Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 59, Indianapolis, Marion County, 18 July 1931 — Page 4

PAGE 4

S I ft I pp J - H OW AJI/>

;* Cutting Wages As usual, the Chamber of Commerce finds the most stupid way of doing what may be a desirable thing. In a demand for reduction of school expense, its experts find the easiest way through a cut in wages of teachers and janitors. If there is any place where reductions should not be made it is in the matter of ■wages for workers, whether they be the professional groups or the manual trades. The men who cheered this sound doctrine enunciated by President Hoover in his Indianapolis speech, now propose to discard it in o r der to reduce taxes. Taxes, both those of the government and by private monopolies, ought to be cut. They are fast confiscating all property. They may soon absolutely confiscate it. True, a sane system of taxation would bring a remedy, but the business interests fought bitterly last winter against an income tax that might have relieved the home owner and the farmer and the man whose real estate is now being burdened. The men of big incomes were all powerful in the legislature. It is probable that some expense can and should be cut from the cost of school operation. There are too many big salaries paid in the offices of the schools. There is duplication of work in some of these offices. One cut that might be made would be to disarm the school system. Several thousands of dollars are being paid each year for military training at a time we sent delegates to disarmament conferences. Instead of reducing the number of adult and night schools, these should be increased. They are a safety measure in times of unemployment. More adults now have time to take advantage of them and probably will next winter. The salary of the teeacher in the public school can. not be called extravagent, when comparison of the value of service rendered is made with that of say bankers who are now objecting to living wag e s for educators. There are much better and sounder and more just ways of reducing costs of public enterprises, including the schools, than by filching money from the pay envelopes of the teachers. The same forces that are demanding wage cuts might study the cost of street lighting and electric service in public buildings and find a way out by demanding anew rate schedule for this city. They might, but of course will not, investigate the amount of money paid out by taxpayers to holding companies for the water and telephone services. Here is a chance for a cut that would leave the common citizen something left with which to pay taxes. But the easier and less offensive way is to cut wages and so that is the limit of imagination of the tax experts. Before any suggestion of this kind is adopted, the teachers and the people should be heard. The Chickens Come Home i The present frantic efforts to save German credit and financial stability remind the candid observer of the old adage about locking the door after the horse 4s stolen. During the last thirteen years the entente nations have been doing everything possible to make German economic readjustment and recovery difficult, if not impossible. Now, when a German collapse seems imminent and may cause a most serious economic debacle throughout the world, these same governments try to undo in a week the damage done in a decade. One of the clauses of the secret treaties stated that an allied victory must be followed by the “destruction of the economic power of Germany.” The treaty of Versailles was a pretty definite effort to destroy Germany economically. The most serious blow was the seizure of much of her coal and iron ore. The rich coal mines in the Saar valley were handed over to France pending the results of a plebiscite in 1935. Germany was also deprived of much of her hard coal in Upper Silesia. Combined, this meant a loss of about 35 per cent of her total coal reserves. Moreover, from this reduced supply Germany was required to make enormous free deliveries of coal to her victorious enemies. Along with this great depletion of her coal supply Germany lost three-fourths of her iron ore through the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France. She also lost the great textile industries of Alsace. At a time when her own civilians were dying of starvation as a result of the entente blockade after the armistice, Germany was required to turn over to France great quantities of livestock and agricultural products. Germany was compelled to surrender her merchant marine to the victors and to build 200,000 tons of shipping annually for the entente. France, took over the best rolling stocks from the German railroads. Germany was further penalized by tariff and administrative measures. German products were excluded for live years from entente countries and Germany w'as made to put these entente countries on the "most favored nation” list in her own tariff regulations. She was thus prevented from dumping her goods abroad and forced to accept dumping from her enemies. On top of all this came the crushing burden of reparations. These payments for civilian damages would have been heavy enough without the inclusion of pensions in the total. This latter preposterous folly was due to the influence of General Smuts on President Wilson. The leading American economic advisers at Versailles Implored Mr. Wilson not to include pensions, holding that it was absolutely illogical. Wilson then made his famous reply: ‘Logic! Logic! I don’t give a damn for logic. I am going to include pensions.” And he did, thus doubling the reparations total. The specific total of reparations payments has

The Indianapolis Times (A SCBIPFS-nOWARO NEWSPAPER) Owned and published daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis, Ind. Price in Marion County, 2 ’ cents a copy; elsewhere. 3 cents—delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY. BOY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON Editor I resident Business Manager PHONE—Riley KSSI SATURDAY, JULY lg. 1931. Member of United Press, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

been gradually reduced from an original British figure of 125 billions to the much more moderate figure in the Young plan. But even this has become a burden too great to be borne. Inability to continue reparations payments led to the French invasion of the Ruhr in January, 1923, the inflation of German currency and a more serious blow to German economic life than the war itself. Germans still shiver as they describe the horrors of the years 1923-24. Germany has made heroic efforts since 1924 to organize her economic life and meet her burdens, but the steady drain involved in reparations, interest on loans and the like, coupled with a world depression, have been too much for her. Thus she now stands face to face with sheer collapse and the results of such a calamity paralyze the world with fear. How much better it would have been if statesmanship had prevailed in 1918 instead of 1931; if generosity and good-will had dominated at Versailles; and if a great international economic council had been called a decade back to provide for economic readjustment to post-war conditions. The Appeal to History Is our present economic depression a temporary knockout from which we shall stagger to our feet quickly, or is it a paralysis from which we shall suffer for years? Does it resemble the crisis 0P1921 or that which (followed 1873? This is a crucial question. W. J. Eiteman in the New Republic presents five basic points of resemblance between the present and 1813. \ 1. A major war (1861-4—1914-13). 2. A trade depression resulting from readjustment of industry to peacetime demands (1865—1921). 3. A period of industrial boom characterized hy expansion, inventions, optimism, speculation and talk of “new eras” (1867-73 —1923-29). 4. A stock market crash believed in each period to be a technical reaction (September, 1873 — October, 1929). 5. A long period of depression (1873-77—1929-?). In both periods the great crash was followed by hope, optimism, assurance of the short duration of the depression, minor ups and downs in stock values and business activity, and utter incapacity of those in authority to lay out decisive plans to cope with the large issues involved. The country slowly muddled through to a gradual return of prosperity after 1877, following colossal and in part unnecessary losses and suffering. President Hoover now assures us that the American people must be left free to find their way back to better days without aid of social and economic blueprints from the White House. Analogies are always interesting, and this one is not only interesting but of immense practical significance to Americans. We can not be sure that the years following 1929 need resemble to any marked degree those after 1873, but we may be certain that they are likely to do so just in the degree that v;e avoid responsible planning for relief and go on drifting as they did back in Grant’s day. This is the great historic lesson that 1873-1877 has to teach us and the true nature of any historic parallel which may exist. There was no reason why things should have gone to pieces as badly as they did after 1873. Political rhetoric and industrial and financial bluff and futility then were allowed to take the place of a realistic effort to get at the root of the trouble and apply remedies. The greatest appeal today is not to history but to human imagination and constructive social engineering. The chief lesson of history with reference not only to 1873 but to all periods is that incompetence, blindness, evasion and inadequacy have invariably been fatal in every human emergency. There is less excuse for us in 1931. Back in 1873 there was little experience with capitalistic industry and finance to draw upon for guidance. It was a new toy. Today we have more than a half century of the most varied and cogent experiences to make use of. "All God's Chillun Got Wings,” takes on something more than a spiritual significance in these days of bustling aviation activity. The only difference between a golfer and the new baloon ball Is that it is the former who goes up in the air. After the war debt situation is mulled over statesmen, we suppose, will be holding their post-mora-toriums.

REASON

THAT was an amazing thing which occurred in London the other night when 10,000 people went wild as Premier MacDonald and Lloyd George denounced their old ally, France, for obstructing the moratorium, designed to save Germany, their hated foe of yesterday. a a a Never has Europe seemed a smoldering world volcano more than now, never have the rumblings been more threatening nor the defiance of human wisdom greater. It is a bewildering, staggering challenge to statesmanship, almost like a black edict of fate. a a a The coming disarmament conference at Geneva will meet under more compelling circumstances than ever urged relief from crushing armaments before. France will find herself almost alone, Russia, Italy, Germany, Great Britain and the United States standing for reduction. a a a AND yet who can fail to appreciate the attitude of France. Millions of her sons are dead and crippled, and just across the border is her mighty foe. No wonder she puts her faith in iron! But conditions may not wait for the Geneva conference. a a a The moratorium is far from being universally acclaimed in Germany* both Hitlerites and the Communists scorning it, while the strength of the republic rests in one old man. Hindenberg. a a a Before him the majority of Germans bow, but should his old heart cease to beat some day the repu.) ic might be buried with him, and then there will be but one result in Germany—civil war, and on the ending of that will depend whether sixty million people shall turn to monarchy or Bolshevism. One life is a very slender thread to hold the fate of millions, particularly when that life is very old. a a a SHOULD Germany go Bolshevist then every other nation in Europe will build walls against the red flood; they will forget their international hatreds and gird themselves to fight for self-preservation, and it will be the greatest menace since the dark ages. a a a Alongside the threat which hovers over Europe, tire questions of this land are simple and the problems of our statesmen light as air.. Come what may, let us stay on this side of the Atla#£ic ocean.

BY FREDERICK LANDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES '.

M. E. Tracy SAYS: Too Much Has Come Between the Place Where We Grow Our Produce and Where We Eat It. NEW YORK, July 18.—Chancellor Bruening wants no meeting of the reichstag and President Hoover no special session of congress. Wise, or not, such an attitude is significant. Time was when popular assemblies were thought well of in the face of an emergency. Though the war was supposed to have been fought for democracy, it appears to have developed much iaith in an oligarchy of experts. The peace treaty was virtually written by four men. When it came to modifying the reparations plan we had first a committee headed by Mr. Dawes, and then one headed by Mr. Young. tt tt Loan Approval Certain PRESIDENT HOOVER’S moratorium was put over with less than three weeks of conferring among a few high officials. Now that Germany needs a big j loan, it is assumed that a few high officials will determine how much and on what terms. It goes without saying that after ; everything has been arranged, the ' legislative assemblies of the various | governments concerned will be asked ito approve it. Their approval, however, is taken for granted. tt u tt Radicals Clamor GERMAN Fascists and Communists, though with nothing else in common, unite in a clamor for the reichstag to meet. They would. It represents their only chance to make political capital. Professional farm relievers in this country, together with certain politicians who think it may be good business to string along with them, demand a special session of congress. In spite of past experience, a special session might do some good. a tt a Midwest Is 111 CONDITIONS are bad not only in the corn belt, but throughout the midwest. Yes, and you can include some of the south and southwest. Twenty-five-cenc wheat, 15-cent oil and 9-cent cotton don't sound like recovery. Right now, wheat has the spotlight, chiefly because of the vast amount held by the federal farm board, tt a tt Farmers' Self-Pity MANY profess fear that the federal farm board may get cold feet and begin to dump its wheat. A more justifiable cause of apprehension consists in the certainty that speculators will continue to sell short. Farmers believe that congress could do something to prevent both contingencies. Besides, they dwell in an atmosphere of self-pity. Government-sponsored farm relief in one form or another has become chronic with us. It gave rise to the greenback movement, the Populist party and the Non-Parti-san League. tt tt tt Moratorium Epidemic AT present, “moratorium” is the magic word. Unless the usually reliable signs fail, state legislatures will be asked to grant it on farm mortgages and farm debts. But the sixty-year-old fight against speculation and manipulation is what really counts. Farmers throughout the country believe they would not be half so bad off were it not for the hijacking to which they are exposed. Rightly or wrongly, they feel that they are in the grip of a racket which, though legal, is none the less a racket. tt tt it Too Many Between IT is hard to prove that the farmers are entirely wrong when you compare the prices they get with those consumers pay. If wheat is so low, why doesn’t bread come down? The farm problem includes more than what Uncle Bill is not making on his wheat, or Uncle John on his cotton, or Uncle Ely on his hogs, or Uncle Abe on his beans. It includes what you and I are losing when we buy them in the retail market. Whether it’s big business, or little business; commission men, or speculators; too much come between the place where we grow it and the place where we eat it. Some kind of a system is getting most of the gravy, and this works just as much hardship and injustice on city folks as on the farmers.

SHIPPING LOSS STATEMENT ON July 18, 1917, a dispatch from a press correspondent in London announced that the “loss of ships by submarines totaled 1,600,000 tons a month, or from two to three times the total of new construction.” Though the submarine situation, as evidenced by the above announcement, was growing more and more serious, Admiral Lacaze, French minister of marine, felt more optimistic about it. He said: “It is true we are suffering considerable losses, but every month increases our certainty of being able to repair them. Furthermore, we are in a position to stand these losses, as a large part in anew construction will be taken by the United States. “The shipbuilding already under way, the effect of which will naturally only be felt after a certain time, is great enough to replace the highest average of destruction the submarines are likely to reach. “The curve representing the tonnage sunk does not mount steadily, but rises and falls. We know', too, that the Germans find great difficulty in obtaining trained crews for submarines.” ■When was the minimum wage at the Ford plants raised to $7 'a day? In December. 1920.

BELIEVE IT or NOT

MAN HAS LEARNED MORE ABOUT FLYING IN 20 yEARS 1 \j\ Than Birds have since they’ve worn feathers/ Jjf | AN tf/lATOR CAN FLY HIGHER-FASTER ~ FARTHER AND | TANARUS" 00 MORE AEROBATICS THAN ANY BIRO % N / • '®Siol w'pss-r * i. . v\ j 1 nia \ VttLK WOO MILES AT S W JUNCT.ON Os V* VmJUUJLs MU* ,S < FOIKWOFftI SWEET, Os EACH HOUR DAY AND NIGHT SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. \ “ -- ® 193 L King *Mfr S'tMfurato. f®e Great Britain eight* reiere-Ml

Following is the explanation of Ripley’s “Believe It or Not” which appeared in Friday’s Times: Mrs. Mary Bowden Has Seen Eight Generations of Her Family—Mrs. Bowden, whose home is in May, Tex., was born in Lawrenceburg, Tenn., July 28, 1864. She remembers having seen her father, grandfather and greatgrandfather, and there are now

Drugs Act Began Honest Advertising

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hveeia, the Health Magazine. THE federal food and drugs act is 25 years old this year. It was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. Only those who can remember the conditions that prevailed previous to the passage and enforcement of this act can appreciate the changes since then. Methods of manufacturing food in those dayswere very crude. Patent medicines, consisting of a little alcohol and innumerable worthless weeds and vegetables, were sold in immense quantities not only from w r agons but in drug stores and through the mail. In order to preserve foods, to give them proper coloring, or to make them more easily salable, all sorts of harmful coloring materials and preservatives were added to them. It would be folly to state that conditions today are perfect. Every one knows that drug products still

IT SEEMS TO ME

THE American Red Cross refuses to aid the starving children of striking Pennsylvania coal miners. The reason given by Chairman John Barton Payne is that his organization is confined, by its charter, to the relief only of emergency disasters due to “acts of God.” On the other hand, the organization was conspicuous in its efforts to minster to the maimed and dying during the great war. Is war an act of God? I doubt it. I don’t think any intelligent human being can conscientiously worship a deity who advocated the slaughter of millions of innocents. a a tt Wanted —Definition ON the contrary, it seems to me that the urge to fight for a cause, for better living conditions, for the right to rear and educate their children decently, .as these Pennsylvanian coal miners are doing, would find favor in the eyes of God. If the American Red Cross is so finicky about living up to the letter of its charter, it should have refused to render any aid to American or allied armies. The excuse—- “ War is un-Godlike and uncivilized” —would have been sufficient to vindicate them. And —who can tell? —such a stand by a powerful organization might have made us pause and think and decide against entering the conflict. a tt tt Heavenly Wisecrack? AND again, if we are going to be technical, isn’t everything we do an act of God? “God created man in His image” refers not to the physical aspect of man, but rather to his mental makeup. Man’s desire to rise from his humble beginning and find a place in the sun would seem to emanate from his God-given ego. If the Maker had intended that we should be satisfied

Daily Thought

I gave my back to the smiters, and my cheeks to them that plucked off the hair; I hid not my face from shame and spitting.— Isaiah 50:6. Let us cling to our principles as the mariner clings to his last plank w'hen night and tempest close around hin^— Adam Wooleve*.

On request, sent with stamped addressed envelope, Mr. Ripley will furnish proof of anything depicted by him.

living five generations of her family in direct descent, comprised of herself, her nine children, 39 grandchildren, 33 great-grand-children and three great-great-grandchildren. James Allen's Own Skin Binds His Memoirs—This novel book, in possession of the Boston Athenaeum, is the “Memoirs” of James

■DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

are available that are without merit and that they are sold with exaggerated advertising claims. The same thing is true in regard to certain foods. However, the food industry itself has developed, as has drug manufacture. Reliable manufacturers, convinced of the importance of honesty, label their products correctly and limit their advertising to statements that are sound. Whereas, American people twen-ty-five years ago lived largely on meat, potatoes, bread and coffee, today they eat a widely varied diet),' containing all sorts of foods which were formerly considered to be novelties. The food and drugs officials report that 18,000 legal actions have been taken in the last twenty-five years, a result of which foods and drugs are much safer when purchased in the open market than they used to be. It should be realized, of course, that the control of the food and drugs administration concerns pri-

with our lot He would not have given us eyes and ears and desires. “The meek shall inherit the earth” has been misinterpreted. It does not mean to suggest surrender. There is such a thing as “the terrible meek.” The plutocrats of that earlier era appreciated as much as do our contemporaries the effectiveness of slogans. And they worked them to death. But getting back to Pennsylvania: “The coal strike,” said Mr. Payne, “was the result of an economic situation prevalent in that industry for the last ten years and may continue indefinitely.” a a- a Loyalty and No Food DOES that mean that the children of the miners will have to starve indefinitely? Let us assume, for the sake of argument, that the strikers are in the wrong. Is that sufficient reason for allowing their children, the innocent victims of these prolonged bickerings, to go hungry? Do we still adhere to the theory that the child shall suffer for the sins of his father? Russia Is more intelligent in some respects in handling its affairs. There the child is all-important. It is the business of the state to nourish, clothe and educate its children. The Soviet regime is leaving no stcne unturned to rear its future citizens in the way they should go. That way may not be ours. But they merit our attention, nevertheless, by reason of their foresight. The ideals instilled in childhood remain. And hunger is not uplifting. a a a Hunger and Love A HUNGRY man, no matter how high his moral standards, is apt to slip back and become one of society’s outcasts. Certainly a hungry child can not be expected to feel nothing but love and loyalty for the country that permits him to starve. He doesn’t reason. He just feels. And hunger is among the strongest emotions. In prehistoric times men killed because of it. And we shall never be truly civilized until hunger, disease and war are banned as unlawful and inhuman. If the Red Cross refuses to recognize and help these children, it is up to the state to do something about them. And if the Red Cross continues in its attitude of silly disj crimination, it might be a good idea for the citizens of th£ United State*

I-f it Registered D S. JL# V Patent Otflea RIPLEY

Allen, a gentleman of numerous aliases, w r ho terrorized New England as a highwayman during the years between 1825 and 1835. The book is bound with his own skin, in accordance with that specific provision in his will, which was made shortly before he died in prison, 1837. Monday: A Contest Prize Winner.

marily the label on package and the composition of the preparation and does not extend to the advertising. Various bodies have been made up on a voluntary basis to limit advertising claims and to secure honesty in promotion. Most important of all, however, Is the realization by the great manufacturers of both foods and drugs that times have changed and products honestly manufactured and honestly advertised have a far more permanent future than fly-by-night preparations sold with exaggerated claims. The purchaser of a modern food product or a modern drug preparation can judge its value more definitely by the label than by any other method. The old preparation that used to be sold as a cure for tuberculosis is now called simply a remedy to be used in treatment of coughs. An intelligent understanding of the pure food and drugs law and what it means will do much to aid its enforcement.

HEYWOOD BROUN

to keep the incident fresh in their memories when the next annual drive is on for funds. tt a Mistaken Identity WHEN we help the street corner panhandler, we don’t stop and ask: “Are you hungry as the result of an act of God?” Here is a hungry man. For the moment that is all that concerns us. As long as we foster an economic system that necessitates the existence of charitable organizations it Is their job to take care of the needy. By discriminating they defeat their name and purpose. Isn’t it just possible, though, that Mr. Payne was more concerned with the good will of the mine owners than that of God? It may be that by feeding these hungry children his organization would offend a heavy contributor. And, after all, there are salaries to be paid. (Copyright, 1931. by The Timesl Is it against the law to send United States currency through the mail? No.

Delicious Fruit Recipes Fresh fruits are very Important In the diet as regulatory foods and tissue builders. The fact that they contain mineral salts such as calcium, phosphorus, lime and iron—each necessary to the body tissues—makes the use of fruit in the diet necessary. And the fact that most fruits are low in food value, while furnishing cellulose and acids, makes them ideal for summer use in the diet. Our Washington bureau has ready for you a comprehensive r.*w bulletin on fruit dishes, drinks and desserts. It includes recipes for delicious fruit muffins, fritters, cocktails, salads, desserts and beverages. You’ll be surprised at the variety of tasteful ways you can use fruit and berries in the daily menu. Fill out the coupon below and send for this bulletin. CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 131, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times. 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bull: tin, Fruit Dishes, Drinks and Desserts and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin or loose, uncancelled United States postage stamps for return postage and handling costs. Name Street and Number City State I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

Ideals and opinions expressed In this column are those of one of America’s most interes‘Ln f writers and are ©related without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

.TOLY 18,1931

SCIENCE —BY DAVID DIETZ

Measuring the Distance to the Stars Simple in Theory but Difficult in Accomplishment. HOW do astronomers measuro the distance of the stars? That is the question in the mind of a correspondent who writes, “It is stimulating to hear the way the astronomers toss around billions and trillions of miles. But how do they know?” I am not surprised to receive this query. Dr. Robert G. Aitken. associate editor of the great Lick observatory in California. say 6 that the most frequent questions asked by visitors to the observatory are “How far away is that star and how do you know?” Measuring the distance to a star is a very simple matter as far as the underlying principle is concerned. In practice, however, it is an extremely difficult task, requiring the highest of astronomical skill. An analogy will make the method clear. Let us suppose that a surveyor on one bank of a river wishes to know the exact distance to a tree on the other side. He will proceed as follows; First, he will measure off a baseline on his side of the river. Then, he will set up his surveying instrument at the one end of the line and sight at the tree, measuring the angle between it and the base line. Then he will do the same thing from the other end of the line. He now has a triangle of which his line is in the base and the tree the apex. He knows the length of the base he has measured. It is then a simple matter to calculate, by trigonometry, the distance to the apex of the triangle, which is the tree. tt tt a To the Sun WE can apply this same method to finding the distance to the sun. At the same instant, an astronomer in New York and one in San Francisco point their telescopes at the sun, noting the angle at which their telescopes are inclined. They now' have a triangle like the surveyor had. The distance from New York to San Francisco is their base line. The telescope readings give the two angles. All they need do now is calculate the distance to the apex of their triangle, which is the distance to the sun. It would seem at first that the distances of stars might be obtained in the same way. But the stars am so far away that the base line from New York to San Francisco is far too short. However, once we know the distance to the sun, which, of course, is the radius of the earth’s orbit, we can make use of that. Consequently, w'e can pursue the following method: We can point our telescope at the star in January and again in June. We then have a. great triangle whose base line is the diameter of the earth’s orbit, a distance of 186,000,000 miles. Actually, a modification of this method is used. Two photographs of the star and its neighboring stars, are taken six months apart. Due to the change in angle at which the star is seen, it will appear to have shifted its position slightly with reference to the other stars in general. This shift or parallax, as it is known technically, is then determined from careful measurements of the two photographic plates and the angles and then the distance calculated from it. The parallax is so very small,; however, that the method can be applied with success only to the nearer stars. In the cases of themost distant stars, it is too small to measure with the most delicate instruments. tt u it Dog Star AT the present time, six American and one English observatories are co-operating in a program of measuring stellar distances by the parallax method. Recently the results of the work to date were assembled into a catalog by Dr. Frank Schlesinger, director of the Yale university observatory. It gives the distances of 1870 stars. These, of course, are the nearer' stars. The distances of more remote stars are estimated. Let us suppose that we know the distance of a certain star from parallax measurements. Suppose now that a spectroscopic study reveals that another star of unknown distance is exactly like the star of known distance, exactly like It both in size and in true brightness. It Is possible then to estimate the unknown distance by comparing the apparent brightness of the two stars. Obviously, the farther away the star of unknown distance is, the dimmer it will appear. The parallax measurements show that the nearest star is 25,000,000000,000 miles away. The distance is more conveniently stated in light' years. A light year, the distance a beam of light travels in a year, is 6,000,000,000,000 miles. Did the football team of the University of Notre Dame defeat Georgia Tech in 1929? What was the score? Notre Dame defeated Georgia Tech in 1929 by a score of 26 to 6.