m. (post meridian) as distinguished from 12 m. (meridian) noon.

RETURN OF ROOT MISSION Aug. 3 ON Aug. 3, 1917, the American mission to Russia," headed by Elihu Root, returned to the United States after a month’s visit. On this same day the Russian provisional government declared illegal Finland's declaration of independence; the Russian foreign minister, Terestschenko, reigned, and the military governor of Petrograd, General Erdelli, was assassinated. Root, in a statement issued a few weeks previous to this, said: “We found no organic or incurable malady in the Russian democracy. Democracies always are in trouble, and we have seen days just as dark in the progress of our own. “We must remember that a people in whom all constructive effort has been suppressed for so long can not immediately develop a genius for quick action . . . The solid, admirable traits the Russian character will pull the nation through the present crisis*”

ergy, growth and repair of tissue. However, there are certain minimum quantities of essential foods, and unless these are supplied difficulties of nutrition may develop. Because of these factors of safety in the human body, bad food habits may persist over a considerable length of time before resulting in the form of definite disease. In general, it seems that the human body needs about 1,800 grams of protein daily, 56 grams of fat, and 500 grams of carbohydrttes. There are conditions in which protein, carbohydrates, and fats must be modified in amount as occurs, for instance, in obesity. The proteins are not simple substances, and they vary exactly as do the carbohydrates and the fats. It is because of this new knowledge that the science of nutrition developed.

nv HEYWOOD BROUN

such things, because I tried out some of the modern blood and thunder books that my son reads, and I couldn’t get interested at all. His favorite is a young lad called Tom Swift. The idea seems to have changed a little since my day. Tom isn’t an athlete. He’s an inventor. He invents all kinds of things. Offhand, all I can remember are “Tom Swift and His Dirigible,” “Tom Swift In His Airplane,” “Tom Swift in His Submarine,” and “Tom Swift In his Electric Racer.” (Copyright. 1931. by The Times)

How many postoffices are there in the United States? Approximately 50,000. Does Babe Ruth still draw a salary of SBO,OOO a year? His last contract was signed March 10, 1930, and called for a salary of SBO,OOO a year for two years. What is the weight of a thousand silver dollars? One thousand dollars in silver dollars weigh 59 pounds and SI,OOO in half dollars, quarters or dimes weigh 55 pounds. Is a nautical mile longer than a statuate mile? A standard, or statute mile contains 5,280 feet; a nautical mile contains 6,080 feet. What is the seating capacity of Griffith stadium, the baseball park, in Washington? Thirty-two thousand.

The Golfers' Shop has a clearance—in a big wayl —Bags that were all the way to $27.50 at $12.45. —Great reductions also in lesser priced bags——Vulcan Golf Clubs — —Coif Balls 20% discount. 38c. —coif Tees —Deep reductions on 100 for 29c Knickers anc j slacks. L. Strauss & Cos. "Compare—After All, Thpre Is a Difference!"

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

.’AUG. 3, 1931

SCIENCE —BY DAVID DIETZ

Minute Crystals Studied as Guide to Production of Special Types of Steel and Alloys. A FIELD of present-day scientiflo research which Is expected to yield eventual result* of immense value to engineers, metallurgists and chemists is that of the structure of crystals. It Is expected to lead to the proj duction of special types of steel and alloys and of a type needed for special purposes. One of the most astounding results of recent physical investigations has been the discovery of the universality of crystals. It has been common for the layman to consider the crystal as something special in nature. Recent research has shown that almost every solid substance consists of crystals. These range from large, beautiful crystals, such as the diamond or ruby, for example, to crystals so small that only the microscope will reveal them. In fact, there are crystals yet smaller, so small that only X-ray analysis will reveal their presence. The reason that ordinary substances do not reveal their crystal structure is bcause the crystals are so small and thrown together in such a hit-and-miss or helter-skel-ter fashion that the structure is not apparent. Microscopic investigation, however, has shown that steel, for example, is composed of masses of crystals thrown together in this irregular fashion. The same thing is true of other metals. And as already stated, the X-ray frequently reveals a crystal structure which is more minute than the microscope can detect. 0 0 Bridgelike Structures TTSE of the X-ray to examine crystal structure rapidly is becoming one of the most important fields of research. Work of this sort is being carried on in universities and research institutions in all parts of America and Europe. The newness of the field is attested to by the fact that the pioneers in it are still among its leaders. Dr. Max Von Laue of Berlin and the Braggs of London, Sir William Bragg and his son, Professor W. L. Bragg, were the founders of this branch of science. The work to date has yielded interesting results. It. has shown that the molecules of matter have definite shapes. As Sir William Bragg has said* molecules possess shapes or structures as definite as those of the girders which compose a bridge. The study also has revealed that the molecules join together to form the crystals in just as definite a way as do the girders which form a bridge. Recent work has shown that the properties of solids, such as density, hardness, elasticity, ability to conduct heat and electricity and other characteristics, are all to be explained on the basis of the shape of the molecules, the way in which they are bound together into crystals and the strength of the ties between molecules. 000 Atoms Mark Elements AS a result of these studies, the crystal is seen to assume anew role of importance in the universe. Physicists have shown that the fundamental particles of matter are the electrons. These combine to form atoms. There are 92 kinds of atoms, one kind composing each of the 92 chemical elements. These atoms differ from each other by the number of electrons which they contain. Atoms, in their turn, combine to form the molecules of the chemical compounds. To this tabulation, the fact must now be added that in the case of solids, molecules combine to form crystals. For example, quartz is composed of two chemical elements, silicon and oxygen are united chemically into molecules of silicon dioxide. But a molecule of silicon dioxide does not exhibit the properties of quartz. These properties belong to a unit crystal which is composed of three molecules. A crystal of quartz Is merely a continuous repetition of this unit pattern. There is still a great deal of work to be done in the field of crystals. The exact structure has been ascertained in only a relatively few molecules and crystals. There is also much work to be done upon the theoretical side. The reason why molecules unite in such definite and precise ways has not yet been explained. Very little is known about the forces which hold the molecules together, although these forces are undoubtedly of an electric and magnetic nature.