Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 61, Indianapolis, Marion County, 21 July 1931 — Page 4

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SCK l PPS - M OW AMD

,j * Above the Law * If the cleaning of the statehouse (physically) results in nothing else it will serve to tall attention to two facts. The first of these is that deputies of the Governor, auditor and secretary of state, spent $64,000 of the people’s money on the job without any competitive bids and in defiance of the law provided to safeguard against just such waste or worse of public funds. The other is that a very kind Democratic legislature placed huge funds at the arbitrary disposal of the Governor after making a campaign against any such action. The law regarding competition is ruthlessly shoved aside and each day brings more facts to indicate that there was a very real reason why no open competition was held Dn the job. It may be asserted that other estimates for many thousands of dollars less were given to state officials and offers to do exactly the same work had been made at prices from $30,000 to $40,000 less than will be paid for this job unless some state official or citizen takes steps to stop the payment. There are at least a half dozen firms in Indianapolis engaged in this kind of work and n,ot one of these was asked to submit a bid or an estimate —at least when the secret decision had been made to wash the face of the building. There are dozens of other firms in other cities in the state fully equipped to spray cold steam and charcoal upon stone and these firms would be happy to get work these days. The job went to a firm in another state. If it be possible for state officials to evade the law, to give contracts without competition, then the people are beyond protection. Will the officials whose deputies signed the contract dare to call in experts in this business and give the public a fair, unbiased estimate as to what it ought to cost? If not, why? Paying for Prohibition Direct expenditures of the bureau of prohibition In its first year under the department of justice Amounted to 8 cents per capita, according to Prohibition Director Woodcock. Such figures are apt to be misleading, for the total Cost of enforcement to the federal government was fe, great deal more than the amount spent by Mr. /Woodcock’s establishment. This year, for instance, the bureau of prohibition has been allowed $11,369,000 by congress. The bureau of industrial alcohol will spend close to $5,000,000. At least half and probably more of the coast guard’s appropriation of $33,000,000 will be used to check liquor smuggling. The department of justice will spend at least $10,000,000 of Its regular appropriation in prosecuting and imprisoning prohibition violators. The secret service, the customs bureau and the border patrols will spend other millions. So the total cost is somewhere around $45,000,000, fend Mr. Woodcock’s, per capita estimate was based only on the $9,500,000 his bureau spent last year. Nor is that per capita cost by any means equally divided. Internal revenue statistics just published show that last fiscal year the seventeen states which never have enacted or have repealed state enforcement laws pay about 60 per cent of all income taxes. They not only are kept dry by their sister states, but are forced to foot most of the bills for the prohibition army. These states —California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, Nevada, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and Wisconsin—contain nearly half of the country’s populatlon, some 60,000,000 of our 122,000,000. The other half keeps them dry. The Chaos in Coal Conferences in Washington among Labor Secretary Doak, Commerce Secretary Lamont and coal Operators and officers of the United Mine Workers >of America accomplished next to nothing toward ending the chaos in the soft coal fields. Operators told their troubles again and the union leaders renewed their request for a conference to be called by the President. The operators refused to treat with the miners. Meantime, news dispatches daily tell of violence in the coal fields of Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia, where strikes are in progress. Tens of thousands of miners are idle through strikes or shutdowns. Minors’ wives and children literally are starving to death, and autumn is approaching. As President Hoover put it last October, there is “a depth of human misery wholly out of place in America.” Whether the government will intervene has not been indicated, but it seems that this is the only way ithe problem can be approached. There is almost total lack of organization among both miners and operators. The latter engage in cut-throat competition and have demonstrated an inability vo get together to meet their difficulties. The United Mine Workers, which once had a inembersnip of 350,000 in the soft coal fields, was smashed m the 1927 strike, and has had indifferent success in re-forming its ranks. Its rule is being contested uy anew organization, the National Mine Workers, which apparently is making progress in some sections. Causes of the demoralization of the bituminous industry and pretty well understood—unrestricted competition, development of substitute fuels and hydroelectric power, and an excess of mines and miners. The government - for thirty years has been inter- \ vening in mine troubles in one way or another. There have been numerous investigations by committees and commissions of congress and the adp ministration. President Hoover himself, as secretary of commerce in 1923, had a hand in negotiation of the Jacksonville wage agreement, which was to have maintained wage.s for five years, but which broke down within two years. Fundamental problems of the industry havtfbe-

The Indianapolis Times (A BCRIPPB-HOWARO NEWSPAPER) Owned and published daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos 2H-228 Weal Maryland Street. Indianapolis, Ind. Price In Marlon County. 2 ’’ centa a copy; elsewhere. 3 cents—delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY. ROY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON Editor President Business Manager PHONE— Riley BBSI TUESDAY. JULY 31. 1931, Member of United Press, Scrlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “.Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

come more aggravated with the passing of years, and little or no progress has been made toward solution. The question is how long the country can tolerate such chaos in basic industry and how long it will permit conditions which keep thousands of men chronically out of work, or on part-time schedules, with near-starvation wages. An Absurd Issue Asa rule, when we begin to attribute unpleasant characteristics to our neighbors, we merely are exposing some weakness of our own. That seems to be what is happening in the present controversy as to whether the Battle of Yorktown shall be part of a pageant that is to celebrate the Washington bicentennial next year. Certain well-intentioned folks fear that Great Britain would be offended at representation of her Yorktown defeat; they convict Great Britain of a pettiness and lingering rancor of which she gives no visible evidence. „ Just o£f Trafalgar square, in the heart of London, a statue of George Washington occupies a place of honor. Who can imagine a statue of King George —the one of revolutionary times or any succeeding one—on Michigan boulevard, or for that matter anywhere in this country? A look into the Encyclopedia Britannica is instructive. There Chatham and Burke and other great British statesmen who opposed the war of 1776 against the American colonies are not treated as traitors and outcasts. They were not jailed while they were carrying on their fight. Shortly after that same Yorktown battle, Burke was honored by being given high office in his government, and today the encyclopedia says of him: In the events which ended with the emancipation of the American colonies from the monarchy, Burke’s political genius shone with an effulgence that was worthy of the great affairs on which it shed so magnificent an illumination. “His speeches are almost the one monument of the great struggle on which a lover of Englih greatness can look back with pride and a sense of worthiness.” , Miracles It was not the Blessed Virgin, but just a shadow from a gangster’s lace window curtain. Yet many thousands of men and women knelt in a stifling street and did homage to the vague shadow on a brick wall. What a pitiful, credulous race of children we are! If illiterate peons were to kneel thus we should not be surprised. But we are accustomed to think ourselves more Intelligent than peons and to think of Chicago as the hard-boiled metropolis of the hardheaded prairie. Perhaps the reason for Chicago lurks somewhere behind the story of the mobs bowed down before a shadow—the reason for Chicago and other cities and many other things as well. It is so much easier to fall down before false gods than to think. It is easier to resign ourselves to racketeers and hope for the best than to determine why we have them and how we can cease to have them. It is easier to cry about unemployment chan to cure It. It is easier to believe what politicians tell us than to learn for ourselves whether they speak truly. It Is easier to hope that magic or optimism or a miracle will end the depression than to face the reason for it and work an uncomfortable way out. We ought to try to act our age. A Kansas woman has jazz music played to her cows to increase their milk production. Hay! Hay! If you think that nothing can be accomplished by sitting still, then how else is a chieken to hatch an egg? The new emperor of Ethiopia wants to try out prohibition in his country. As though things weren’t dark enough there as it is. When the golfer bends over his ball to sink the winning putt*, he also stoops to conquer. Then there’s the plumber who consulted the heart specialist to get some dope on repairing leaking valves. A statistician’s idea of a vacation Is to go to the beach and study anew set of figures, • “If the earth were round,” says Wilbur Glenn Voliva, “why the water would slip off.” He doesn’t appreciate the gravity of the situation. The fellow who rides the rods thinks he’ll get better service if the I. C. C. grants the railroads higher freight rates.

REASON

WHILE your old friend, the proprietor of this column, lies incapacitated in an Indianapolis hospital, his son, with more audacity than virtue, presumes to pinch hit. My contribution should merit your attention, if only through its impudence. More than that I can not promise you. a a a There are many and many automobile collisions, but this, it must be understood, was far above the common run. Almost anybody can pull off an automobile accident these days, but to do it with a high and sublime artistry is another matter. Ours, I submit, was no bungling side-swiping affair, it was an almost perfect head-on, performed with gusto and executed with finesse. a a a SO much a success was it that both cars resemble the earth from which they sprang, without shape or form or direction. And almost as much can be said for the occupants thereof. A great spectacle, but very costly. It is costing my father a few days in a hospital, and it is costing me far more. tt M U As I write this late at night, with the aid of a couple of ghastly cups of black coffee, I envy him his sleep and all the ailments which make it possible. It is often far worse to have something on one's mind, than on one's stomach. And what a terrible weapon does all Jiis give him. a a a In my relations with the learned and esteemed proprietor of this column I have alwaj’s proceeded on the theory that it is more blessed to give than receive, and Laving nothing else to give, I have given him advice. A joyous duty it has been, and never have I scrupled to perform it. a a a TIUT now all this will be changed. No longer may A-J I act the critic, no longer say this is good or this is bad. Never again to pass judgment tra a speech or column of nis—all this shall be his revenge. Instead of suffering in silence or attempting futile argument, I see him with scornful lip and contemptuous eye reach for the files and produce this as his sufficient answer. No more to give so freely the gsatuitous advice every son owes his father, I will tasrany birthright.

BY KENESAW M. LANDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS: If We Gave Half the Thought to Inventing Small LaborSaving Devices That We Do to Massing Men Around Big Ones, We Would Make Sounder Progress. NEW YORK, July 21.—8 y common report an aimosphere of optimism pervades the seven-power conference just opened at London. Let us hope it’s well founded. A distraught world has waited all too long for relief. Further disappointment would be asking too much of human nature. Some Americans fail to see it that way. Our concern over European affairs not only puzzles, but irritates them. Ex-Senator James A. Reed of Missouri, for instance, emerges from his retirement to remark that the moratorium was a mistake, that we have plenty of trouble right here, and that, instead of attending overseas powwows, our officials, particularly cabinet members, ought to be at home minding their own business. tt a tt They Don’t Mix THE necessity of taking a hand in foreign affairs is not only the price of our own growth, but of civilization. The only way we can avoid it is by returning to barbarism. Life was much simpler when men ground grain with their teeth, or by pounding it on a rock. Jungle freedom and twentieth century advantages won’t mix. As Stewart Chase says, a mechanical age implies system and control. As William Green points out, capitalism faces the challenge of keeping alive the goose that has laid its golden eggs. tt tt a Problem of Science STILL, we must not expect too much of politicians and financiers when it comes to solving a problem created by science. What' produced the railroadmoney, or invention? What is hurting the railroad right now—the stock market, or the truck? There is a deal of difference between mechanics and mechanization. Given, a gigqntjc machine, politicians or financiers can create a trust by mobilizing men around it. Given the same kind of set-up, and science is just as likely to meet it by producing a lot of little machines that wall do an equal amount of work and leave much more liberty. tt a a Invention Solves Riddle MANY problems that we regard as political or economic really are scientific. If we gave half the thought to inventing small laborsaving devices that we do to massing men around big ones, we would make sounder progress. Forty years ago, the American people actually were afraid of becoming slaves to the railroads. After twenty years of experimenting with political correctives, the situation should such little improvement that William J. Bryan didn’t know whether there was any way out, save through government ownership. Then came the auto, truck, and pipeline, upsetting all our pre-con-ceived notions of transportation and dissipating the threat of a railroadruled country. tt tt tt Fear Is Effaced THE railroads are asking the interstate commerce commission for a blanket increase of rates. Twenty years ago that would have created a veritable storm. Today it finds the public indifferent, if not sympathetic. The reason is that the public feels safe because of its 25,000,000 motor vehicles and hardsurfaced highways. An effectual means of competing with the railroads has wiped out all fear of monopolistic control. Fear of monopolistic control, whether based on politics, money, or mechanics, is common to all men. It has overturned empires and de- , stroyed civilizations. The witch doctors who are making magic to cure present-day ills would do well not to ignore it. tt tt tt Change Always Comes SOMETHING else the witch doctors would do well to remember is that change is the fundamental law of progress. The pevailing idea that our greatest problem is reajustment to a machine age rests on the assumption that we are dealing with more or less fixed conditions. Many of the machines which distinguish this age were not known fifty years ago. Why suppose that many of them will not be obsolete fifty years hence. Look what oil has done to coal. Is It inconceivable that some new kind of fuel would do less to oil? If Edison is right, a worth-while and profitable use has been found for goldenrod. Who imagined anything of the kind could happen, until it did? We think of a demoralized wheat market as entirely due to the collapse of foreign trade. That has a great deal to do with it, but not all. A greatly increased consumption of fruit is reflected in a decreased consumption of wheat. Getting down to brass tacks, human ingenuity, as represented by engineers, doctors, mechanics, chemists, and so on, is responsible for many, if not most, of our problems, and we must look to human ingenuity for their solution.

Questions and Answers

How many of the Presidents have their portraits on United States stamps? Various issues contain portraits of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, Taylor, Garfield, Grant. Madison, Benjamin Harrison, Monroe, McKinley, Harding, Roosevelt, Hayes, Cleveland, Wilson and Taft. Is Thomas Dixon, the novelist, living? t He is living and resides at 867 Riverside drive. New York. Is there a United States revenue vtamp bearing the date of 1847? The earliest United States revenue stamps were the 1862-71 issue.

Expecting a Call Right Soon Now!

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Use Care to Avoid Needle Accidents

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of HTSreia. the Health Magazine. NEWSPAPERS repeatedly contain the stories of human beings who have in some manner gotten a needle Into the body and who after the lapse of many years are suddenly astounded by the appearance of the needle in the elbow, in the leg, or at some point far from the place at which it originally entered. In a recent issue of Hygeia, Victor W. Eisenstein discusses the manner in which these accidents occur and how best to avoid them. Not infrequently needles are left in clothing and the person who washes the clothes suddenly feels the needle penetrate the hand, or machine needles break and penetrate the fingers. Sometimes portions of hypodermic needles break off during injection; lost needles get into the feet when people walk about barefoot. Women and tailors occasionally have needles penetrate the adbomen while bending over after having been sewing.

IT SEEMS TO ME by h ™ d

LARGE bodies move slowly. Countless criminal injustices have been permitted to flourish behind the comforting protection of this time-worn adage. But if these bodies eventually come out of the darkness of sloth and find the light much can be forgiven. Os course, it is difficult to slough off fifteen years in the lives of two men who have languished in jail on perjured evidence. We can’t expect Mocney and Billings to greet with loud cheers the fact that the Wickersham commission considers their plight "shocking to one’s sense of justice.” On innumerable occasions since these two men were tried and sentenced men of high legal and moral repute have said the same thing. And there the matter rested. What Now? BUT now that Mr. Wickersham and his associates have investigated California justice and found it wanting, what are they going to do about it? Frankly, I am skeptical. Too much precious time has already been spent investigating. To a man who has spent so many years of his life in jail, every minute or second added to his incarceration is an eternity. This is especially true where it has not been satisfactorily proved that the prisoner is guilty. And even if Tom Mooney and Warren K. Billings are granted a new trial and subsequently freed as a result of the Wickersham investigation, they are bound to carry to their graves the memory of those long, futile years spent in prison. It would be asking the impossible to expect them to come back into the world with prayers of thanks dropping from their lips for their ultimate, but so long delayed release. tt tt tt Come On and Say It I HAVE read and reread the commission's report. But I fail to find anywhere a direct statement

People’s Voice

Editor Times—Being a subscriber to your paper, I want to express my disappointment through your columns concerning the results so far obtained by our state police force. Something surely is wrong. I supported the Democratic ticket, and naturally want to see them get somewhere. Living in Yorktown on State Road 67, with traffic increasing dally, it is alarming to see 30 per cent of the cars going through at sixty miles per hour with no tail light and 25 per cent with only one headlight. We haven’t had any action here for three months. Out of fifty violators caught at one visit by the officers, not one paid a fine. It’s all right to be courteous, but too many people take advantage of that, so why not get some of these careless drivers and make them pay? JOHN C. NOLAN. Yorktown, OL

There are, no doubt, authentic cases in which needles have penetrated the body and moved on to other places. In the vast majority of cases the needle selom moves more than a few inches. There seem to be few, if any, actual records of cases in which needles have traveled long distances as, for example, from the finger to the foot. It is, of course, quite conceivable that a person may stick a finger and find a portion of needle in the foot later in life, but it remains to be proved that it is the same needle. A few simple suggestions are given as to the avoidance of needle accidents: 1. Sew only in a light room and in a comfortable position. 2. Keep needles in a definite place. Don’t “park” them in the wall paper or furniture. When a needle is not in use keep it threaded to insure its detection if lost. 3. Keep the fingers well away from the needles in sewing machines. 4. Use a thimble. 5. Inspect garments that have been repaired before washing or wearing.

recommending freedom or even a new trial for these two men. I got the feeling that these estimable gentlemen just were hedging. What is it they fear? True, they didn’t do such a good job with prohibition. But here they are given the opportunity for a comeback. The very fact that they found evidence of fraud and politics in the handling of tfyis case should be sufficient to warrant a definite course of action. It is quite possible that the Wickersham commission, so long the butt of a nation’s ridicule, could vindicate itself gloriously. And I should be happy to be among the first to say: “Congratulations, gentlemen. You have done a good job.” One member of the commission, Mr. Monte Lemann, refused to sign the report on the ground that it was made “without sufficient research to back up the conclusions reached. . . Without adaquate factual inquiry, generalizations by the commission seem to me likely to serve no useful purpose.” a a a A Doubting Thomas npHAT’S all very true. But there -*• have been factual inquiries made into this case. There are reams of printed evidence at Mr. Lemann’s disposal to show that justice was afflicted with at least a severe case of astigmatism when Mooney and Billings were being tried. Why doesn’t Mr. Lemann study this evidence carefully? With the findings of his commission regarding the failure of the courts to grant a new trial, he is bound to reach the conclusion that all is not fair in sunny California. He might even go so far as to suggest a resolution taking the case out of the jurisdiction of that state and making it a national issue. It has become that and more in theory. The entire world looks at us askance. Our European cousins snicker politely at our repeated claim that we *are the fairest and best country in the world. I should like to suggest to Mr. Lemann and the rest of the commission that they go and see “Precedent.” It’s true I haven’t been to see it yet myself. But I am going. However, I know what the show is all about. And, after all, I already am convinced. The important thing is to convince those people who were content, all these years, to sit back and let the law take its course. And it is just possible that a dramatic representation of the facts, as offered in "Precedent,” would touch off the necessary spark. wan The Play’s the Thing READING thousands of pages of evidence—much of it in dry, legal phraseology—is not conducive to arousing passion over an injustice. At least, it wouldn’t be for me I’m sure I’d lose the whole thread of the story if I had to wade through the usual hocus pocus of “plaintiff,” “defendant” “whereas’ and “wherefore,” ex, and infinitum,

6. Wear shoes or slippers about the house. 7. Look where you search; don’t poke blindly into littered drawers or bags. 8. Keep one needle at a time in the work basket; keep all others out of the way. One of the most difficult tasks is to find a portion of needle, a pin, or even a bullet that has been buried in the tissues. One modern technic involves a method of magnetizing the impacted fragment and uses another needle which behaves like a compass point to locate It. Magnets are used in an attempt to draw the needle nearer to the surface. One of the best pieces of advice that can be given to any one who has been penetrated by a fragment is to keep still. Muscular movement tends to cause the fragment to move from the point at which it entered. Squeezing and manipulation are likely to aid the motion still more. It is best to fasten the portion firmly and thus to keep the fragment in place until an expert is called who knows how to remove it.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most Interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this nauer.—Tho Editor.

But seeing a play is different. There are Mooney and Billings right before your eyes acting the whole thing out for you. And from what I understand (and I have my information on good authority), no one with a brain and a heart can doubt for a second that “Precedent” is a true story. Go and see it, Mr. Lerftann. And take the others with you. I’ll buy the tickets. (Copyrißht. 1931. by The Times)

|3Si|pjs:33|?

RUSSIAN CABINET ORDER July 21 ON July 21,1917, the new Russian cabinet issued an appeal to the army. It said in part: “Three weeks ago, in compliance with the order of the minister of war, the armies of the southwestern front, under the leadership of the commander-in-chief, with mighty revolutionary enthusiasm, started an offensive . . . the mutiny in the rear has been suppressed by the people’s authority, but the revolution Is still In great danger. . .. “By the will of the revolutionary people, at the first order of your military superiors, march forward ip close ranks. Save Liberty, save the Fatherland . . .” General Kornilov, commander-in-chief of the army, also made an appeal to the troops. The following day the executive committee of the all-Russian councils of workmen’s, soldiers’ and peasants’ delegates decided to confer supreme and unlimited power on Kerensky’s cabinet.

Delicious Fruit Recipes Fresh fruits are very Important in the diet as regulatory foods and tissue builders. The fact that they contain mineral salts such as calcium, phosphorus, lime and iron—each necessary to the body tissues—makes the use of fruit in the diet necessary. And the fact that most fruits are low in food value, while furnishing cellulose and acids, makes them ideal for summer use in the diet Our Washington bureau has ready for you a comprehensive new bulletin on, fruit dishes, drinks and desserts. It includes recipes for delicious fruit muffins, fritters, cocktails, salads, desserts and beverages. You’ll be surprised at the variety of tasteful ways you can use fruit and berries in the dally menu. Fill out the coupon below and send for this bulletin. CLIP COUPON HERE Dept 131, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times. 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin, Fruit Dishes, Drinks and Desserts, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin or loose, uncancelled United States postage stamps for return postage and handling costs. Name . Street and Number City State I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

JULY 21, 1931

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

Did North and South America Crack Off From Europe, Asia, Africa and Float Off to Themselves? THE Pacific ocean resembles a great pond while the Atlantic ocean resembles a great river. This is one of the interesting pieces of evidence brought forward to support the Wegener hypothesis, the theory that all the continents were once unit-ed into a single continent. According to this theory, the original continent cracked into pieces which then drifted apart on the lower layer of the earth's crust, a glass-like layer of heavy rock upon which the upper layers of the earth's crust are literally floating like logs wedged into the ice on a pond in winter. Dr. Harlow Shapley, famous Harvard astronomer, has suggested sinking a three-mile shaft into the earth as a means of testing the Wegener hypothesis. The evidence for the theory is summed up by Edwin Tenny Brewster in his interesting book, “This Puzzling Planet.” “Contrast the Atlantic ocean with the Pacific,” he writes. “There are marked and curious differences between the two, although these are a good deal obscured by our ordinary maps and are best to be looked for on a globe. “The Pacific Is a round basin, a sort of gigantic pond; but the Atlantic is a sort of gigantic river that winds from the top of the earth to the bottom, always of about the same width.” tt tt a Good Fit "JN fact,” Brewster continues, “if X one went by the shape of the coast on the two sides of the Atlantic, one might well say that South America has cracked off from Africa, the eastern extension of Brazil once occupying the Gulf of Guinea, the western end of the Sahara belonging to the Caribbean region, Greenland jammed up against the west coast of Norway and Newfoundland one of the British Isles. “If one could push the two Americas eastward and a little north, so that Greenland lay against Canada on one side and Norway on the other, with Newfoundland and the British Isles pushed into the North Sea, the fit would be surprising. “There really is not a little reason for thinking that the uniform width of the Atlantic and the remarkable fit between its two sides is something more than accident. There is a good deal of evidence to show that during most of geologic time, and up to what for a geologist is rather a recent date, North and South America actually were parts of Europe-Asia-Africa, but cracked loose and floated off.” All geologists, whether they agree to the Wegener hypothesis or not, hold that these continents were once connected in some way. Some geologists think they were connected by land bridge which later sunk into the ocean and disappeared. This theory is supported by the fact that the same land animals and plants seem to have appeared in both the old and new world at approximately the same time. tt tt tt * The Elephant THE horse and the elephant are two good examples which support the theory of land bridges or an original united continent. Fossil remains of the horse are found in certain rock layers of western America and in rock layers slightly older in Europe. The fossil elephant appears first in Africa and later in North America. Brewster believes the evidence Is better for the Wegener hypothesis. “The coal points very much to this theory,” he writes. “The coal of Pennsylvania, New England and Nova Scotia is of the same age as that of the British Isles, France, Germany and Spain, and is altogether very much like it. So it looks as if, when the coal was forming, all this was a single coal field that has since cracked apart. “Moreover, throughout these two coal districts, through the entire length of the Appalachian Mountains on our side of the ocean and In Scandinavia on the other, the mountain ridges run northeast and southwest, as if they were all parts of the .same system; and In various ways the rocks match surprisingly. “The mountains of Novia Scotia and Newfoundland correspond in age and kind of rock and direction to those of the British Isles, as if a single chain had broken apart. “The very ancient rocks of the Scottish Highlands are identical with the equally old rocks of Labrador. The famous old red sandstone of England just matches the old red sandstone of Nova Scotia. “In like manner, South Africa matches Argentina, bit by bit.”

Daily Thought

For wrath killeth the foolis man, and envy slayeth the silly one.—Job 5:2. Weak men are easily put out of humor. Oil freezes quicker than water.—Auerbach.