Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 49, Indianapolis, Marion County, 7 July 1931 — Page 6

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Russia Retreats, But— Stalin’s “new economic policy" is proof again that the Russian Communist leaders are realists. That is how they survive. They have developed to an art the necessary give and take of government. Theoretically the most rigid of all political systems, Communism in practice in Russia has been completely adaptable to the necessities of the moment. Therefore Stalin's reported proposal to sanction further wage inequalities, to fix individual responsibility on industrial managers, and to take back into industry the old engineers and technicians of the czarist regime, is not so surprising as it seems on the surface. Theoretically, it may be interpreted as the renunciation of Communism and return to capitalism. But it is not theory, it is fact that is important in Russia. Viewed factually, the purpose of the new move is to strengthen Communism. If past experience is a criterion, that probably will be its actual result. This seeming paradox is clarified by recalling the causes and results of Lenin’s "new economic policy.” That, too, was a return to modified capitalism, by re-establishment of private trade. The outside world said that was the end of the Communist experiment, and mast of the Communist rank and file in Russia were regretfully of the same opinion. But Lenin said: No, it is only a strategic retreat for a further later advance. History proved Lenin’s prophecy accurate. It is all a matter of degree. There never has been complete Communism in Russia. Communism is the goal toward which the leaders zigzag over mountains of adversity. Hence, the periodic swings from “right.” to “left” and—as now—back to “right.” But in all this retreat-advance-retreat there is one citadel which is never sacrificed. So long as that one citadel is held the revolution is safe and uncompromised, according to the Communist view. That citadel is the dictatorship of the Communist party, or —as they express it—the “dictatorship of the classconscious proletariat.” So long as the Communist party strengthens its power, it and it alone can determine whether retreat or advance is expedient In the interests of the future complete Communist state. So long as it strengthens the Communist dictatorship, Communism wins. If the Lenin-Stalin strategy is as effective in 1931 as it was in 1921, this latest “new economic policy” will not lead Russia back to capitalism.” Railroad Rate Speed The interstate commerce commission has acted with commendable speed in scheduling the hearing on the railroads’ petition for a 15 per cent freight rate increase just a month after receiving the carriers’ plea. The railroads will get first chance on July 15 to present their case, and then testimony of opponents to the proposal will be heard. On this basis it appears that a decision can not be expected until the last quarter of the year. Railroads might have had their petition considered more speedily if they had specified, as the commission suggested, which rates they do not intend to increase. The petitioners are within their rights in asking a blanket increase with the right to readjust rates where necessary later. But instead of coming before the commission with mental reservations they might have clarified their case, and been fairer to the consumers who must eventually bear the burden of any increase by stating at the outset which commodities would be exempt. The commission made it evident, In asking the railroads what rates, if any, they intended to exempt from the proposed increase, that speed was of prime importance. The railroads asked a speedy decision, . too, but their own action seems to have hindered their purpose. It is much more than a railroad problem that the interstate commerce commission will start considering on July 15. This is a case that affects every consumer, and some say that it concerns the length of the depression. ’ , . i, , The commission undoubtedly understands this. and it evidently is prepared to give all interested parties a full hearing. Agricultural Revolution Are we on the eve of the greatest agricultural revolution in American history—one which will make the social and economic effects of the reaper and binder seem trivial and transitory by comparison? Such is the contention of Morrow Mayo, in an article on "Goodbye, Wheat Parmer,” in American Mercury. According to Mr. Mayo, the present program of the farm board is merely a frantic effort to subsidize hopelessly archaic and inefficient methods for immediate humanitarian and political reasons. It is a futile attempt to stop the inevitable tide of thorough industrialization of western wheat farming: “It is like King Canute trying to stop the tide, not with words, but by throwing dollars into the sea.” Mayo offers revelant statistics to support his startling thesis. Even If we figure the farmer’s working year on a city worker’s basis, he has 277 working days. At the most it takes only 100 days to sow, reap, thresh, and deliver the wheat. That leaves 177 working days during which nothing of any real economic import can be carried on by the farmer. What would happen to a city worker who lays idle 177 days out of 277? Further, the up-to-date wheat farmer, on a farm of say 500 acres, uses tractors and other machinery which can be employed with real efficiency only on tracts of from 5,000 to 10,000 acres. Neither the tenant-farmer nor the man who owns his own land can break even if wheat sells for less than $1 a bushel. What is the other side of the picture—the alternative supplied by corporation farming? Here machinery can oe applied with maximum efficiency on tracts 5,000 to 75,000 acres. Labor can be employed for the exact period necessary to raise the wheat, namely, from sixty to ninety •days. In 1900 it took three hours of man and horse *ime to produce a bushel of wheat. Corporation farming with machinery can today produce a bushel in three minutes of machine time. Even under unfavorable conditions, corporation wheat farming can produce a good profit when wheat sells for 50 cents a bushel. Under the best conditions it can make a profit with wheat selling for 30 cents a bushel. Present wheat prices, even with efforts at federal boosting, are ruinous to the independent farmer. But corporation farmers can make a handsome profit right now. If we may believe Mayo, the small wheat farmer has no more chance against the corporation farming of the future than the hand-weaver of Silas Mamer’s time had against the new power-looms of Britain’s factories: w "As long as wheat continues to be produced.*jy the F

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPrS-HOWAKD SEWSPAPEB) Owned and pnblluhM daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Time* Publishing Cos.. ‘ 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis, Jnd- Price in Marion County. 2 cent* a copy; elsewhere. 3 cent*—delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY, ROY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON Editor President Business Manager ' PHONE—Riley Mffl TUESDAY, JULY 7. 1931, Member of United Pres*, Bcripp*-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

small farmer, it is inescapable that the wheat disease is bound to remain with us. Wheat farmers may groan, wheat belt congressmen may shout until they are black in the face, economists may twist and squirm, and Uncle Sam may remain a glorified grain speculator and continue to pour millions of the taxpayer’s money down the chute—but so long as the fundamental condition exists there can be no sane hope for economic remedy or permanent relief. "Romanticists who believe otherwise— and they apparently include congress, the President, and the federal farm board—simply are shadow-boxing with distressing results and effects, without attacking the basic and chronic disease. The only remedy for the wheat affliction Is to remove the economic millstone which hangs around the neck of nearly every stalk of wheat produced in this country. Corporation farming, Mayo declares, not only would make It possible to produce wheat profitably at present prices; it would give us wheat at prices low enough to promote extensive consumption, eat up the wheat surplus and thin out our breadlines. Further, it would put us in a position to compete with the Russian wheat raised under intensively mechanized farming. ✓ Beyond the Debt Holiday The world rejoices with President Hoover that France finally has accepted his plan for a one-year moratorium on war debts and reparations. Virtually all the world has a stake in this debtors’ holiday. For this agreement should lift part of the weight of the international business depression—though only a part. Assuming that Hoover is accurate in stating that his plan has been accepted “in substance” by France, twelve months of grace may be given the nations to work themselves up and out of the economic depths in which they now flounder. Whether the Hoover moratorium has come too late to produce the full effect desired, remains to be seen. Certainly it would have been much more effective a year ago, before Germany had been bled to the point or collapse and other nations had suffered accordingly. But it will help some, even at this late day. The rise of commodity and security “values” of more than $7,000,000,000 in less than a week following announcement of the moratorium plan, indicates the tremendous psychological lifting power of the proposal. But to expect the moratorium to work miracles would be to rob it of Hi value. It must be understood as a negative thing, a postponement and nothing more. Taken alone it will not correct the international economic situation; it merely will put off the day of accounting, with evil compounded. Os course there is no reason why this moratorium should be allowed to stand alone, and pile up future trouble. With these precious months of leeway, the American and European governments have a chance to remove some of the causes which are dragging Europe toward chaos and pauperizing the rest of the world. The statesmen can: 1. Drastically reduce or cancel war debts and reparations; 2. Scale down the high tariff walls—our own the worst—which block the flow of foreign trade upon which prosperity depends; 3. Stop the armament race which is bankrupting the governments and leading to another world w T ar. All of these essential reforms are part of a whole, which must be achieved to win the race against international chaos. We hope that the world acclaim received by President Hoover for his debt holiday plan will encourage him to lead In the removal of those basic causes of the world depression and danger. You can’t blame the man who married the girl he met at the beach for calling the place a sand trap. If a moratorium delays debt payments, it's a pity congress can’t have something like an oratorium. A man who writes things on his cuff, observes the office sage, usually has something more up his sleeve.

REASON

SOUTH DAKOTA and Nebraska are now suffering an invasion by their old enemies, the grasshoppers, and they threaten to take these states by storm. This reminds us of an incident in the life of the late Robert G. Ingersoll, one of the greatest orators the world ever knew. It was back in the year 1888 when the Republicans held their national convention in Chicago. The convention was waiting for some committee to make its report before it started to ballot for a candidate for President, and different party leaders were invited to speak. There were loud calls for Ingersoll, but he was not present and finally when he made his appearance upon the stage the great audience gave him an ovation, which was in good form since Ingersoll had been the Republican party’s greatest campaigner since the Civil war. a a tt INGERSOLL came forward, smiling and launched into one of his hypnotic orations and instantly the vast assemblage was in the hollow of his hand. One minute he had the thousands rocking with laughter and the next minute he led them to the top of the world with his marvelous eloquence. m tt a Then he made the only great oratorical mistake of his career. He proceeded to define the qualities which the nominee of the convention should possess. He built up an irresistible person and then proceeded to tell the audience that Judge Walter Q. Gresham was the candidate who fitted his description of the ideal candidate. He had done the same thing before in the Republican convention of 1876 when he nominated James- G. Blaine and on that occasion he had overwhelmed his hearers and it was only by putting out the lights that the enemies of Blaine were able to prevent his nomination. a tt BUT on that occasion Ingersoll appeared as the avowed advocate of Blaine, while in Chicago he was called merely to make a speech for the good of the order and the delight of the waiting multitude. And the result was the exact opposite of what it had been at Cincinnati in 1876. n k m The vast audience turned against Ingersoll, that is, all of it, except the part that favored Gresham. They howled and hissed and shook their fists and the pandemoninum was such that he could not proceed. For the first time in his career he was forced to take his seat. a a a The next day a young man approached Ingersoll and told him that when the crowd forced him to stop speaking it was as if a great locomotive had been stopped instantaneously while traveling through the country at seventy-five miles an hour. Ingersoll’s eyes lighted and he replied: “Well, you know, grasshoppers have been known to stop locomotives.’* **

BY FREDERICK LANDIS

: THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

There Is No Plot Back of the Hoover Plan, but You Couldn't Make Russia's Professional Patriots Believe It NEW YORK. July 7.—Rome had nothing on the good old United States of America when it comes to i holidays. Four hundred and eighty--1 three dead, according to the latest I compilation, which is obviously incomplete. Let’s be conservative and call it 500—a casualty list equalled in few battles'of the revolution. The pretailing thought seems to be that we can afford it in spite of the depression, but if we can, why all the stewing about cancer ar.d tuberculosis? Like so many other phases of our civilization, the safety first movement runs to ads. We’re all for it if a corporation has to spend money, or politicians get a job, but very few of us are sold on it sufficiently to slow down. tt u u 230 Daily Toll OF course, the “Glorious Fourth” is, and always has been, an exceptional day in its fatalities, though hardly to such an extent as some of the headline writers would like to have us believe. It is one of the few days for which we insist on keeping something like an accurate record. Ordinary days, we let pass, though none is without a bloody aftermath. Ninety-five thousand persons die as the result of violence, or accident in this country each year. That means an average of more than 230 each day. U tt u In France’s Place BUT cheer up. France is coming into line, if somewhat reluctantly. Neither are the alterations in President Hoover’s plan for which she has been contending entirely without logic. As the New York Times suggests, ' we forald probably have taken the same position had we been in France’s place. We are not in France’s place. We have not suffered as she did, nor are we surrounded by a continent | that froths with age-old hates. It Is impossible for France, or any j other European country to see the ' existing situation through American eyes. We not only have a distant perspective, but we can afford to look at it more impersonally. nun Suspicious Russia RUSSIAN observers accep the negotiations at Paris as just a bit of maneuvering to determine whether France or the United States will take the lead in an anti-soviet war. That’s only another illustration of how queerly people can think when they are scared, or trying to make propaganda. There is no plot back of the Hoover plan, but you couldn’t muke Russia’s professional patriots believe it, not in a thousand years. Plots constitute their chief stock in trade. a a a Stalin Turns JUST the same, and in spite of her professional patriots, Russia is swinging into line. Nothing proves this like Stalin’s latest pronouncement; which represents a definite turn to the right, no matter how vigorously he may deny it. What he proposes will have to be passed on by the Communist party council, of course, but that’s a mere formality. Stalin wields as much power as any Romanoff ever did. The big difference is that he thinks in terms of industry, while the czars thought in terms of pomp. u a it Reward for Ability BRIEFLY stated, Stalin proposes that the idea of a level wage scale be abandoned, that ability be given some consideration, that the old bourgeois be taken back if they can, and are willing to do good work, and that the proletariat pay more attention to producing an intellegentia of Its own. Regardless of how such ideas square with Marxism, they represent good sense. Unlike some of his predecessors and associates, Stalin is sufficiently practical to recognize the folly of trying to level humanity. That is something even those at the bottom don’t want. nun Home-Grown Experts WHY the majority of us can’t box like Dempsey, figure like Einstein, bat balls like Babe Ruth, or make wisecracks like Mayor Walker may be hard to explain, but we can't, which, after all is the important point. By and large, more people are able to make plans than carry them out. Russia has spent vast sums of money for experts to put her industrial scheme on paper. Now she must find experts to carry it out, and they can’t be foreign. Stalin is looking for a way to develop the needed expertness at home, and turns to the capitalistic method of offering rewards. u u Plan Is Sensible RUSSIA has done a wonderful job getting foreign engineers to set up factories and power plants. Her leaders have taken desperate chances and her people have made heroic sacrifices. Swapping wheat and lumber for outside experts, however, is very different from operating a huge industrial establishment with homegrown executives. Stalin proves not only that he i recognizes the task for what it is, but is ready to tackle it in the only sensible way. What is the duty on cocoa and chocolate imported to the United States? The duty on cocoa and chocolate, unsweetened, is 3 cents per pound net; the duty on cocoa and chocolate, sweetened, in bar or blocks weighing 10 pounds or more, is 4 cents per pound; in any other form whether prepared or not prepared, the duty is 40 per cent ad valorem. What was the acreage planted in cotton, sugar beets and tobacco in the United States in 1930? Cotton, 44,791,000 acres; sugar beets, 771,000 acres, and tobacco, 2,140,000 acres.

Embattled Farmer Faces Failure

Colds More Likely in Warm Weather

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hyzcia. the Health Magazine. THE association of weather with the common cold is recorded in medical literature from the time of Hippocrates. from the department of biostatistics of Johns Hopkins university, Dr. William M. Gafafer has recorded the results of observations extending over a period of eightytwo weeks and involving a study of the occurrence of common colds among 350 people and the relationship to thirteen different weather elements. Asa result of his studies, the investigator believes that the response in the form of catching cold to changes in the weather is more active in the warm period than in In some recent studies reported the cold period.

Times Readers Voice Their Views

Editor Times —What may we next expect? May we in the future expect to find it necessary that the motoring public buy gasoline and oil at municipally-operated filling stations, or dare we hope that we who drive may be allowed to buy our gas and oil of whom we choose without fear of retribution? Will we, in time, beforced to pay toll so we may enter the downtown district, or the area within the mile square? Toll to the city would be preferable to the condition that now exists, that of paying toll to individuals who operate parking lots, parking and storage garages, for then we might, by consistent howling, get something for the money so spent. As the situation now exists we are only fattening the purses of a few persons, most of whom, when intrusted with the care of our cars, not only sbuse them in handling and dent fenders and mar bumpers by crowded parking, but avail themselves of parts of alleys adjacent to their parking lots, the very alleys we lesser individuals are not permitted to use. It seems a peculiar state of affairs when the taxpayers of the city are not permitted to use the streets which they helped to build and on which they pay taxes for maintenance and repairs, on which to park their cars when in the course of their business they find it necessary to enter the downtown area. How may a business such as ours enter the business area to make deliveries that are require before 9 a. m.? are we to tell our customers that we can not render service of any nature down town before that time? What would we do with an order for a store opening that required palms and other materials, and that wished to open, its doors at 9 a. m.? How are we expected to take care of our marketing that takes us to the wholesale florist establishments early each morning? Must we supply ourselves with a pocketful of quarters with which to pay operators of parking lots, hunt up the nearest one that may be two block from the place where we make our purchases, and then either carry our merchandise, or wait our turn by driving about the streets unril space is available in the loading zone, if there is a loading zone? A physician would be able to render a wonderful service to stricken humanity, if in the early morning he found it necessary to stop at his office in a downtown building to get a necessary instrument, and find that his car has j been dragged away in the few minutes he was gone. That would be fine. Why should I not be permitted to , park in my own loading zone, if I ■ wanted such a gone? EDWIN E. TEMPERLEY. Editor Times: In their efforts to get a bad man, (supposed to be connected with the Jackson killing) ; our brave city cops placed the | writer and his wife in a very precarious situation recently at 3 o’clock in the morning. After working at our business until 3 a. m., we drove to our apartment for a few “winks.” As we stopped our car in front !of our home, a car also stopped with running boards almost touching. and without a word, the writer looked into a -45 held by the brave (?) cop. Thinking WU * hold-UP, I

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

He believes that there is reasonably something in the environmental or physical-chemical structures of individuals which changes during the flow of seasons. Apparently this element in the physical state is more active during warm periods than during the colder seasons of the year. For instance, from October to April whenever the maximum temperature, average temperature, or dry bulb temperature, fell below its ordinary temperature, there was a slight tendency of the incidence of colds to rise. There did not seem to be any relationship to the maximum temperature, the humidity, rainfall, spheric pressure. In the warm period, from April to October, whenever the maximum temperature, average temperature, temperature range, dry bulb tem-

spoke first, saying I had about a dime in my pocket. Without any conception of who we were or the danger we were in, a second “brave” strutted around the car, ordering my wife out, with the “brave bull,” —“we’re after a dangerous man.” The sight of this second “hero” was out first indication that it-was a police car filled with men and guns. Suppose I had made one move—to hand them my pocket book, or even have taken my hands from the steering wheel, there would be a funeral under way now and the “braves” would report that I resisted arrest, attempted to shoot or anything else that would suffice as their excuse for killing an innocent man. Give some men a gun and a club and they feel very important, but most of them would be home under the bed If they anticipated trouble, and the “brave” who stuck his gun in my face was too scared to even speak. Simply stood, waiting for me to make a move so he could shoot. This immediate danger is past, and Mrs. Harris is not a widow, but unless some of our "brave” police officers use different tactics, innocent people may suffer. H. J. HARRIS 919 Broadway Editor Times —We read a lot of argument on allowing natural gas to enter our city, and what a terrible calamity it would be to our city-owned Citizens Company—if it ever owns it. But, my dear readers, are you not somewhat Uanred when our gas company r.ecom-i a political football? I am wondering if we will receive the same prompt and efficient service we are receiving today, or if some of those who kick the political football hard enough will receive prompt attention and those that don’t can wait

LVOFF’S U. S. STATEMENT July 7

ON July 7, 1917, Prince Lvoff, Russian premier and minister of the interior, made a public statement at Petrograd for the information of America. Discussing Russo-American and Russian world relations, Lvoff said: “For decades of darkness and oppression America has been our ideal of freedom and intellectual and material development; rather, not oar ideal, for we had considered it unattainable, but a remote fairy tale of happiness. “Now we have in one jump reached America’s condition of freedom. There remains the slower but not Impossible task to overtake her in education, material progress, culture and respect for order. “We are on the right track. The spirit of new Russia is closely akin to the immemorial spirit of free America, and where the spirit is, work follows. That means Russia’s salvation. . . . “I am convinced that our revolution is no mere domestic affair, but a stage in the new world movement towa?< liberty, equality, fraternity—perhaps the greatest stage in the world’s historj’.”

perature, vapor pressure, percentage of sunshine, or atmospheric pressure fell below its ordinary level for the period there was likely to be a rise in the number of colds in the people studied. Modern investigators are establishing the reasons for changes in the human body in connection with changes of climate. Some time ago investigators in a large circle proved that the ability of a person with rheumatism to predict a change in the weather was based on definite changes that took place in his body before the change in the weather occurred. The opinion of at least twenty centuries that there Is a definite relationship between sudden changes in the weather and the catching of cold would seem to be borne out by the carefully assembled statistics now made available.

till we get to you. lam for any new enterprise to come to our city, but what do a few of our politicians who have been living off of the taxpayers for years in some form or another care if a few of our industries do leave our city? There will always be enough left to afford them a political job, and especially when the union labor vote counts fer so much. I am not against union labor, for I was a union man myself at one time. I was told that a very important industry is leaving our city now and others have left, and what will keep E. C. Atkins Company and twenty-four others that want natural gas from leaving our city and going where they can get the gas they wish and need? Why not build a fence around Indianapolis, and build It so high that the bird’s can’t get over It? I am a believer in competition, which Is the life of trade. What Indianapolise needs is more Industry, more competition and fewer politicians. JOHN O. KIRCH. 1633 Union street. Editor Times—As a taxpayer of Indianapolis I feel that something should be done about the high charges for public utilities, and as the firms themselves seem unable to lower the rates, I appeal to you to help us all you can. We all are Interested In making Indianapolis the very best city in the country, but when visitors see our people under pressure and hear their just complaints, it certainly does not do our city any good. The gas, water, light and telephone companies still are charging the same rates as during the war when wages were much higher than at present. Foods, rents, materials all have done their share to meet the present conditions, but it seems that the utilities are blind to the fact that the people need their co-opera-tion. Or else they have unusual ideas about economy and its benefits. I feel sure your worthy paper will help in behalf of the public regarding this matter. Let’s hear from other patrons of this newspaper. MABEL LOWE.

Getting Married Happy marriage doesn’t “just happen.” It must be attained. At least half the battle Is won or lo6t before she says "Yes!” Our Washington Bureau has ready for you an authoritative and frank discussion of the problems that confront those who are the great experiment of matrimony. It contains suggestions for solving the problems that confront any newly married pair. Mothers and fathers of young men and women on the threshold of matrimony will find this bulletin of as great Interest to them as will young, people contemplating matrimony. Fill out the coupon below and send for it: CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 125, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times 1322 New* York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin SUCCESSFUL MARRIAGE, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin or loose, uncanceled United States postage stamps to cover return postage and handling costs: NAME a STREET AND NO ... * CITY STATE I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No,)

-JULY 7, 1031

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

Space No Longer Is Regarded as the Simple Matter It Once IFcts. SPACE, once regarded as simple emptiness, becomes a great factory in which the universe continuously is renewed, according to the latest theory of Dr. R. A. Millikan, famous American physicist/ Dr. Millikan puts forward his view in the publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, in which he defends once more his position upon the cosmic rays, whose existence he confirmed. He again takes issue with Sir James Jeans, the famous British astronomer, who sees in the cosmic rays one more proof of the fact that the universe is running down. •: It is interesting to trace the changes which have come over the scientific opinion of space. Space is no longer regarded as the simple matter it once was. And there Is some question today as to whether there Is any meaning to the term “empty space.” •. It may turn out that there is no such thing as empty space. It is certain that there is no such thing as empty space within our owp Milky Way or galaxy. Recent astronomical researches have shown that all space within the galaxy is occupied by an extremely thin, but nevertheless allpervading cloud. •-*-.•> •. This cloud consists of only about one atom to a cubic inch, whereas she ordinary air we breathe consists of trillions of atoms to the cubic inch. But the point is that as long as there is an atom per cubic inch of space, there is no great stretch of empty space. About Radiation BEYOND the Milky Way lie the island galaxies, the, spiral nebulae. Many of these are great collections of stars like our own Milky Way. At this time, most astronomers would hazard the opinion that space between our galaxy and these island galaxies probably is devoid of matter. I can not recall having seen the contrary opinion expressed in astronomical literature. But space is not devoid of radiation. It contains not only the radiation being emitted by the varimis galaxies, but also the more mysterious cosmic rays. The importance of these radiations is increased by the new view of space which the Einstein theory introduced. This view is that space is finite and curved. This means that the radiatiarfs are not spreading out slowly through an endless realm of space, but rather that they are circulating around within a closed universe. '; This had led recently to the interesting hypothesis of Dr. E. Regener of the Stuttgart institute. Regener regards the cosmic rays as the ghost of a universe which existed prior to the present one. According to his view the cosmic rays are fossils, as it were, the remains of some sort of organization which existed before the nebulae and stars and planets came Into existence. - ? But Dr. Millikan stands by hfs guns and insists that the cosmic rays are proof of the fact that new matter is being created within the universe out of spent radiation. a a a t. i Millikan's Conclusions ; DR. MILLIKAN sums up his views of space as a great factory in which radiation is being turned back into atoms of matter and in which the simple atoms of hydrogen are being transformed into heavier atoms in the following conclusions In his article in the publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. “1. That the cosmic rays have their origin, not in the stars, but rather in interstellar space. “2. That they are due to the building in the depths Os space of the commoner heavy elements out of hydrogen which the spectroscopy of the heavens shows to be widely distributed through space. That helium and the common elements, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and even sulphur, are also found between the stars is proved by Bowen’s beautiful recent discovery that the nebiilium lines arise from these very elements. “3. That these atom-building processes can not take place under the conditions of temperature and pressure existing in the sun arid stars, the heats of these bodies having to be maintained presumably by the atom-annihilating processes postulated by Jeans and Eddington as taking place there. 4. All this says nothing at all about the second law of thermodynamics, but it does contain a bare suggestion that if atom formation out of hydrogen is taring place all through space, as it seems to be doing, it may be that the hydrogen somehow is being replenished there, too, from the only form of energy that we know to be all the time leaking out from the stars to instellar space, namely, radiant -energy.”

Daily Thought

The Lord is good.—Mahnm 1:7. The soul Is strong that trusts to goodness.—Massinger.