Indianapolis Times, Volume 43, Number 3, Indianapolis, Marion County, 14 May 1931 — Page 8

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New Franchises For many years we accepted franchises and their restrictions upon utility regulation In much the same way that we accepted earthquakes and tornadoes. There was nothing else to do about them. But even fifty-year franchises came to an end at last, and recently they have been doing so in increasing numbers, leaving behind the new problem of what to substitute. There was, for a while, a decided tendency to have done with the franchise method of control and rely upon state rather than municipal power to protect the public interest. But at present, the swing is back toward franchise control. It is, however, not the franchise control of the past. Oregon, for instance, in giving back to her cities a few weeks ago the right to regulate utility service and rates within their own borders, by means of contractors or franchises, required that such contracts extend o\er no longer period than five years and be approved by the state utilities commission. An even more radical departure from procedure of the past is recommended by Dr. John Bauer, director of the American public utilities bureau. He suggests that something of the principle of the indeterminate franchise, now so widely accepted in place of the old limited time franchise, shall be used in regulation of rates instead of state regulation, which he considers ineffective. The indeterminate franchise makes it possible for a city to cancel the privileges it confers at any time it considers them misused, or to purchase a utility property upon payment of full value. Bauer thinks it possible, also, to have flexible control of rates. He would have cities fix rates in the first instance, but would give to state commissions the right to raise or lower rates promptly, to meet changing economic conditions. The state commission* would have this power only upon conditions designed to simplify its procedure and protect the public far more adequately than in the past. Indeterminate franchises have been declared “economical and sound" by the National Association of railroad and utilities commissioners. Perhaps this new plan likewise will find favor if it is tried. We may be sure that the utility problem never will be permanently solved, but our only chance of approaching equitable solution is by experiment. Giving Labor the Air Hie radio is becoming ever more important as an agency of public education. Any class that does not have a fair break on the air is at a serious disadvantage. In an article on "The Freedom of the Air” in the Christian Century Paul Hutchinson indicates the handicaps placed on labor in making any statement of its case over the air. In the first place independent stations have little effect. They operate on such slight power as to reach few people. On the great chain stations only conservative representatives of labor, like William Green and others approved of A. F. of L. moguls, can speak. Labor has tried to establish its own stations. WEVD was set up in New York City as a memorial to Debs. But, as Hutchinson points out: “It has been given only 500 watts of power and a wave length of only 2330.6 meters, a low assignment on the dial which it must share with eleven other stations, one in its own city with double the power." On top of that, it recently has been suspended for . purely "technical violations” of regulations that would pass unnoticed in the case of the conservative chain stations. WCFL in Chicago was a fine station, indorsed by the A. F. of L. and giving splendid service of all kinds. It also broadcast material useful to farmers. Hutchinson describes its fate: "Its power has been reduced to 1.500 watts; it has been placed on the dial where it is locally blanketed by the powerful Westlnghouse KYW station and where its wider reception is interfered with seriously by Westinghouse KDKA. and it h3s been forced to go off the air every night at sundown on the Pacific coast.” At the same time the Insuli power interests bought a defunct station, were given 50,000 watts power and a place on a cleared channel at the center of the broadcasting dial. If 40,000,000 American laborers realize these facts and sit by quietly, then we need shed no crocodile tears over their plight. It is not the powerful private radio interests who are responsible here, but the ostensible servants of the people—the radio commission. Women and Wheat The international wheat conference, shortly to take place in London, will call in some of the fashion experts from Paris, if suggestions of Henry Strude, president of the American Bakers Association, are followed to their conclusions. Strude believes women, and women alone, are to blame for the wheat surplus. He says they want to be slim these days, and when they start dieting the first items to be scorned are bread, cereals, cakes and pies. Blaming the women for the wheat surplus may be comforting, but isn’t it a bit illogical? There are plenty of people in the world who would be glad to eat the wheat if they could get it and pay for it. The wheat conference can put its brains better to work figuring out answers to the transportation and buying power problems. If the American farmer gets no comfort from the answers to these questions he will be back to the farm board's advice, which simply amounts to an admonition to quit growing so much wheat Theology and Justice It is well known in theory that several states in our Union refuses to accept the testimony of atheists. But it is assumed that in practice such medievalism dots not prevail. Yet such rulings are taking place frequently. One is just reported in Alabama by the New York Times. The court of appeals ruled that the death-bed testimony of a Negro atheist against his wife could not be credited: "The court of appeals ruled today that the deathbed statement of an atheist is not admissible as testimony in the courts of Alabama, where an oath is required. •*The decision reversed the judgment of a Jefferson county circuit court jury in finding Laura Wright, a Negro, guilty of second degree murder for the killing of her husband, Wilbur Wright. Judge W. H. Samford of the court of appeals held that the lower court erred in allowing Wright’s dying statement, accusing his wife of shooting him, to be admitted in testimony, since undisputed testimony showed Wright to be an atheist. ‘“Without a belief in a Supreme Being, there can be no legal oath.' Judge Samford ruled. ‘And without a legal oath a witness is not competent to testify in the courts of Alabama.' ” The old time theology may have {justified such a

The Indianapolis Times (A SCKll*l*f*-HOW ARI> NEWSPAPER) Owned and published daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos. 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis. Jnd. Price in Marion County. 2 cents a copy: elsewhere. 3 cents—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY. ROY W HOWARD. FRANK G MORRISON. Editor I resident Business Manager PHONE—Riley BSM , , THURSDAY. MAY 14, J93L_ Member of United Press. Seripps-Hxward Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Asso ciation. Newspaper information Sprvice and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

stand, but certainly modern psychology does not. May, Hartshorne, Hightower, Murssll and others thoroughly have studied the relation between religious training and veracity. They find that there is no evidence whatever that religious training today promotes the reliability of the individual. It is high time theology and jurisprudence were divorced. The fear of hell is no longer sufficiently vivid to guarantee the veracity of testimonv. Nor is the implied slander of atheists suported by any cogent evidence whatever. If they wore liars they would cover up their atheism in court. Briand's Defeat Briand’s defeat as a presidential candidate can be interpreted only as a blow at his liberal and pacific policies. No one denied that his long service for France had earned him the decorative reward of the presidency. As premier a dozen times and holder of twenty-five cabinet offices in as many years, he had demonstrated his exceptional ability. But the nationalists and chauvinists were out for blood this time. . France's reactionary swing to nationalism is all the more disturbing because it probably will provoke its counterpart in Germany. Already, French opposition to the proposed Gerir.an-Austrian customs union has strengthened the Fascist elements in the Teutonic countries. 'ill's in turn has opened the way for a commercial agreement in Rome, including Italy, Austria and Hungary. Once more the European drift is toward two hos- j tile alliances—France and her allies versus the cen- , tral powers and Italy. France, which is most fearful of such development and which has most to lose by it, is the chief cause of the very danger she fears. If France Is to insist upon remaining the military dictator of Europe, aided by her military henchmen of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Rumania, she inevitably will goad the vanquished Teutonic peoples into a war of revenge and liberation. Briand has seen this. And for six years, by one treaty and another, he has labored for Franco-Ger-man co-operation and European unity. Apparently he now is the victim of his peace leadership and his international position. The fact that he was not unpopular in Germany, and that the British and American newspapers spoke highly of his j reconciliation policy, was one of the chief arguments i used by the French nationalists against him in this ; election. But his nationalist enemies have not yet heard ! the last of Briand. Fire Them!' Colonel Amos W. W. Woodcock has “summarily: suspended” two federal prohibition agents for “fear- I ful judgment” and “carelessness beyond all reason.” i But he thinks that their future actions under suspension may restore them to duty some time. These were the two gentlemen who in Washington state seized some liquor and then set fire to the shack in which they found a small still. The shack contained a drum of gasoline, which exploded, starting a fire that burned three dwellings and 250 acres of timber. In any lexicon of reason this act is wanton lawlessness. It is arson committed in the name of law. Prompt dismissal would seem a mild punishment for a crime that private citizens must answer for by jail sentences. It is hard to conceive what future actions would j make of these Cossacks fit officers to enforce the law. j The United States department of agriculture has made a movie of the life history of the prune. But you hardly can expect a government film to depict' the leading character in a perpetual stew*. The British government has stopped giving free matches to members of the house of commons. Start- \ ing its economy move from scratch, apparently. A student league in Mexico has decided to boycott ■ America jazz. In a determined effort, perhaps, to | shake off the “blues.” A society of waiters is being formed. It should be j called some sort of order. Most orators, observes the office sage, run true to forum.

REASON

OUR financial wizards continue to disagree as to j what caused the country depression, but the plain man with a litlte common gumption knows how it happened. We continued to inflate the old national balloon until she ‘ busted.” ft a a Our fiscal wise men had no difficulty whatever in determining what put Florida on the toboggan some years ago and our present plight is simply Florida over again, only a great deal more so. a a a The International Chamber of Commerce met in Washington. European delegates, true to form, tried to suggest that we cancel the debts Europe owes. The real trouble witn Europe is that she is too modest, too much of a shrinking violet. a a a SOME of them are saying that Europe would disarm if we would only forget what she owes us, but everybody knows that she would proceed to build greater military establishments than ever. This is exactly what she did immediately after e slashed these debts some time ago. ana A group of Danish scientists, after experimenting with seventy gentlemen, announces to the world that whisky will make a man drunk. This is one of the greatest discoveries of modem times! ana Justice Luring of the District of Columbia was everlastingly right in his refusal to grant citizenship to this Scotch gentleman who refused to take an oath to bear arms in defense of the United States in the event of war. a a a WE have not quite reached the point in our national life that we are so hard up for immigrants that we are forced to permit them to dictate the terms on which they will consent to honor us with their society. ana Down in New York they are thinking of adopting an official bird for the state. If they ever want to select one for Tammany we suggest the buzzard. , 808 The Russian government just has set aside a day to honor newspapers. a a a Asa mark of esteem, the government should have given the papers new muzzles and strait-jackets. Mayor Walker of New York has his troubles, but after welcoming the lord mayor of London he should shake hands with himself because he doesn’t have to wear a wig.

RY FREDERICK LANDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

Gangland’s Greatest Strength Comes From Loopholes in the Law and Shyster Lawyers Willing to Take Advantage of Them. THOUGH sensible, too much should not be expected from , the move to cut army costs by ! abandoning a few posts and meI chanizing the cavalry. Asa measure of efficiency, it ! promises -something, but as a measj ure of economy it's not so hot. Since it costs only $20,000,000 a , year to run all the posts, and since j the army Will be ke >t at its present | strength, it is difficult to see how ! any great amount can be saved by discontinuing even a large portion ! of the former. As to the cavalry, there can be no I doubt that substitution of motor j vehicles for horses would increase | its speed. Whether the change would result in decreased expense | is doubtful. As to the idea that Europe would I be influenced to curtail her military i establishments by such a scheme of 1 reorganization in this country, it 1 borders on silliness. a a a 'Patriotism’ Wins IN spite of all the conferring leagueing, and world courting, Europe still thinks in terms of | stark nationalism, as vividly was ! illustrated by Briand’s defeat for the ! presidency of France. If his supporters had kept their i mouths shut and not told how ! nopular he had made himself with 1 the English and Americans by his 'work in behalf of peace, the chances i are that he would have won. Such indorsement, however, gave the Nationalists their cue, and, rallying to the support of that orthodox patriot, M. Doumer, they beat Briand by forty-one votes on the first ballot, whereupon he withdrew. Nor can we Americans afford to be too cocky of the notion that our international ideals are much better than those of Europe. We may talk more convincingly about the wisdom of disarmament, but we deny citizenship to those who won’t promise “to bear arms.” a it a Another Silly Stunt SPEAKING of citizenship and the way it is affected by birth, boundaries and law, another ridiculous case just has occurred. Reginald Crudde of Detroit wanted to marry a Scotch girl living in Canada. He had obtained a divorce from his former wife in Mexico, however, which Canadian authorities do not recognize as legal. He could not get married in Canada without becoming a bigamist, and American authorities would not allow his bride to enter this country, because she was born in Scotland. Circuit Judge John D. Watt solved the problem by performing the wedding ceremony on Ambassador bridge, with Crudde standing on the American side of the line, and his bride standing on the Canadian side, but holding her finger across to receive the ring. That little trick makes her an American citizen, but what does it make of the American immigration law, or the Canadian attitude toward Mexico divorces? a a a Plain Nonsense THE fact that a woman can smash the elaborate plans of two sovereign governments by the simple process of sticking her finger across an imaginary line in the atmosphere hardly can be construed otherwise than a vivid illustration of the woefully small part played by common sense in drawing up those plans. The problem of law* and its enforcement includes something more than punishing violators. Much of that problem is rooted in the lav; itself —the endless, incomprehensible, and often inconsistent volume of red tape, technicality, and nonsense with which civilization has become entangled. a a a Cops Partly Right THE Policemen’s Benevolent Association of New York unanimously adopts a resolution urging motion picture producers to stop making films which “glorify the lives of gangsters, gunmen and racketeers.” You can’t quarrel with the object, though it is only fair to say that motion picture producers have done a lot on the other side. That does not tell half the story, however. While gangland obviously gets Its recruits from the gullible, misguided ranks of youth, its greatest strength comes from loopholes in the law and shyster lawyers willing ta take advantage of them. a a a Works Both Ways IN so far as the glamour of vice, lawlessness, and malcontent attracts gullible and misguided youth, we have no choice but to fight it with every form of education, and the Policemen's Benevolent Association is right in stressing the motion picture as a most effective form.

SSI

ARMY INCREASE May 14

ON May 14, 1917, President Wilson approved the completed plans for the immediate expansion of the regular army to full war strength, 293,000 men, through formation as rapidly as possible of all the units authorized by the national defense act of June 3, 1916: The orders issued by the President called for the formation of twenty-seven regiments of infantry, twelve of artillery and six of cavalry. With these obtained the army would have 64 regiments of infantry, 21 of artillery and 25 of cavalry —a total of 110 regiments. The new regiments were an addition to the national guard and to the draft army of 500.000. Raised to war strength the guard would contain 329,954 men. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker announced plans on this day for the raising of the forty-five new regiments.

Sticking to His Own Little Mud Puddle

lijg _ ••

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Remedy Helps Curb ‘Sleep Ailment’

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor. Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hvgeia, the Health Magazine. THE desire to sleep, particularly when it comes at the time when one regularly gees to bed, is normal and consistent with maintenance of health. When the desire to sleep comes on without apparent cause at any particular time, and when it is associated with a pronounced or sudden loss of muscular power, which may cause the person to fall, it is a pathologic condition and demands careful attention by physicians. The recurring desire to sleep without apparent cause is called narcolepsy; sudden loss of muscular tone and power which causes a patient to fall is cataplexy. The cause of this condition is not known. It has been treated by all

IT SEEMS TO ME

ONE hundred fifty heavily armed New York policemen fought for two hours with gas and revolvers and ax and captured Two-Gun Crowley. With him they took his girl and his confederate. It was good police work, sharp pursuit by the detectives and a difficult task carried out efficiently. In spite of the number of attackers, the work was dangerous, for desperate armed men in hiding can easily pick off many who seek to dislodge them. And credit should go to Commissioner Mulrooney. They say that he prides himself on being a good cop. That compliment he deserves, even though some may withhold complete approval of his abilities as an executive. But if the police came out of the Crowley man hunt with credit, you and I did not. It is a wasteful and an unimaginative way of life to spend so much effort and risk of life upon the capture of a criminal when such indifference and carelessness have been shown in the matter of his genesis. We should catch our gunmen younger and long before they have taken their posts behind a barricade prepared to shoot it out. a a a Must Bea Reason THE existence of a Two-Gun Crowley is not accidental. In all probability he will be executed and the community will sit back with the feeling that the case is

Times Readers Voice Their Views

Editor Times—Why blame tariff for our financial depression and for unemployment? The large industries are, the ones doing most of the kicking, are they not? The robot production plants. A tariff favorable to that group of industrialists merely would merely result in their expenditure of a few millions of dollars for new and additional production machinery and the employment of a few hundred additional men and women as operators. What per cent of our national population would profit by the increased productions Would a tariff favorable to that group also solve the problems of the small or inde- < pendent manufacturer of Indiana jor Idaho? Or would he soon be in Iworse shape than he is now? Tariff is not the cause, and a revision of our tariff . machinery can not be’the solution of the present depression. The solution will be found within reach of each individual, the working man and woman of every community and state—not merely a few cities in two or three states. As soon as we workers, who also are the largest buyers, realize the need of keeping more of our dollars in our own community and state, we shall begin to buy more of locally made products, and less of the robot and merger products. If we do not wake up to this need, we may look forward to more and longer soup lines. When we buy an automobile made In a great robot plant in Michigan, we get a nice car, almost “untouched by hands.” We pay only * few dollar* /,ess than we would

sorts of remedies, which is an indication that a specific remedy has not been found. It has been treated by mental suggestion and by use of various glandular materials, but thus far non? has been found definitely of virtue. Quite recently workers have reported interesting cases which seem to be benefited by anew remedy, so far as modern civilization is concerned, but developed hundreds of years ago by the Chinese. A man 20 years of age found that he fell asleep on all occasions, sometimes while standing on the street and talking to friends. If the attack occurred while he was cn the street, he usually leaned against something, but had two accidents from leaning against automobiles which moved away. At first he slept only for three or four minutes, but later as long as half an hour. He was given the

ended and a problem has been solved. Then we will wait until some other gangster very like him provides a similar city melodrama and a first-page story. Here he is: Francis Crowley, 20 years old, 5 feet 3 inches tall, a little more than 100 pounds in weight. He was born in a New York slum. Before he was a year old, his mother turned him over to a woman who ran a baby farm. His first job was with a gang of laborers, and he quit this after a little while to steal parcels off real ends of trucks. And a little later he became an automobile thief. By now we have our subject well on the way to the final crimes for which he has been arrested. And the law will concern itself with those episodes and leave the earlier trail alone. a a a Essentially Realistic IT has been charged that many of the more modem students of crime tend to sentimentalize the criminal. It seems to me that the approach which they suggest is far more realistic than the notion that an electric chair can be a complete solvent for a social problem. Take the background of Crowley: Slum-bred, undernourished, undereducated, underpaid. Not every man who goes through this will become a vicious criminal. But I father feel that may be the way to bet. At any rate, no one will

have to pay for a Hoosier-made car of the same general type, but a better car. We do not realize that instead of helping to relieve the depression we merely are helping to pay huge dividends to only a few stockholders. Os course, production costs are deducted. That much money spent at home for a home-produced car would increase our chances of meeting the payments. When we are willing to admit that our own state-made automobiles, refrigerators, radios, etc., are just as well or even better made than their robot competitors, and spend our savings accordingly, then our shops again will hum with work and the old Hoosier landscape will bloom out with evidence of prosperity and contentment. With a dependable job at a fair wage, we shall be able to pay a few more dollars, if necessary, for a desired product and meet the easy payments much easier than we can by trying to depend upon an uncertain job. But our manufacturers must have orders, a dependable demand for their products before they can supply regular employment for you and

Daily Thought

And the work of righteousness shall be peace; and the effect of righteousness quietless and assurance forever.—lsaiah 32:17. Rightness expresses of actions, what straightness does of lines.— Herbert Spencer.

new remedy and reported considerable improvement from its use. A boy 11 years of age had irresistible sleep and finally was dismissed from school because other members of his school imitated his behavior. He would sleep fifteen to thirty minutes at a time. A woman, 44, had a tendency to fall asleep at and at social gatherings, which is not in a way an abnormal tendency. Later, however, she developed loss of initiative and on several occasions had fallen asleep while standing at the cook stove. In each of these cases there was loss of muscular power when the emotions were stimulated. Five out of six people treated with the new remedy seemed to be dsfinitely relieved of their irresistible'desire to sleep, and further study indicates that at last a definite method of control for this extraordinary disease has been discovered.

„„ HE 1: WOOD BY BROUN

protend this furnishes a reasonable school for citizenship. It would take money to tear down all the hovels in which the Crowleys are born. But it also takes a lot of money to catch the adult Crowleys. We might very likely need something as radical as free medicine and milk to raise up the slum children physically stunted by lack of nourishment and sun. There is, I believe, a very possible connection between the meagerness of this man and his passion to play the desperado. He couldn’t have been much good at heavy labor—this skinny five-foot waif. To him a gun provided ego satisfaction. It is true that as ’things stand he is an enemy of society. But inevitably there is some point along the journey where we failed him. I am not pretending that the task is easy or that psychiatry, to mention one phase of the study, has advanced to tlfe point of ultimate wisdom. But we should try. If New York City never had produced more than a single Crowley it it would be enough to track him down, try him and convict. But we know of gangsters who have been and of those who will come after. And so I suggest that there ought to be some court intent upon facts far more fundamental. The detectives of the force did skillful work in solving the problem. “Where is Crowley?” It remain for us to meet that even more important query, “Why is Crowley?” (Copyright. 1931. by The Times)

me. There are certain things that we hope to be able to buy in the next two or three years. We materially can relieve our community and state of the unemployment and financial problems by demanding products made in Indiana by the hands of the Hoosiers. Why not buy at home for a few years? The robot plants will get along. J. S. SADLER.

Getting Married Happy marriage doesn’t “just happen.” It must be attained. At least half the battle is won or lost before she says “Yes!” Our Washington Bureau has ready for you an authoritative and frank discussion of the problems that confront those who are facing the great experiment of matrimony. It contains suggestions for solving the problems that confront any newly married pair. Mothers and fathers of young men and women on the threshold of matrimony will find this bulletin of as great interest to them as will young people contemplating matrimony. Fill out the coupon below and send for it: CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 125, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Time* 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin SUCCESSFUL MARRIAGE, and Inclose herewith 5 cents in coin or loose, uncanceled United States postage stamps to cover return postage and handling costs: NAME 1., STREET AND NO . . CITY STATE I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

MAY 14, 1931

SCIENCE —BY DAMP DIETZ—

j Cosmic Relations Is New | Field for Scientific Investi- | gation. COSMIC relations is the newest field. In the past we have heard much of domestic relations and public relations. More recently Yale university established an institute of human relations. Soon, however, the universe will be the limit. Dr. Harlan True Stetson, director of the PerkinS observatory of Ohio Wesleyan university, looks forward to the days whan universities will have chairs of cosmic relations. The point which Dr. Stetson wishes to make is that our earth is part of the universe and as such is affected more by other objects in the universe than sometimes is suspected. “Poets advise us to hitch our wagon to a star,” he says. “Asa matter of fact, we don’t have to. It has been done for us. Our wagon, namely, the earth, already is hitrhed to the sun. which is one of the stars.” Baa Sun Spots and Radio IT was a study of radio conditions. begun some years ago, that led Dr. Stetson to realize the influence which the sun plays in the life of the earth. Os course, astronomers have realized for some hundreds of years that the earth is dependent for its light and heat upon the sun. It has also been known for a good many years that sun spots have some influences upon magnetic storms on earth. Some years ago, Dr. Stetson, then at Harvard university, and Dr. Greenleaf W. Pickard, the famous radio inventor, began a study of radio reception. They found that radio reception fluctuated with the changes in spots on the sun. Sun-spots go through a cycle, reaching a maximum about every eleven years. They found that radio reception was worst when sun-spots were most numerous. Their explanation is that when spots are numerous on the sun, the earth is bombarded with electrons ! hurled out by the spots. These In turn increase electrification of the upper atmosphere of the earth, thus lowering the heaviside layer, the ionized or electrified “ceiling” from which radio waves are reflected in their journey around the earth. When sun-spots are at a minimum, the bombardment of electrons slows down and the “ceiling” rises. Consequently, reception becomes better. More recently Dr. Stetson has found that the moon also affects radio reception. When the moon is above a station, recep:ion from that station is at its worst. When the moon is around on the opposite side of the earth, reception is at its best. a a a Ultra-Violet and Life DR. STETSON’S studies of radio call to mind the studies by Dr. C. G. Abbott of the Smithsonian institution Dr. Abbott believes that fluctuations in the amount of heat radiated by the sun are the cause of changes in weather on the earth. He believes that eventually weather will be predicted from solar studies. Dr. Stetson calls attention to the delicate balance between solar radiation and life on earth. “If the sun’s output of ultra-violet radiation fell off very much, the human race might die out from rickets,” he says. “Any great increase in it might toast the human race to a crisp and finish it off that way. He believes that necessity of studying the earth’s relations to the cosmos will become more important every day. Asa sample he calls attention to the fact that a number of radio stations picked their locations and waves as the result of studies made three years ago. Today both their locations and their wa\es are proving unsatisfactory. “The reason for that,” he continues, “is the change in sun-spots. In other words they didn’t take cosmic relations into account when they made their decisions. “It is begining to look as though radio, at any rate, won’t be able to get along without the aid of astronomial experts. “Time may prove the need of a knowledge of cosmic relations in other fields as well.” Who originated miniature golf? Garnet Carter, a Chattanooga (Tenn.) capitalist, Is credited with having originated miniature golf. The first Tom Thumb course was built at Carter’s Fairyland Inn, on top of Lookout mountain. What is political economy? It is the practical adjustment, organization or administration of affairs or resources, especially of the industrial resources of a state. Is the expression “If I were you” grammatical? Yes. Is the specific gravity of naptha the same as that of gasoline? Naptha has an average specific gravity of .885 and gasoline has from .629 to .667.