Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 53, Indianapolis, Marion County, 11 July 1931 — Page 4

PAGE 4

■t c A / P !> J - M OW AJU>

Telephone Rates Special low rates for newspapers in gathering news are demanded by a group of Indiana editors, who met this week to survey the field and make plans that may obtain this result. The argument Is that telegraph companies have long given such rates and that the telephone systems should do the same thing. Unquestionably the rates charged for gathering hews are too high. But the same thing is true of every other service rendered by what is a near monopoly. The charges by its holding company are extortionate and yet seem to be beyond any regulation Or control. The company takes advantage of all the hew inventions and the public is not considered. The valuation of the company for rate making purposes is fixed upon war time prices for copper and labor. Invention has greatly magnified the uses of the Vires and cables. It is now possible to carry conversations and telegraph mefssages over the same Wires. Long-distance conversations are made over phantom circuits. The company collects on all these hew devices which cut its own costs, but docs not reduce the cost to the public. One of the great new sources of revenue is the ittse of wires in carrying broadcasts for radio stations. One of the ancient tricks of the telephone system in some parts of the country in earlier days was to give free service for long distance use to newspapers. The government of one state at one time was controlled in this manner. In return, the newspapers Were quite complacent to outrage of public rights. They were generally silent concerning the pet friends of the company. At one time Judge Ben Lindsey of Denver, having earned the enmity of this company, found no newspaper support among his former friends when a candidate for re-clcction. Only one paper which had refused to sell its soul for a free service came to his assistance. Instead of asking for special privileges, the newspapers of the state would do a greater service to the public if they would join in a demand for a real investigation of all rates. They might be able to better serve their subscripts if they made a massed demand for anew valuation of the company’s lines in this state and anew rate schedule for all subscribers. They might be very valuable if they dug up all the facts concerning the charges of the holding company and the amount of money taken from the state in this manner. Instead of special favors, just plain justice for all the people might seem to be the better objective.

A Timely Document The reopening of the whole war debts-reparations question brings to the fore sharply once more the question of immediate responsibility for the World war. German reparations find their only moral basis in Article 231 of the treaty of Versailles. This declares that Germany must pay because she and her allies were solely responsible for bringing on the war. The matter of the guilt of Germany has been fiercely debated, and Prince von Bulow’s memoirs have given anew lease of life to the die-hards. It is extremely timely, then, to discover a document of the greatest importance for this crucial matter' of reparations. Dr. Alfred von Wegerer, the alert and aggressive editor of the Berliner Monhatshefte, sent out a questionnaire last winter to leading scholars and publicists in the entente and neutral countries—none, mind you, went to the central powders or their allies. Nearly feeventy-five answered, including such distinguished names as Charles A. Beard, Sir Raymond Beazley, G. Lowes Dickinson, Sidney B. Fay, N. Japikse, W. L. Langer, Alcide Ebray, Georges Demartial, W. E. Lingelback, Lord Ponsonby, Charles Seignobos, Charles Seymour, James T. Shotwell, Ferdinand Bchevill, Augusto Torre, J. W. Swain and Corrado Barbagallo. Dr. von Wegerer asked three questions of these men, who represent the best informed opinion in the countries which were formerly enemies of Germany or neutral during the conflict: 'T. Are you of the opinion that Germany planned the great war with premeditation and brought it about designedly and intentionally?” On this fiftyfour of the w T orld-famous savants answered no; five yes, and twelve were uncertain. “2. Are you of the opinion that Germany imposed the war upon allied or associated governments?” Fifty said no; eight yes, and thirteen were in doubt. “3. Do you assent to the opinion that the affirmation made by the allied and associated governments In Versailles regarding the responsibility of Germany for the war was arrived at on the basis of material Which was incomplete, tendentious and, in part, even falsified?” Ono answered no; fifty-one yes, and eighteen were in doubt. In short, if we were to summon a body of informed historical experts, comparable to the financial experts who drafted the Dawes and Young plans, We would find that the moral basis for the work of these international financiers now has completely evaporated. The entente powers admittedly have the physical power to collect an indemnity from Germany. They obviously have no moral right to demand reparations on the basis of the alleged German guilt back in July, 1914. If the Germans are forced into a corner they can false the war guilt issue to splendid advantage. They have a perfect moral case for demanding the complete and unconditional termination of reparations. Child Convicts When we think of a federal criminal we are likely to visualize a hardened yegg who has robbed a man car, a member of a narcotic gang, a rum runner, or some shrewd swindler who has used the mails to defraud. One rarely thinks of juvenile delinquency in connection with federal offenses. Yet, no less than 5,000 girls and boys under 18 are held in Jail each year charged with federal offenses. For the part, these youngsters are ordinary petty juvenile delinquency cases, the offense having happened to violate federal instead of state codes. The brutal and inadequate mode of dealing with the child who has violated a federal statute is admirably brought out in the recent report of the Wickersham commission on “the child offender in the federal system of justice.” It is WTitten by Dr. Miriam Van Waters, the well-known authority on Juvenile delinquency and correction. in most of our civilized states there are welldeveloped laws and courts specializing in the scientific treatment of juveniles. The courts usually have the aid of psychologists, social workers, psychiatrists and probation officers. The convicted children are sent to institutions specially designed to handle youth-

The Indianapolis Times (A RCRirrH-nOWAKD NEWSPAPER) Owned and published daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolia Tiiriea Publishing Cos.. 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis, Ind. Price in Marlon County. 2 cento a copy: elsewhere, 3 cents —delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY. UOY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON Editor President Businesa Manager PHONE—Riley Msl SATURDAY. JULY 11. 1931, Member of United Presa, Scrlpps-Hownrd Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper F.nterpriso Association. Newspaper Information Scttlco and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

ful offenders or are put on probation under the tutelage of well-trained specialists. All of this is absent in the federal criminal Jurisprudence. The youngster who has violated a federal law has to face the same legal machinery as the hardened adult train robber. He is kept in jails pending his trial and then sent to rather harsh federal institutions. Dr. Van Waters says: “These Jails present a situation of filth and misery impossible to convey.” When convicted, the Juvenile delinquent is sent by the federal judge to a federal Institution or to someone of the twenty-four state institutions which have contracted with the federal bureau of prisons to receive federal juvenile delinquents, Dr. Van Waters says: “he best of the institutions houses the children In large groups, uses basements for living and play rooms, employs disciplinary measures such as silence at meals, marching, formal routine and flogging: inmates are frequently at the mercy of boy captains. Individualization of treatment has not been accomplished.” Home ties arc rudely disrupted: “Children are sent at great cost to institutions which are located often thousands of miles away from their homes. They are separated from friends and family. Their community ties are severed; their normal social development interrupted.” Plainly then, the federal system of handling criminal youth is comparable with state methods of the Civil war period. Dr. Van Waters unhesitatingly condemns it and recommends that the federal penal code be changed so as to recognize juvenile delinquency. But federal juvenile courts are not favored. There Is not enough work to justify such expensive machinery. Dr. Van Waters, backed by the Wickersham commission, recommends that the federal government turn the children convicted of federal offenses over -.to the state where the crime is committed or the state in which the child is a resident. The state shall assume responsibility for court hearings and subsequent treatment, thus making it possible to use the humane state machinery for handling juvenile delinquents. This solution is doubtless the only sensible one as long as our federal law and machinery remain so backward and inadequate. Some day, when we are willing to spend money as freely for humane measures as we are for war purposes, congress may appropriate ample funds for an adequate system of federal juvenile courts and correctional institutions. “Abuses of Authority” On three recent occasions local United States “peace" officers, whose prejudices, tempers and trig-ger-fingers seem to work faster than their brains, have brought embarrassment to our own government and aroused indignation in the Mexican press. We refer to the unseemly act of Chicago’s municipal Judge Thomas Green in sentencing for six months for contempt the acting Mexican consul and sending him into a jail cell for four hours along with drunks and pickpockets, to the two Oklahoma deputy sheriffs who shot to death two Mexican students, one of whom was a relative of President Rubio; to the kiling of a Mexican immigrant by San Diego immigration officers, who suspected him of Illegal entry. Coming at a time when the state department and White House are bending every effort to keep the relations between our own and our neighbor republic cordial, these affronts are doubly unfortunate. In moving quickly to free Dominguez, and order an investigation of the San Diego affair, the government is doing what it can in face of petty official sins. Washington evidently agrees with the Mexican foreign secretary’s characterization of these incidents as “abuses of authority.” Ex-Kaiser Wilhelm, it is said, still signs himself Imperator Rex, but for the rest of the world he is just plain Imperator-Ex. Disappointed snipers are said to have labeled Legs Diamond “Old Ironsides.” A German scientist says rocket rides will be common in the future. But will the business be run then by rocketeers or racketeers? The pilot who flunked penmanship as a schoolboy now draws a fancy salary at sky writing.

REASON BY “

THE other day we visited a municipal swimming pool, one built in a beautiful park by an enterprising city for the pleasure of its people. It was bright and colorful and there were hundreds splashing about ind diving from the platforms. a a a This is a better attitude than we encountered years ago when the thought of spending the hardearned money of the taxpayers for a public pool would have caused an uprising. a a a Kids in the old days had a hard time getting to swim in the rivers; we were chased hither and yon and usually wound up a mile beyond the jurisdiction of the cops. Had any city government approached us and invited us to be their guests at a swimming party we would have taken to our heels, fearing a conspiracy. a a a WE never have been able to figure out why the authorities chased our crowd from The Tumbles, the finest natural swimming place one could imagine. It was below the water works dam and we could not possibly contaminate the water supply, but they made us walk the chalk. a a a We left The Tumbles as reluctantly as any Indian tribe ever left the land of its ancestors and we sought refuge above the red bridge, safely beyond the city line and there for generations the kids found their swimming hole. a a a That old red bridge is gone now, an iron one taking its place, but an iron bridge is no bridge at all. You can’t cut initials on iron rods, but on the weather-beaten sides of that old red bridge were thousands of initials, almost as many letters as you’ll find in the dictionary. a a a BUT even if the city didn’t pamper us in our day we had a barrel of fun. So far as we knew, bathing suits had never been invented, nor spring boards, but we had a big rock, affectionately known as “The Old Diver,’* placed just in the right spot by farseeing nature. • a a We didn’t have any bath house to keep our clothes; we “peeled” them and left then in a pile, then some kid would tie them into knots and from a safe distance yell “Chaw raw beef!” as we tried to unknot them with our teeth. We didn’t have any towels; we just sat there in the wind and blew “dry.” a a a That municipal swimmin pool was fine, of course, but we'd rather go back to the old swimmin’ hole above the Red Bridge with the old gang that's now scattered all over the country—and between this world and the next.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS: Many Regard Defiance of Gang Ride More Dangerous Than Defiance of the Laic. NEW YORK, July ll.—Recent experiences of Tony Mongo, third-rate beer baron of Brooklyn, N. Y„ are worth contemplating. They throw a vivid light not only on the customs of gangland, but on those of the police and hospitals when gangsters are involved. After being shot and wounded three times last Tuesday, Mr. Mongo was taken to Trinity hospital. He knew, the police knew and the hospital authorities knew that once a gangster has been designated for the “spot,” it is the unwritten law to keep right on trying, no matter how many times the boys miss, or what obstacles they are obliged to overcome.

'Discharged’ IF the police had wanted Mr. Mongo for anything, they would j have seen to it that he was “proj tected” at all costs, but since there ; was nothing against him on the ! blotter, they left him to solve that | problem as best he could. Being schooled to meet just such j emergencies, Mr. Mongo had his pals posted in strategic positions i about the hospital, and when the | hostile “mob” appeared at 3 Friday ; morning, there was the usual gun fight. On this particular occasion, the defenders prevailed, and Mr. Mongo escaped without injury. The doctors suddenly discovered, however, that he was well enough to be discharged. So he was guided down a back stairway and turned over to his pals, after which he departed for some unknown destination. A fine exhibition of timidity all around. a a a More Timidity TRAUGOTT F. KELLER, chief engineer of the New York dock department, was to- have appeared before the legislative investigating committee at 11 Friday morning to tell what he knew about gl'aft, bribery, fee-splitting and so on. That he knew a great deal had already been confirmed by two weeks of preliminary quizzing, and that he intended to “come clean,” was his own declaration over the telephone Thursday night. But just one hour before he was due to appear on the witness stand, he threw himself in front of a subway train. Another exhibition of timidity. a a a Fear, Crime’s Ally OBVIOUSLY we are up against something more than corruption and racketeering. Crime in these particular fields is finding protection in an almost universal fear. To call a spade a spade, not only the plain citizen, but some of our great institutions are scared white. Think of hospitals running patients out the back way, rather than take chance with a gang attack, or a state’s witness committing suicide rather than tell what he knows. If such things had happened only once or twice, one could pass them by as of no great consequence, but they are happening somewhere in this great country of ours all the while. a a a Power, Impugnity YOU don’t get such widespread and consistent fear, without the presence of power—a power which can, and does strike not only with force, but impugnity. Rightly or wrongly, a large element of the people regards defiance of gang rule as more dangerous than defiance of the law. Slowly, but relentlessly, our lawenforcing agencies are being enveloped by a conspiracy of silence. It is a nonco-operative movement of the worst sort—a movement which you can t touch, but which blocks and nullifies the effectiveness of constitutional government. The machine gun, unsolved murder, moral sophistry and interest in other things have combined to make the racket strong and the law weak. a a a Honesty Derided IT has become common to hear folks say, “He may be a crook, but he’s smart,” or, “He may be honest, but he's dumb.” More than one corrupt city government has pulled through on the ground that it paved so many miles of street, or established so many playgrounds. On more than one occasion we have indorsed the idea of being clever as opposed to the idea of being straight. A hunger for prosperity, as measured by dollars and cents, or for pleasure, as measured by physical appetite, has had much to do with the development of such an attitude. This depression through which we are passing is due largely to watered stock and false values, which only represent one phase of dishonesty. When you coma to size it up, the racketeering game bears mighty close resemblance to methods pursued by some of our biggest and best business.

Questions and Answers

Where is Danger Island, and to what country does it belong? It is in the Chagos archipelago, in the Indian ocean. It is under the British flag. Who is the head of the prohibition bureau of the department of justice? Colonel Amos W. Woodcock. Has there been any change in the law providing that the foreign born minor children of persons naturalized in the United States become American citizens through the naturalization of their father? The law has not been altered since its enactment. Where is the Rio Grande river? It rises in the San Juna mountains of southern Colorado, flows south-east and south in Colorado, south by west and south-east through New Mexico and south-east between Texas and Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico. It there forms the international boundary between the United States and Mexico,

xj. i 1 1 Tv. DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

Heat Stroke Symptoms Gradual

This is the fourth of a series ot seven timely articles by Dr. Morris Fishbein on “Summer Ctre of Health.” BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. HEAT STROKE occurs not only in tropical countries, but in the temperate zone in extremely hot weather, and at any time in factories, engine rooms, laundries and kitchens where people work in extreme heat associated with considerable moisture. Since the very earliest times it has been known that high temperatures can affect human beings. The Bible describes the jase of a child of a Shulammite woman in Kings 2, chapter 4, from verse 18 onward. According to this story a child complained to his father of his head when out with the reapers. The child was carried to his mother and is reported to have died at 12 noon, but to have recovered under treatment by Elisha, which seems to have been in the nature of a massage. , • According to modem scientific knowledge, the child probably became unconscious or passed into,

IT SEEMS TO ME

THE fact that the letter “C” in Y. M. C. A. stands for “Christian” should impose certain obligations upon the organization. “I am not one who denies the possibility of debate concerning the usefulness of Christian ethics, even although I believe in them myself as the ground-work for an effective social scheme. But as long as anybody calls himself “Christian” he has no right to get too far off the reservation. The point has come up In the west side branch here in New York. Recently an editorial appeared in an issue of West Side Men condemning the citizens’ military training camps. The editorial was written by Dr. A. D. Rugh while he was on the staff of the association. a a a Rebel in the Ranks "TYTE still believe,” writes Mr. W Rugh, “that the army builds men, yet we forget what they are being built for. The military system and all those who have invested interests in it foster the suspicions, misunderstandings and hatreds that ultimately make ‘defensive wars’ necessary from the militaristic point of view.” That seems to me a concise and intelligent statement. Here again I am willing to admit the possibility of argument. But I fail to comprehend how any attack can be brought on this view from the Christian

pricow-lft'WiS-

HARDEN SUPPRESSED July 11 ON July 11, 191, Die zukunft, magazine operated by Maxmilian Harden, noted German writer, was suppressed, and Herr Harden was drafted under the auxiliary civil service law to be employed as a military celrk. The publication was supressed because of the critical comments made in it of high officials. Extracts from the article which caused the suppression follow: “Herr von Bethmann is like neither Buddha nor a preacher in the mountains. He who hopes for his world to be saved by heavy guns, poisoned gas, mines, flame throwers, submarines and ari bombs must do without a reputation for sublime humanity. “Are they (Germany’s rulers) allowed by slandering an enemy who is not yet ready to conclude peace and by insisting all to loudly upon their deep belief in the nearness of peace, to nourish the mad but damaging belief that Germany is more weary than the league of her enemies? “Must we not demand that before they choose new weapons . . they shall think out to the end every possible effect—not merely the effect which is desired by the commander in the field?” j

His Ship Comes In!

coma as a form of heat exhaustion and recovered when its circulation was stimulated by active rubbing. It is reported that miners treat those who faint when coming out of the mine by the same type of friction. In Chicago in 1917 hundreds of people suffered heat stroke, apparently due to the wearing of tight and heavy clothing and the taking of too little water at a time of very high temperature and summer heat. In heat stroke, it is the heat rays of the sun and not the ultraviolet rays that are responsible. The constant exposure to *high temperature and the failure of water to be evaporated from the surface of the body disturbs the heat regulating mechanism. Death from heat stroke is apparently due to the effects of the high temperature on the nervous system and the heart. The symptoms of heat stroke may come on suddenly, but most frequently come on gradually. The person who is about to become affected complains of feeling weak and tired, especially in the legs. He gets dizzy, has a headache,

standpoint. Nevertheless, the paragraph aroused great consternation among Y. M. C. A. officials. And after many conferences a special issue of the weekly was brought out for the sole purpose of carrying an apology. Cleveland E. Dodge and Walter T. Diack, president and general sec* retary of the organization, supervised the crawl on camps. And in the negating piece appears the following paragraph: a a a is Peace a Crime? “ / T'HE Y. M. C. A. has always JL given good account of its loyalty to the government under which it operates. The general approval of military authorities, including General Pershing, as to the work of the Y. M. C. A. in the World war is evidence of this. This statement is issued in the hope this information will make clear that the opinion expressed by A. D. Rugh, who is no longer with the West Side Y. M. C. A., is not indorsed or supported by any official act of the Y. M. C. A.” It may be that the young editorial writer exceeded his authority. But he had every right to assume that he was treading upon safe ground. Why should the Y. M. C. A. or any other Christian body apologize for having expressed a passion for peace? ’C’ for 'Conflict’? YOU can not have two positions on the matter. As I understand Mr. Dodge, he wants to say that war is perhaps dreadful, but that when

People’s Voice

Editor Times—l am a member of the Dodd mission, 609 East Washington street, and I am interested in seeing it grow. Our leader, A. L. Dodd, has been in church work for more than forty-three years. We are the only mission in the city that has the old-time Salvation Army marches. We also have meetings on front porches. I am interested in men and women’s salvation and that is what our mission stands for. We have not paid any salaries to workers in our organization. We believe in giving our service free. W T e are not beggars. We all work and have never asked for outside help for our own needs. Brother Dodd, the founder of our mission, works every day at the Indianapolis Bleaching Company. How many preachers today do that. We are standing for the same doctrine that William Booth stood for. He built one of the strongest organizations in the world. Every Saturday you print something on churches, but I never see much on God, devil, hell, heaven and eternity. We need your paper's help in telling of our work. We are fully organized and have our own charter now. A MEMBER OP THE DODD MISSION.

and is drowsy. Light bothers him and he begins to see red, yellow or green spots. His digestion is usually disturbed and there may even be abdominal pain. The temperature rises suddenly, the pulse becomes rapid, the skin dry, burning and flushed. Delirium sets in and there may be twitching of the muscles. The pupils of the eye are usually contracted. The breathing is fast and noisy. In those who die, convulsions develop more seriously and the skin gets blue. Just before death the pupils dilate. Naturally any one called to see a person suffering with heat stroke makes sure that the condition actually is heat stroke. For this purpose he has to be confident that the person is- not drunk, that he has not taken any drugs derived from opium, that he has not had a brain hemorrhage, an epileptic stroke, or leaped into unconsciousness from diabetes. When these facts are established, it becomes possible to treat the case as heat stroke. Proper treatment means much for prompt and certain recovery.

bt ™ d

it comes the Y. M. C. A. will be ready to lend a hand to make it a nice and glorious Christian war. There is no stability, sense or utility in that attitude. War is wrong or war is an excellent thing in the international scheme. There is certainly no hope in the lip service of those who say, “Let’s be for peace until the next war breaks.” Even the most violent and habitual militarists are not prone to cry up the cause of war until the time comes. It is not unreasonable for the Y. M. C. A. to point to the work which it did in the World war. There has been some divergence of opinion as to how well this effort was managed. But as a newspaper man who served as correspondent with the American army I am aware of the fact that troops in the field are often captious in their criticism. I would say that, whatever mistakes were made, the Y. M. C. A. did its best. a a a Why Apologize? THIS is not the suggestion of an ultra-radical. After all, the President himself sloganed the conflict as the war to end all war. And if the Y. M. C. A. did its bit to nail down the finality of this particular conflict it can well afford now to emphasize the “C” and to take the attitude that from the Christian point of view war and preparation for war do not belong in its scheme of training the young to the best possible rule of ethics. The Y. M. C. A. should have the courage to say, “We are for peace first, last and all the time!” And no apologies to anybody. (Copyright. 1931. by The Times)

Delicious Fruit Recipes Fresh fruits are very important in the diet as regulatory foods and tissue builders. The fact that they contain mineral salts such as calcium, phosphorus, lime and iron—each necessary to the bodv tissues—makes the use of fruit in the diet necessary. And the fact that most iruits are low In food value, while furnishing cellulose and acids, makes them ideal for summer use in the diet Our Washington bureau has ready for you a comprehensive new bulletin on fruit dishes, drinks and desserts. It includes redoes for delicious fruit muffins, fritters, cocktails, salads desserts and beverages. You’ll be surprised at the variety of tasteful wavs von can use fruit and berries in the daily menu. Fill out the counnn below and send for this bulletin. coupon CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 131, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times. 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C, * I want a copy of the bulletin, Fruit Dishes, Drinks and Desserts and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin or loose, uncancelled United States postage stamps for return postage and handling costs. Name Street and Number City State lam a reader of The Indianapolis Times. . (Code No.)

s and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most inter, esting writers and are presented without record to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

.JULY 11,1931.

SCIENCE —BY DAMP DIETZ

The Tissues Composing a Hu, - man Body and Those of a Head of Cabbage Are the Same. THE physical and chemical nature of living things still remains one of the greatest mysteries faced by science. Despite the tremendous advances of the past half century, the known facts are only a fraction of what remains to be discovered. The development of biochemistry within the last few decades—the application of chemical methods to the study of living things—has thrown much light upon the problem. Biologists are hopeful that the still newer science of biophysics—the use of the methods of physics to measure the forces, electrical and otherwise, involved in life processes —may throw yet more light upon the subject. The present situation is well* summed up by a sentence of Bertrand Russell’s. Russell used it to describe the present state of our knowledge of physical phenomena. But it applies equally well to our knowledge of the nature of living things. “The final conlusion,” said Russell, “is that we know very little, and yet it is astonishing that we know 60. much, and still more astonishing that so little knowledge can give us so much power.” The first conclusion of modern biology—and a very startling one—is that all living things are composed of the same substance. a a a Man and Cabbage Protoplasm is the name which biologists give to the substance of which all living things are composed. Huxley, the great English biologist, called it “the physical basis of life,” because the phenomena of life are only found associated with the protoplasm. It is a startling thing to be told that the tissues composing a human ody and those composing the head of cabbage are the same. Os course there are wide differences between animal plant tissues and even between different kinds of plant tissues. The point which the biologist makes, however, is that these are all differences of degree. They ara not fundamental differences, but merely varitions of a fundamental substance. The next startling fact which biology has revealed is that protoplasm is chiefly water. The amount of water differs in different samples of protoplasm and even in tho same sample under varying conditions, but it ranges from 67 per cent to as high as 95 per cent. The other ingredients are carbohydrates—sugar and starches—fats, proteins and slight traces of mineral salts. The wide variety found in plant and animal tissues depends upon the variety and kinds of carbohydrates, fats and proteins present and the proportion of each present. Thus white of egg or lean meat, for example, are almost entirely proteins. a a a Ceil Laboratories THE chemical nature of carbohydrates—the sugars and starches —is well understood. Three chemical elements, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, compose them. The chemist can tell you just how many atoms of each element are to be found in the molecule of any particular sugar or starch. Fats have more complex structures. A fat is a combination of a fatty acid with glycerol. Both fatty acids and glycerol are formed by the reorganization and recombination of carbohydrates. Their natures are no mystery to the chemist. Proteins are the most complex ot all the substances present in protoplasm. Their nature is not yet completely understood. By replacing some of the hydrogen in a fatty acid with a combination of nitrogen and hydrogen, the fatty acid is changed into what is known as an amino acid. Proteins ate known to be compounds of amino acids. But they are very complex. A molecule of some proteins consists of more than a thousand atoms. One might jump to the conclu--sion that the chemical nature of protoplasm would be solved once chemists completely understood proteins. Nothing could be farther from the truth. For the cells, in tiny units or building blocks into which protoplasm is organized to form living tissues, are not static mixtures of the substances named. Each cell is a chemical laboratory in which chemical processes are constantly going on. The amounts cf various substances present is constantly undergoing change. Substances are decomposed or broken* up within the cell. Other substances are manufactured. Our present understanding of th chemical ingredients of protoplasm is only the beginning of the problem.

Daily Thought

I go the way of all earth; be thou strong therefore, and shew thyself a man.—l Kings 2:2. To be strong is to be happy.—* Longfellow.