Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 70, Indianapolis, Marion County, 31 July 1931 — Page 1

HEAT RECORD EXPECTED TO TOPPLETODAY City Awakens to Blistering Day After Discomfort of Torrid Night. DOUBT EARLY RELIEF Showers May Fall Saturday, Is Slight Hope Held Out by Forecaster. Hourly Temperatures Midnight... 83 7 a. m 80 lam 82 8 a. m 85 2 a- m 81 9 a. m 89 3a. m 80 10 a. m 89 4a. in 78 11 a. m 91 sa. tn 77 12 (noon).. 92 6a. m 77 Ip. rn 92 Depressed hy a humid night. Indianapolis was sweltering through another day of a week’s heat wave, from which no relief is in sight for at least twenty-four hours. Subsiding to 77 degrees at 5 and fi this morning, the thermometers of the United States weather bureau here shot upward shortly after the sun began beating on the city and at 9 showed 89 degrees, 14 degrees above normal. At 1 p. m. It was 92 degrees. By 3 or 4 this afternoon, the mercury doubtless will have surpassed Thursday’s maximum temperature of 95 degrees, and weather bureau officials admitted the possibility that temperatures may equal or exceed the summer’s record of 98.4 degrees. Overcast skies, with unsettled weather conditions that were expected two and three days ago, probably will afford some relief from the heat Saturday, J. H. Armington, senior meteorologist at the bureau, said this morning. Relief Is Probable In northern Indiana there is probability of showers, and light rains may fall on scattered districts throughout the state. However, there will be no general rains, needed for crops, and probably no precipitation in the Indianapolis district, Armington said. Two cities in the state Thursday reported temperatures of 100 degrees or higher. The peak was at Wheatfield, where 102 degrees were reported. Madison blistered under 100 degrees. Humidity here today added to discomfort from the heat. It was 76 at 80 degrees, and at 90 degrees should not exceed 25 or 30 to afford any comfort with that heat, Armington said. The heat wave has but one saving grace. Ordinarily the high temperatures, ruthless sun and accompanying drought would damage crops seriously, but this wave hit the agricultural belt just after comparatively heavy rains. Crops Not Hard Hit Crops, thought at first to have suffered, will not be damaged if rains arrive within a few days. However, continued drought would ruin the corn crop. Human discomfort from the heat probably will be greater today than any other day this week. Three prostrations have been recorded in the city since the wave began. Bathing pools and beaches, parks, highways at night, all outdoor gatherings after sunset have indicated the intensity of suffering. All have been crowded. Thousands were admitted to municipal swimming pools Thursday night, and beaches on White river were jammed with others seeking refuge from the depressing weather. A small girl drowned in a deep hole Thursday afternoon while wading. HALT PICKETING MARCH Deputies Hurl Bombs, Shoot *ln Clash With Strikers. 75;/ United Press PITTSBURGH. July 31.—Three state police today restored order at Harmarville where deputy sheriffs had halted truck loads of striking miners bent on picketing. Tear gas bombs were exploded and shots were fired in the air. The deputies stopped the first truck, headed for the Ceswick station mine of the Consumers Coal Company, ordered the men and women out and started them retracing their route on foot- The two other trucks arrived, and with 100 men and women milling about in confusion, the bombs were thrown, and the shot fired. EDISON ONLY RESTING Inventor Will Return to Work When Cool Weather Returns. Fy United rress WEST ORANGE. N. J„ July 31. —Thomas A Edison is expected to be back at work in his laboratories ns soon as the weather gets cooler, according to John V. Miller, vicepresident of Edison Industries. The inventor, who has been to the laboratories only once since his return from Ft. Myers, Fla., on June 16. has been resting at his home in Llewellyn park here.

Fuzzy Burglar By United Preis PELHAM HEIGHTS, N. Y, July 31.—A burglar broke Into the home of Robert Myer and took several things—ssoo worth of clothing and jewelry, a shave and a bath. Fluffy whiskers clogged in Myers razor led to the belief the burglar was red haired, and about 16 years old.

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The Indianapolis Times Mostly fair tonight, becoming unsettled Saturday; not much change in temperature.

VOLUME 43—NUMBER 70

Leopold Rates Top Notch in Prison Study By United Press lOWA CITY, la.. July 31. Nathan Leopold, whose brilliant mind turned to murder In search of anew thrill and chose 7-year-old Bobbie Franks, was classed today as an exceptional student in the University of lowa extension school. His cell in the Illinois state prison at Joliet is the classroom of Leopold, a millionaire's son. In prison, Leopold is doing almost faultless work in such courses as Hebrew literature and differential calculus. The convicted murderer’s work in the field of. oriental literature is far superior to the average, according to Professor Mose Jung. "If I had a grade higher than an ‘A’ in my grade book, it would go to Leopold," said Jung.

BEACH PRIVATE. EDICT OF TOWN Ravenswood Declares Ban on Outsiders. ‘ Foreigners are not welcome—and shall not pass our shore line to take a bath!" Especially when they don’t want to pay for the hospitality, the Ravenswood town board decided today by excluding all persons from the Ravenswood beach except town residents. This was the board’s retaliation against a court injunction. The board will erect a high, wire fence to bar all outsiders—because Judge Joseph R. Williams of superior court three ruled the board can not collect beach fees. Charles O. Ford, board member, stated “the fence will be built at once and we are going to appeal our case to the supreme court." From three to four thousand bathers from Indianapolis and environs visit the beach each night. The board sought a 10-cent fee on each bather and revenue from merchants in Ravenswood. Judge williams held the town was without power to tax for revenue. "The legislature gave towns the right to tax for police purposes, but not for revenue,” Judge Williams decided. The town board complained it had a right to control the beach, charging the noisy, splashing crowds disturbed sleep of the town’s citizens. NAB KID RACKETEERS Suspect Youths of Ball Park Vandalism. Four 16-year-old youths were held in city prison today on vagrancy charges in lieu of SSOO bonds each for investigation as one of dozens of juvenile gangs that racketeered among patrons of the boxing match at Washington park Thursday night. Motorists parking on streets near the baseball park were set upon by begging urchins who offered to watch their autos, protect them against vandalism and theft, for reasonable pay. Many obtained jobs. However, the majority of motorists brushed the boys aside and left their machines unprotected. Most of these, leaving the park, found that while "protected'* cars were not touched, their machines had been tampered with. Tires were flat, spark plugs missing, and in some instances the autos were scratched and dented from blows. One auto was stolen. Bather Falls at Pool Condition of Harry Kunkle, 27, of 2448 North Harding street, who slipped at the Rhodius park swimming pool Thursday night, was not serious today.

TOWNSHIP FIGHTS SCHOOL TERM CUT

Citizens of Warren township today are preparing to battle a threatened reduction of the Warren township high school term from nine to eight months for the coming year. They have asked the township advisory board to take court action against W. H. Cooper, former trustee, who, the state board of accounts charged ‘ wasted school funds by excessive and illegal expenditures.” Financial condition of the township is such, according to Charles M. Walker, present trustee, that a reduction of the school terms seems the only way out of chaos. This will endanger rating of the Warren school, classed as one of the best rural high schools in the state, and will affect credits of next year’s graduates, it is said. Citizens are seeking a way out of the dilemma and have appealed to county officials for advice on their taxing limits for school purposes. An appeal also is to be made to state officials. "The township must pay approximately $50,000 in back debts,” according to Walker, "and can not increase its 1932 budget.” Cooper’s handling of school funds was criticised by the state board of accounts examiner. He made illegal payments from M 49i m fund and &&

DESERT DEATH STORY IS TOLD BY SURVIVOR Youth Relates Graphic Tale of Horrors Faced in Tragic March. INFANT FIRST TO DIE Mother and Two Brothers Then Succumbed to Pitiless Heat. BY BEN AVERY United Press Staff Correspondent SONOITA, Sonora, Mexico, July 31—While four bodies, including those of a 16-year-old mother and her baby, lay buried in the desert sands 200 miles west of here, three survivors, half-crazed by five days of wandering across burning wastes, told today of how they faced in real life the same tragic situation which Thomas A. Edison once imagined. A desert-faring stage left Nogales, Sonora, July 20, bound for Mexicali, with five passengers, the owner and his son. Os these seven people, three. Vincente Guierrez, the stage owner; his son Vincente Jr., 15, and Juan Ojeda, husband of the girlmother who died in the desert with her baby, returning to civilization. The others, Mrs. Rufina M. Ojeda and her 7-weeks-old daughter Consuela; Jesus and Ramon Orantes, were buried in shallow graves along the roadside where they fell dead, victims of heat and starvation. Son Tells Story Vincente Gutierrez, son of the stage owner, first to rally from the half-crazed state in which they were found, told the story which was so strikingsly a real life answer to Edison’s famous question as to what members of a similar, but imaginary, group, should do. “We traveled slowly until passing over the divide of the Planchas de Plata mountains and reaching the mesas that slope toward the Gulf of Lower California,” young Gutierrez said. “Then after reaching Sonoita we struck deep sand and the stage just crawled along. The road was deep ruts in the sand stretching across the desert. “It w r as some time last Tuesday that the stage broke down.- I don’t remember whether it was morning or afternoon. We were far out ia the desert. We had but little water and were without food. Stage Beyond Repair ‘‘l thought I could fix the stage, but I finally decided it was hopeless, after working for hours under the hot sun. It must have been 130 degrees of temperature. “Back a little ways there was a crossing road. It was only a trail. We decided to leave the car and go there, so that we could get help if anyone should come along. “We walked for three days and it seemed like the air was burning our skin. The sand was so hot we would lift our feet to cool them off holding them in the air. Already we were tired of living and walking and terribly thirsty, but we must go on. “Then the little baby died. Senora Ojeda would not let us bury it. She carried it to her breast and tried to keep walking and would not let any one touch it. At last she gave up and fell at the side of the road. She did not drop her baby and I think she is not dead. But she would not move and we could not bury her because of a dizziness that made us stagger. Two Brothers Die “The Orantes brothers, Jesus and Ramon, died the next day. They just sat down beside the road and fell over on their faces. We can not bury them, too. "My father and I and Jesus Ojeda walked on and pretty soon we don’t remember anything. I don’t know what happened then. I thought wg had died, too.” While telling the story from his little bed in the Sonoita hospital, the youth cried and shuddered. His eyes rolled in fear and an attendant was forced to end the interview

appropriations for school repair work, the accounts board reported. One 'Warren taxpayer, Harry White, visited the courthouse Thursday afternoon seeking some way out of the situation. “I am going to lead a fight for a nine months’ school next year, if there is any way possible of raising the necessary funds,” White declared. "We have spent years building our high school to a high standard and it is a shame to endanger its rating at this time because of a few dollars,” White told county officials. “This financial mess is not giving the children a fair deal—and I am out to see that they get it,” White concluded.

$3,000 TIMES VACATION CONTEST OPENS SATURDAY

'T'OMORROW marks the beginning of the race of Times readers for the $3,000 worth of vacation prizes which are to be awarded Aug. 15, in The Times-Indiana Theater vacation contest. For Saturday editions of The Times will carry the first grqup of six motion picture star photographs on whose identification rests the fare of those who enter the contest. Six other groups will appear daily—42 stars in all—and among the seventeen persons who best succeed in identifying them will go the $3,000 worth of accommodations for a total of forty persons. Prizes and accommodations, as guests of The Times and the Indiana theater, at such famous hotels and resorts as the Spink-Wawasee, hotel, at Lake Wawasee .Ind-, the ftolfmore at Grand Beach, Mich.; the

INDIANAPOLIS, FRIDAY, JULY 31, 1931

City Hospital Keys Handed by Dr. Doeppers to Dr. Myers

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tt r _ —Times Staff Photo. Upper Leit—Dr. Charles W. Myers answers his first telephone call as • superintendent of city hospital. Upper Right—Dr. William A. Doeppers packing his bag in preparation to turning the office over to Dr. Myers. Bottom—Dr. Doeppers turns the keys over to Dr. Myers.

WORLD FLIERS LEAVEMOSCQW Pangborn, Herndon Hope to Gain on Post, Gatty. By United Press MOSCOW, July 31.—Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon Jr., hurrying on their record-breaking attempt around the world, left at 5:20 p. m. today for Siberia. The fliers were escorted out of Moscow by three army planes. Excellent weather lay ahead across the Ural mountains into Siberia, and the fliers hoped to reach Irkutsk, approximately 2,700 miles away, in one flight, Unlike Post and Gatty, who refused any stimulant, Pangborn and Herndon both drank vodka and enjoyed it. In fact, they asked for some soon after their arrival. Herndon and Pangborn stayed in Moscow only five and a half hours, whereas Post and Gatty remained eleven and a half hours. When Herndon and Pangborn departed today, they were 11 hours and 40 minutes behind the Post-Gatty record. Record Is Set By United Press PARIS, July 31.—The BoardmanPolando flight to Turkey officially was declared today to have set a new distance record. An announcement by the International Aeronautic Federation said the American p'ane had traveled 4.995.9 miles, breaking Dieudonne Coste’s record of 4,912 miles by more than the requisite sixty-two miles.

CHARGED WITH THEFT OF SI,OOO DIAMOND \ Richard Brown, 17, Held; Ring Reported Found on Him. Richard Brown. 17, is held by police today on a grand larceny charge following the theft of a SI,OOO diamond ring from the home of Mrs. Anna Nicholson, 4212 Winthrop avenue. Mrs. Nicholson told police that Brown, who resides in her home, was lying asleep this moving when she left the house to visit a neighbor. She said she left three rings in a dresser drawer and that upon her return to the house, Brown and one of the diamond rings wa’k gone With police accompanying her, Mrs. Nicholson found Brown at Fifty-second and Delaware streets. He was searched and police say the diamond ring was found in a package of cigarets in his pocket.

“TYELLO!” Jrl “So-long!” These words were said today at the city hospital as Dr. Charles W. Myers took over the superintendency left vacant by the resignation of Dr. William A. Doeppers. Dr. Myers said his first “Hello!” by answering his initial telephone call at his new desk. While the “so-longs” were being said by Dr. Doeppers, between pipe puffs, he packed his bag in preparation for turning the office over to Dr. Myers. But before Dr. Doeppers left, he turned over the hospital keys to his successor. a a u "FJERE are keys to every ward. JLiThere’s every key on that ring except to the hearts of our nurses, and as you’re a bachelor, Charlie, you’ll have to supply that key yourself,” Dr. Doeppers joked as he turned over the huge ring. And Dr. Myers has agreed to do his best. He’s the third executive in the city’s governmental offices from bachelordom. Mayor Reginald H. Sullivan and Police Chief Mike Morrissey are his predecessors. Dr. Doeppers resigns to accept a position with the medical department of Eli Lilly & Cos. He has served successfully and efficiently as the head of the hospital since 1926.

TEACHER CHARGES OUSTER BY FRAUD

Charging that records in the state department of education were falsified to deprive him of his license and prevent him teaching in the state’s public schools, a teacher with a twenty-two-year service record filed suit in superior court today to mandate the state department. Florus W. Shadday, 3109 East Tenth street, Knox high school Latin teacher last year, filed suit against State Superintendent George C. Cole and the state department of education. Shadday declares he is entitled to a life teacher's certificate. His training was obtained by correspondence, amounting to an A. B. degree, he stated. During 1919, when Shadday taught at Whiteland, Ind., the state board permitted the records and files of the licensing department to become falsified, 'the suit charges. L. N. Hines was superintendent of public instruction at that time. The suit also petitions the board to examine carefully merits of accusations in a school quarrel between Paul W. Linton, Whiteland high school principal in 1919, and the plaintiff. The quarrel ended in the Mar-

Knickerbocker, Chicago; the Colonial Terrace at Lake Manitou, Ind., and Artists Island, Indian Lake, O. Only the most popular of the picture stars have been selected for the contest, and persons of the Indiana and Circle are expected to be more or less familiar with practically all of them. The contest is being held in conjunction with the Indiana's New Fall Hits, the first of which opens today in the form of "Confessions of a Co-Ed.” Two of the stars from this production will appear in the first group of photographs to be published Saturday. Look on Page 7 in today’s Times for complete rules of the contest, get your “face memory” to working in its best form, and be all set to start in a big way with the publication of the first pictures Saturday.

LINDBERGHS TO RESUME FLIGHT Takeoff From Ottawa Is Set for Saturday. By United Press OTTAWA, Ontario, July 31.—C01. Charles A. Lindbergh, refueled and tuned his plane today, preparatory to starting Saturday on a continuance of his holiday trip to the far east with Mrs. Lindbergh. Dressed just as they were when they landed here from North Haven, Me., Thursday, they were at the airdrome on the Ottawa river, arranging for the adventurous trip into the ' bad lands of the Canadian north. They had been advised of the hardships they might encounter by royal air force pilots, who make a business of flying through the region to the north and west. Lindbergh hopes to get away in the morning, fly to Moos Factory, re- i main overnight there and continue on to Ft. Churchill. Thence he will go to Baker Lake and up to Aklavik, after which he hopes to continue across to Point Barrow and thence wing off over the Bering sea ancl down the Kurile islands and Siberia for Japan.

Ten New Faces in the Talkies Spur Interest Who are the new actresses who are carving out careers in the talkies and who are the stars that are winking out? Dan Thomas, Times and NEA Hollywood correspondent, tells about them in his story on Page 7 today. How did these newcomers get their start? Are they beautiful? What success are they achieving? Thomas tells it in his story today and will follow with his series, “Ten Newcomers in the Talkies,” starting tomorrow in The Times, with pictures and thumbnail sketches of the lucky girls. Read the story today and watch for the first of the series Saturday in The Times.

tinsviile court, after Shadday had charged Linton with misconduct, Shadday explained today. Record of an examination taken before President William L. Bryan at Indiana university in May, 1926, has disappeared, Shadday declares, although Bryan mailed the record to Superintendent Hines. TRIBUTE 1$ PAID HANNA Memorial Held in Superior Court by Fellow Attorneys. Tribute to the legal ability of Charles Thomas Hanna, former superior court judge, was paid today by Indianapolis attorneys at a memorial gathering in superior court five. J. W. Fesler presided at the meeting. with several lawyers speaking on the life of the ex-judge, who recently died. ' “He was an expert in preparation of cases for trial, and had a pure love for law as a science; a capacity to make and hold friends, but above all an unquestionable integrity,” a resolution adopted by the bar members stated.

Entered as Second-Class Matter at Postoffice. Indianapolis, Ind.

JUDGE RULES CAPONE CAN WITHDRAW GUILTY PLEA; TRIAL IS SET FOR SEPT. 8 Wilkerson Upsets Plans by Sudden Action;’ Withholds His Decision on Prohibition Plot Charge. REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE AGREEMENT Grand Jurors Are Told to Extend Their Investigation of Gang Czar's Booze Sale Activities. By United Press CHICAGO, July 31.—Federal Judge James H. Wilkerson today permitted attorneys for Scarface A1 Capone to withdraw the gang leader’s plea of guilty in the income tax case, but reserved decision on the prohibition conspiracy plea until Sept. 8. Judge Wilkerson upset prearranged plans to rule on the case this afternoon by calling Capone, his attorneys, members of the federal grand jury and government prosecutors into court this morning. Trial on the income tax case was set for Sept. 8.

Capone was not in court, although ordered in by the judge. United States marshals were unable to find him on such short notice.: His attorneys, however, were on hand. The liquor conspiracy case, charging 5,000 violations, was ordered resubmitted to the federal grand jury for return of indictments stipulating a higher penalty than that provided on a conspiracy charge. Wants Venue Change Defense Attorney Michael Ahern intimated that Capone was insistent upon a change of venue from Judge Wilkerson. “Personally, I am confident that your honor is unprejudiced and capable of arriving at a just decision,” Ahern said, “but our client (Capone) feels that he is being treated badly.” “Well,” retorted Wilkerson, “you know what can be done about that.” He apparently was referring to a change of venue. Judge Wilkerson said he could not believe that the conspiracy case was brought “without probable cause.” His statement follows: “In the income tax cases, the motion to withdraw the plea of guilty is granted. As the cases are to be tried, the interest of justice requires that there be no further comment on the proposed recommendations or the arrangement, that was attempted for it. The case is set for trial Sept. 8. Set for Sept. 8 “As to the conspiracy case, the ruling ton the motion to withdraw guilty pleas) is reserved and the motion taken under advisement for disposition Sept. 8. “The matters covered by the (conspiracy) indictment should be pre> sented to another grand jury, as the enumeration of overt acts with which the defendants and others are charged covers substantial offenses within the period of the statute of limitations for which a heavier penalty is provided than that under the conspiracy indictment. “The court will not believe, unless it is forced to do so, that the language of this indictment was chosen without probable cause merely for the purpose of creating the impression that this defendant had been a flagrant law violator over a long period of time. “This is a matter which must be inquired into fully.” Confers With Attorneys Judge Wilkerson read his statement after a conference in chambers with Leopold Melnik and Michael Ahern, Capone’s attorneys; United States District Attorney George E. Q. Johnson; Johnson’s assistants, Victor La Rue, Dwight H. Green, Jacob I, Grossman and Samuel Clawson; William Froelich. sent from Washington to aid on the Capone cases; A. P. Madden, chief of the intelligence unit here, and a number of investigators. In addition to Capone, Thomas Nash, the third of his attorneys, was missing. Members of the federal grand jury also were present in chambers. After the conference, Judge Wilkerson ascended the bench and read his written statement. “The grand jury may step forward,” he said next. Not a word had been spoken in the surprised courtroom, except by Judge Wilkerson. Jury Probe Ordered The grand jurors then were charged to investigate the Capone liquor conspiracy. “Gentlemen,” said Judge Wilkerson, talking to the grand jury, “there was returned in this court an indictment, No. 23,256, United States versus A1 Capone et al. (the other defendants number sixtyeight) in June of this year. ‘The defendants are charged in this indictment with conspiracy to violate a certain statute. Following a rule inclusive of this kind of case, certain overt acts were charged, among them conspiracy to violate the prohibition law in the manufacture of intoxicating liquor. “I charge you to look into this and see whether or not there were subsequent offenses.” * Judge Wilkerson then left the bench and the courtroom drama was over. The principals departed quickly, none willing to offer any word of comment.

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GIGARET GIRL KILLS EX-MATE Shoots Man Entering Room, Fearing He Is Burglar. By United Press CHICAGO. July 31. Berniece Wyofsky, pretty, diminutive, blonde and blue-eyed girl of 24, left her job as cigaret girl in the Via Laga Night Club early today, went home and went to bed. She had been asleep a few hours when a noise at her window awakened her. Opening her eyes, she saw the figure of a man silhouetted in the winilow frame. “Stop,” cried Miss Wyofsky. In answer, the intruder started climbing into the room. Calmly, the little cigaret girl whom scores admire nightly for hes dainty ways, reached under her pillow and drew out a pistol. Three ! shots rang out. The intruder fell to | the floor. Police came at Miss Wyofsky’s call. They turned the man over. He was dead. The little cigaret girl looked once and screamed. She had killed Edward J. O’Connor, her estranged husl and. ‘BULLET-RIDDLED’ CAR IS ONLY KIDS’ TARGET Cops Find Reported Murder Mystery Literally Is “Flat Tire.” A murder mystery turned out to be literally a “flat tire” today. • Police were called to an auto abandoned on West Washington street’s bridge across White river. The car was reported to be riddled with bullets. * Police found that it was owned, by William Edwin Lockwood, 66 North Holmes street. “I had a flat and left it there, and as for the bullet holes in the auto’s glass that’s where youngsters threw rocks at the car several months ago," Lockwood explained. POOLROOMS TO BE HIT Council Plans to Strengthen Law Against Gambling. Coincidental with Police Chief Michael Morrissey’s drive against gambling and speakeasies in the city, city officials will attempt to strengthen the ordinance against poolroom gambling Monday night. The legal department will present ot city council an amendment to the ordinance prohibiting any games except pool and billiards in poolrooms. Many arrests have been made by police who later saw defendants freed because of lack of evidence in detail. Majority of gambling is with dominoes, or similar apparently innocent games. SCHOOLS ARE MERGED Teaching Positions Eliminated by State Aid^Step. With unplaced Indiana teachers, estimated as high as 3,000, the state board of education today took a new step to eliminate teaching positions by voting to require stateand town schools to combine with those of the township. There are thirty-two towns effected by the order, which was made by adopting recommendations of the state aid school committee of tfie board. The committee reported that such consolidations already have been made at Nashville, Thorntown and West Terre Haute. GERMAN BANK SAVED Collapse of Large Institution Believed Averted by Closings. By United Press BERLIN, July 31.—Action of the German government in closing banks throughout the country seventeen days ago to avert a financial panic appeared today to have prevented the collapse of the nation's second largest banking institution. The bank, the Dresdner bank, aLso has been extended governmental aid through purchase of.a large block of its preferred stock and its position has been strengthened.

Oatetde Maioq County 3