Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 28, Indianapolis, Marion County, 12 June 1931 — Page 8

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J C*l * P J - M OW AJt.O

A Coal Conference Somewhat tardily the officials of organized miners ask President Hoover to call a conference to lay plans for assisting that industry. The condition of workers and companies are described as desperate in the extreme, with human beings in hunger and privation and the owning companies near bankruptcy. The warning is given that these conditions are breeding communism and anarchy, and it is probably the truth that there is more anarchy than communism as a result. What the miners’ officials might have truthfully said that in this as in all other industries, there has been no careful planning for the stabilization of employment, no sane provision against the very conditions which now become so unbearable as to demand immediate solution. The truth in that industry, as in many others, lies in the fact that when improved machinery began to replace men the industry became overcrowded and the total wage paid to workers was reduced to the point, where vast numbers no longer could purchase either coal or anything else. For years there have been more miners than there has been work for miners under even the best of working conditions, and it is a matter of history that the conditions have not been considerate or kindly or wise. The plea should not come from the miners alone, but from all workers, and, more, from the great industrialists and financial leaders who should be even more concerned than the highly paid heads of the miners’ union. Last spring there was a measure introduced into congress by Representative Louis Ludlow. It was drafted by the Fraternal Order of Eagles. It provided for a national commission to stabilize employment in all industries. The argument in favor of that bill was made by Frank E. Hering of South Bend, a leader in a nation-wide movement to make just such condition impossible. At that time leaders of labor were missing from the legislative halls. Why not make the conference general instead of selective as to one industry? What is true of the miners today may be true of other industries tomorrow? Why not get behind the Ludlow measure and demand a special session of congress to make its decisions effective? Why not a real crusade for all workers and all industry? Unregulated Power The electric industry, assembled at Atlantic City for the annual convention of the National Electric Light Association, is speaking its mind in reply to criticisms. But in doing so it either is ignoring or failing to grasp the really fundamental charges placed against it. Its defense calls attention to rate reductions and to maintenance of employment aiyi wages; to emancipation of the housewife by electric appliances, and to the new era electricity has brought to the farm. There is litlte dispute about these things. The electric industry is an essential part of American life. No one wishes to destroy it or cripple its legitimate activities. Neither does any one, who knows anything about the matter, believe that the power industry constitutes a ‘ trust” in the technical sense of the word. The thing to which serious critics of the electric Industry object is the vast amount of concentrated power over business, private life, public officials and foreign affairs held by this organization, and the threat that it soon will dominate American life completely. The power industry probably is co-ordinated more closely—through holding companies, joint directors, stock ownership and through the National Electric Light Association—than any other business group ever has been. It is bound in the same intimate way to three other great indu&ries—manufacture of electric machinery and equipment, radio, and communications. Except for food, no industry plays such an important part in human life. It knits together in one great empire the kingdom o\ power on which all industry depends—light, heat., city transportation, amusement by broadcasts, talk?.s and television, and local and international communication. Its activities and authority extend around the globe. Its floats the foreign debt of one country and secures a monopoly in another. Men sitting in New York control the destinies of towns in India and Indiana, China and South Dakota. Long ago this country gave monopolistic or nearmonopolistic rights to the power industry, on the theory that government regulation would take the place of competition in protecting the public. Instead, the power men have learned to regulate regulation. The dictatorship of power may be a benign one. It may keep its bills low enough to form a minor part of the household budget, and it may make life more convenient and agreeable. But it is, and threatens to become increasingly so, a dictatorship. The point at issue is whether this great concentration of power shall continue as a master of the public or be made a servant of the public will and public interest. More Marine Blood The wounding of a United States marine officer and killing of two of his men of the Nicaraguan guard by rebels is a further reminder that President Hoover should withdraw all marines from Nicaragua at once. There is no possible justification for United States marines participating in a civil war in that country. American interests are not involved, and if they were involved a better way could be found to protect them than by military imperialism. The present method has made us hated throughout Latin America. Even if we were not concerned with the issue of justice and the rights of a small nation, and did not care about our reputation, we might at least think of all the Latin-American trade

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we are losing because of hatred resulting from our strong-arm policy. Doubtless that was in the minds of President Hoover and Secretary of State Sttmson recently, when they decided upon gradual withdrawal of the marine occupation—part this summer and part next year. That will not do. For one reason it evades the issue that American troops have no right to remain there for one day. For another reason the marines who stay can be depended upon to shoot,and to get shot. Such incidents always can be used by interventionists to inflame public sentiment in both countries, and used by the Washington government to send more marines to uphold our national “honor.” The way to prove that we have national honor is to withdraw now. War and Racial Progress Correspondents report the eminent British anatomist, Sir Arthur Keith, as holding that war must be retained to keep the human race healthy and progressive: “Nature keeps her human orchard healthy by pruning, and war is her pruning hook. We can not dispense with her services.” Perhaps we would be unfair in attacking Dr. Keith as the author of this remark until- the report personally is examined and confirmed. He has a reputation for balance and sanity, even though he looks at human problems through biological spectacles. He has a remarkable knowledge of the history of culture and institutions and should be able to temper biological bias in the light of such facts. At any rate, we may attack the doctrine expressed, whether Dr. Keith said just this or not. This view of war as a very important selective agent in the biological development of mankind is defensible when applied to early wars. Here men fought with stone hatchets, bows and arrows, javelins, battle-axes, lances, swords and the like. In such direct and hand-to-hand mixups, the battle usually went to the brave and the strong. Those who survived were likely to be biologically the best. The contribution of war to biological progress in man has diminished since the invention of gunpowder. Strength and vigor count for less and less. Brains and inventions, as well as natural resources of the land, become more and more important. Modern wars are wars of cultures and institutions rather than of men regarded solely in their biological faculties. Today the bomb of high explosives drops on genius and moron alike. The giant is as powerless as the pigmy before the air bomb, the tank, the machine gun and the Big Bertha. A moron dwarf with a machine gun is more than a match for twenty giants armed with rifles. Indeed, one safely may hold today that war is actually counter-selective; in other words, it debases the race physically. The best types are chosen first for battle service, leaving the biologically inferior at home. Starvation behind the lines in modern wars lowers the biological potential of whole peoples. It will take Germany decades to recover from the depression of health caused by the decline of rations before the armistice and by the blockade which followed. Undernourishment and decimation have left their ominous mark on all post-war Europe. We have, further, to consider the socio-economic results of wars. The economic depression which holds the world in its grip is due in no small part to the economic impact of the war and subsequent readjustments—loss of human consuming power and of purchasing power in money, war debts, reparations and the like. It is hard to picture the twenty million idle workers and their dependents as existing in a state of biological elevation. The liberal thinker will agree with Sir Arthur’s aspiration to keep the race healthy and progressive, but it must be done by the modern devices of birth control and eugenics, which represent the victory of human intelligence over the crude and wasteful methods of brute nature. The notion of war as “a pruning hook of the race” is as out of date in 1931 as the battle-axes, if not the stone hatchet.

REASON "SS" j

TT'S easy to understand that the Lifidberghs would A would be willing to run all the risks incident to any kind of adventure, for they have audacity to burn, but for the life of us we can't understand how they can think of making a flight to Japan and leaving at home their year-old boy, the first they’ve had. a a a If you have any blood in your veins at all, the arrival of your first child is the biggest event since the whale swallowed Jonah and you couldn’t induce the average parents to put an ocean between themselves and their distinguished guest for anything in the world. But, possibly we are thinking in the antiouated terms of another day. tt ts tt PC appreciate fully what Mussolini's government A does when it’s feeling well, you must think of its withdrawal of the passport of Arturo Toscanini because he refused to play Fascist hymns at a concert in Bologna. This is as if this country should go after Mary Garden, should she refuse to warble “The StarSpangled Banner'’ while giving a concert in Chicago. a a a It isn't in the cards of human nature for Mussolini’s establishment to last indefinitely, and some of these days it will blow up, and great will be the blow thereof. A machine can go at high speed now and then and stay on the road, but it can't got at high soeed all the time. a a a GERMANY now is telling her European neighbors that unless her war debts are lifted she will probably disappear from the face cf the earth. If Germany had won that war she would have handed her ultimatum to the defeated nations and they would have paid through their ears a a a It must pain the ardent champions of Soviet Russia in America to learn that Moscow has increased raxes from 10 to 80 per cent on all amusements and that a big tax has been put on commuters for going tn and ccming out of Moscow. We can see how a fellow might not be willing to pay a tax for going in, but that he would ba willing to give up all he had to get out. a a a ACCORDING to the papers, Mr. Coolidge temporarily may discontinue his daily newspaper articles, It may be that his ghost writer feels that he ought to take a vacation. a a a Dr. Buttrick of the Madison Avenue Presbyterian church of New York City told the graduates of Rutgers university that American worship noise and bustle. The docor is mistaken, for while we have the noise the bustle went out of fashion almost forty vears ago.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

It Looks as Though Our Entertainment Is Headed for Even More Artificiality. NEW YORK, June 12.—Senator Fess creates no sensation by predicting President Hoover's renomination and election in 1932. As the Republican party's national chairman he hardly could do otherwise, without stirring up such a rumpus as has seldom occurred in this country. And Senator Fess does not shine asa stirrer up of rumpuses. His unruffled affability is exceeded olny by his unroffled orthodoxy. One can not conceive of a disaster so great, or a situation so confusing, as to shake Senator Fess’ confidence in a Republican administration. SOS Coionei House Speaks COLONEL HOUSE probably is as faithful a Democrat as Senator Fess is a Republican, but far less given to prophecy. His prediction that Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt wall be nominated and elected in 1932 is little less startling than the fact that he should predict anything at all. It is anew role for Wilson’s “man of mystery,” yet he may shine in it. Like Senator Fess, however, Colonel House virtually was bound to forecast the triumph of his own party. That is why few people will pay much attention to either. 'o a a Uproar on War Debts POLITICS is a stern taskmaster when it comes to prophecy on special pleading, which explains the general uproar against any revision of reparations and war debt settlements by those very statesmen conferring on the subject. 'According to Premier MacDonald, it would be untimely, and according to M. Briand it would be unthinkable. But Premier MacDonald presently will return the German chancellor’s call and M. Briand feels quite sure that relief can be had under the Young plan. As to our own government, its adamantine position is somewhat softened by the fact that Secretary of State Stimson and Secretary of the Treasury Mellon are in Europe. a a a Talkies to Die Soon? SPEAKING of prophecy, George Jean Nathan thinks the talkies have about five years to run. “People are wearing of this artificial form of entertainment,” he says, "and the legitimate theater, where human beings act and speak, is coming into its own again.” Though a good many of us hope so, Mr. Nathan probably does not make this result certain. The fulfillment of Mr. Nathan’s forecast that silent movies would come to an end means little, since it was brought about, not by revolt against mechanical entertainment, but by the introduction of more mechanics. a a a More Artificiality MUCH as one would like to believe that our entertainments will take on a more natural form, it looks as if they were headed for more artificiality. Captain Richard N. Ranger just has invented an electric pipeless organ, which produces notes and harmonies merely by splitting up or modifying the hum of a loud speaker. The town of Mt. Pleasant, N. Y., just has discontinued a blinker, because it interfered with radio reception. It goes.without saying that mechanical devices will not hold the popularity they enjoy when first brought out, but there is little to sustain the idea that they will be discarded. They have obvious advantages, in spite of the way they are abused. They stand for something basically sound. They not only make it possible to reach a larger number of people than ever before, but they preserve a more vivid portrayal of persons and events. tt tt 3 Pictures Record History Ty/TO printed page carries such a clear picture of the past for us as the movies and phonograph record will provide for future generations. We have to guess how the voice of Julius Caesar sounded, or what peculiarities of gait and posture distinguished his personality. People 109 years hence, or even 1,000. will have no such difficulty regarding Marshal Foch or Roosevelt. _ The immediate effect of movies, the radio, and other mechanical innovations on entertainment is of rather small consequence compared to their recording possibilities. Through them, history will be made to live as never before and analysts will be able to study it with an accuracy hitherto unknown. They offer the possibility of providing information by which we can discover the laws of mass movement and mass psychology. For the first time since the dawn of consciousness, we have a reasonable hope ox making records complete enough, for scientific conclusions.

Questions and Answers

When was polygamy prohibited in Utah? The Edmunds bill passed in 1882, disfranchised polygamists, a more stringent act was passed in 1887. When Utah was admitted as a state in 1896, the state Constitution prohibited polygamy. Was Governor Simpson of Louisiana impeached? No. Henry C. Warmoth was the Governor of Louisiana who was impeached in 1372, but the proceedings were dropped when his term expired.

Daily Thought

Execute true judgment, and show mercy and compassions every man to his brother.—Zachariah 7:9. We do pray for mercy; and that same prayer doth teach us all to render the deeds of mercy —Shakespeare.

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Choose Long-Lived Ancestors

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Htseia. the Health Masatire. AS Raymond Pearl points out in a recent discussion, there has been a common observation that length of days tends to run in families. Professor Pearl refers, for example, to the statement by Oliver Wendeli Holmes as to how to live long. The eminent humorist said: “The first thing to be done Is, some years before birth, to advertise for a couple of parents both belonging to long-lived families. Especially let the mother come of a race in which octogenarians and nonagenarians are very common phenomena. There are practical difficulties in following out this sug-

Times Readers Voice Their Views

Editor .Times—When our worthy chief executive and some 5,000 “yes” men sit down to their dinner in our city next Monday, we can expect a considerable amount of encouraging speeches. We presume in advance that some questions will not be answered, and it might be timely to ennumsrate some of these which puzzle the average man. In summing up conditions now compared with two years ago, we will find that there has been only a slight difference in conditions. Our gas, electric light, telephone and water bills, rate of interest, taxes, mortgage, salary for public officials and several other items are the same as two years ago. The only difference is the income, which is perhaps half as large as it was at that time. The question is a mathematical one, which would take a great engineer to solve, how one can pay these several items with a 50 per cent income. After the World war a commission of outstanding Republicans was sent to Europe. They checked over the debts that the several nations were owing us, and found these nations unable to pay. So the debts were adjusted, some as low as 19 cents on the dollar, and when the time for paying arrives, the Liberty bond monty to be paid our citizens, who is going to pay it? The answer is simple: It must be paid to ourselves by ourselves. The commission discovered that you could not take SIOO from a man who had only sl9. There was no great amount of opposition to this policy. It was accepted almost unanimously by both Democratic and Republican legislators. This would apply well in the first problem set out. If the public utilities bills and tax rate, interest rate and salaries of public officials were cut in two to match salaries and incomes of the rank and file, the problem would be the same policy as adopted with the foreigner. If our mortgages, bonds and other securities were extended by lav/ for ten years, and no foreclosures allowed when the interest is paid, and the inter-

fc aIsLL ±

RUSSIA’S ASSEMBLY June 12 ON June 12, 1917, a council of sixty-one members under the presidency of Kokashkine, a member of the duma, met to prepare for Russia’s constituent assembly. This assembly met not only to draft Russia’s permanent constitution, but also to solve certain immediate problems, the chief of which were the questions of nationalities and the conditions of the transfer of the lands of the nobles to the peasantry. In the preparatory council sat a group of constitutional specialist.?, also deputies from the army and from ail the political parties, representatives of Jews, Ukrainians, Poles, and other races and also a representative of the women, the famous feminist, Mme. Shishkin Yavein. An important reform proclaimed on this day was the introduction of the small unit of local self-gov-ernment, in which all classes might participate equally. it was decided to allow the former emperor and members of the imperial family the privilege of voting.

Her Hope Chest

gestion, but possibly the forethought of your progenitors, or that concurrence of circumstances which we call accident, may have arranged this for you.” The laboratory of the department of biology of the school of hygiene and public health in Johns Hopkins university recently has made some extensive studies of collections of genealogic material that bear on the matter. A careful analysis of the family records of 100,000 people living near Baltimore was a part of this study. The results indicate that the expectation of life of the parents of children dying at 60 years of age or over is at all ages, from 20 years on, greater than the expectation of life on the parent of children dying under 50 years of age.

est rate was cut in two, that would solve the problem. We will take a typical case of the ordinary citizen, who purchased his home five years ago. He was paying S4O a month on his home. He had paid in so much he was reluctant to lose it. His salary has been reduced SIOO a month. His salary would be distributed in this manner: Payment of home, S4O; set aside for taxes and insurance, $11; life insurance, $5; telephone, $7.50; gas bill, $2.50; v/ater bill, $2; light bill, $4; interest to finance company, $4; total S7O. This would allow him less than $1 a day for groceries, clothing, transportation, doctor bills, medicine and incidental expenses. The hundred ar.d one commodities which have become a part of our national life around our homes can not be purchased or paid for when our overhead expenses is 70 per cent of our income. If these items were reduced as we reduced the incumbrance of the foreigner, it would allow our citizens another dollar a day to purchase commodities and semi -luxuries, and start the wheels of industry. BERT WILHELM. 2106 South Emerson ave. Editor Times—The unemployment question has received a generous amount of thought and consideration during this depression. A big job has been accomplished in seeing that few human beings really have been Hungry for a short time, but very little has been done or attempted to eliminate this condition. A major part of the responsibility has been placed on big business and big money, and they deserve their share, but, before we blame others, we should not refuse to do our part. We say big corporations are greedy and selfish, while we, as individuals, are guilty of the same act. Smaller business men, politicians, public officials, and employment managers who refuse to replace their supported married women, a majority without children, with either -married men or single girls needing work, refuse to do their part in eliminating our present dangerous predicament. The clear-thinking, unselfish organizations which have cleaned house by releasing their supported married women, find that some other concerns have given jobs to these same people, without any respect for need or merit. A TIMES SUPPORTER.

Editor Times—Why air the roar about traveling meters and being gouged by our public utilities? Why lock the bam after the horse is stolen? We can expect no relief until after 1933, or until the Democratic party gets control of our government, both state and national. Then we can expect a law giving each municipality the right to regulate and control these money-goug-ing utilities which control the Republican party. The public service commission will become useless, for any bonehead can see it is controlled by the big interests, in their “public-be-hanged attitude.” All the Hoover appointments have been in favor of the big interests, and should our legislature have passed a bill against them, our present Governor would have vetoed it, the same as he did the old age pension bill. And if we want to control our government, we must defeat the Republican utility-controlled party, which favors only capital, and vote the Democratic ticket. Then we will get equal rights for all, so there

The tables indicate also that the expectation of life of the sons of fathers dying at 80 years of age or over, or with fathers still living at 80 years of age, is greater at all ages from birth on than the expectation of life of sons of fathers who have died at ages between 50 and 79. It is also much greater than the expectation of life of the sons of fathers who died under 50 year's of age. In other words, all the scientific data available and the careful study of such data by trained experts in interpreting figures indicate that Oliver Wendell Holmes was right and that the way. to live long is to select fathers, mothers, grandparents and great-grandparents and indeed all ancestors who have lived long.

'is no relief now, or no use crying over spilled milk, for we spilled it in 1920. It would be impossible to do wrnrse than we have done, for our country today is controlled by and for lawful and unlawful profiteers, who make the James boys look like pikers. WILLIAM LEMON. Editor Times—l see by J. P. Edwards’ article that he says wealth is what we all want. Yes, wealth is what everybody thinks he wants, but it isn’t. It is the necessary things of life that wealth will buy. If everybody were wealthy, we soon would starye to death, because no one would want to work if they were wealthy. So without the producer, we soon would have nothing to live on. MRS. LAURA A. ALLEN. Editor Times—l feel I must answer William Bronson. We will not help the condition of the unemployed by permitting heartless people to be cruel to animals. If people were taught from childhood to be kind to animals, their sympathies would go out to unfortunate human beings as they grow older and there would be less crime, exploitation, and slavery. Surely the daily acts of heroism and usefulness performed by animals for mankind should entitle them to kind treatment, shelter and food. NATURE LOVER. Editor Times—The article of Joe Bronson criticising the judges for fining and imprisoning the owner of Tony and Snitzel was disgusting and ignorant, to say the least. My hat off to the judges, with one suggestion: They failed to include, “without water or food.” Meet cruelty with like cruelty and there will be less of it. Having thought The Times one of the finest little papers ever published, it disappointed me sorely to think you would publish such an article as Bronson’s. The article of Ben Turpin, West St. Clair, appearing a short time ago, was fearless and fine, appreciated by those who love truth MARION SMITH Can a naturalized American be the President of the United States? Only natural born American citizens are eligible for the office.

Delicious Fruit Recipes Fresh fruits are very important in the diet as regulatory foods and tissue builders. The fact that they contain mineral salts such as calcium, phosphorus, lime and iron—each necessary to the body tissues—makes the use of fruit in the diet necessary. And the fact that most fruits are low in food value, while furnishing cellulose and acids, makes them ideal for summer use in the diet. Our Washington bureau has ready for you a comprehensive new bulletin on fruit dishes, drinks and desserts. It includes recipes for delicious fruit muffins, fritters, cocktails, salads, desserts and beverages. You’ll be surprised at the variety of tasteful ways you can use fruit and berries in the daily menu. Fill out the couDon below and send for this bulletin. CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 131, Washington-Bureau, The Indianapolis Times 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin, Fruit Dishes, Drinks and Desserts, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin or loose, uncancelled United States postage stamps for return postage and handling costs. Name Street and Number * city • ••• State I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

-JUNE 12,1931

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ

Who Is Best Astronomer? That's Question Which Is Difficult to Answer. A CORRESPONDENT asks "Who is the world’s most famous astronomer?” and bids me answer soon. But for two reasons I shall refuse. One is the purely selfish reason that I am fortunate enough to number some of the world’s best-known astronomers among my friends and I shall do nothing to risk such pleasant friendships. The other reason is that I do not know how to evaluate different types of work. To the layman the word “astronomer” is an all-inclusive word, like, for example, the word “newspaper man. But one newspaper man may be an executive, a second a reporter, a third a play critic, each one doing a type of work entirely different from that of the others. So it is with astronomers. One astronomer wins fame as a designer of instruments. A second is a great observer, spending most of his time at the eyepiece of a telescope. I remember one occasion on which a famous astronomer told me that, it was more than a year since he had looked through a telescope. He was spending all his time studying photographs of the sun’s spectrum with the aid of a measuring microscope. Certain astronomers are famous because of their mathematical genius. They spend their time analyzing and interpreting the observations which other astronomers make. a a a Some Astronomers DR. GEORGE ELLERY HALE, honorary director of the Mt, Wilson observatory, is one of the great inventive geniuses of the world of astronomy. Solar research entered upon anew phase as a result of the new instruments which he designed. Hale invented the spectroheliogrsph, the instrument which made it possible to photograph the sun’s upper atmosphere and the great solar prominences, the great 'fiery streamers of gas which rise from the sun’s atmosphere. The instrument also revealed details of sunspots which never had been photographed previously. Hale is a great observer as well as an instrument designer. Among his important discoveries is the fact that sunspots are great whirlpools in the surface of the sun, which act as huge magnets, setting up powerful magnetic fields. An entirely different type of astronomer is Dr. E. W. Brown of Yale university. Brown spent forty years of his life working on a mathematical problem, the problem of writing a series of equations which adequately would explain all the irregularities in the moon’s motions and make it possible to predict with accuracy the position of the moon at future dates. Brown’i lunar “time-table” is one of the great classics of this sort of work. Dr. Henry Norris Russell of Princeton sometimes is spoken of as the “dean of American astronomers.” His chief field of work has been the development of theories to account for the evolution of stars, e a a Jeans and Eddington THE astronomer who probably is most in the public eye at the present moment is Sir James Jeans, now visiting in the United States. Jeans is known to the public as the author of a number of very readable books upon astronomy, the best one of which, to this writer’s way of thinking, being “The Universe Around Us.” But Sir James is known to the world of astronomy as one of the chief authorities upon the subject of cosmogony. Some authorities would rate Jeans as England’s first astronomer, but other authorities would confer that distinction upon Sir Arthur Eddington, director of the Cambridge observatory. Recent theories concerning the evolution of stars are largely the work of Eddington, Jeans, and Rus.sell. Another famous astronomer is Professor Harlow Shapley, the youthful-looking director of the Harvard observatory. Shapley is now one of the world’s chief authorities upon the subject of star clusters. It would be possible to go on and name a number of astronomers, both American and European, who are doing most important work in various fields. Astronomy, like other businesses is now a field of specialization. Not only do men specialize in certain fields, but often an entire observatory will devote its major efforts to one narrow field. Thus, for example, the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory of Canada devotes its major efforts to the study of the spectra of stars. What does the word -‘Wienerwurst” come from? It is from wien the German name for Vienna and wurst, means sausage. It means “Vienna sausage.”