Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 297, Indianapolis, Marion County, 22 April 1931 — Page 4

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To Will Rogers and the Ladies Will Rogers is going to get hooked for a cabinet poet or something bigger if he doesn’t stop showing that he knows more about running the country than the politicians. It took him just one week with an airplane in the Caribbean to find out what our state department, after twenty-five years, only is beginning to discover. Will divulged this secret of foreign policy to the ladies—we would not dare to say “old sisters,’’ as he did—of the D. A. R. convention in Washington. Said he: ‘We’ve got our army and navy messing around in everything; we mean well, but we Just don’t get away with it. I have been talking about it in all these countries and they think we ought to stay at home. We’re in bad now in fifteen countries. I have been told that in confidence by their big men, and it is time we quit and get back home.” To which we say, Amen. The only trouble with Will is that he doesn’t go far enough. Or, perhaps we should say, the only trouble is that he did not stay in Central America another week. Then doubtless he would have discovered the constructive policy which should replace the American Intervention fiasco. After we take Will’s good advice to “quit and get back home,” what do we do then? For that does not 6olve the problem. There still will be Central American revolutions. There still will be periodic destruction of United States property and killing of our citizens. There still will be demands of European powers for us to protect their nationals on threat of their intervention. There still will be occasions when an outside police power is required to protect legitimate international rights. And when those crises come, all the hard sense of Will Rogers and the good intentions of the White House are not going to keep several million excited brethren and sisters of the patriotic organizations from pushing us back into the big stick policy. Then we shall rush south again, with a high hat in one hand, a gun in the other, a battleship in the background—and proceed to “clean ’em up” in the name of God, country and bonds. That is what always has happened before, and will again. Unless— Unless we recognize that the protection of international rights there is not our job, but an international Job. Unless we use our cruisers and marines as part of an international police force. Unless we substitute for our Monroe doctrine of Yankee paternalism, anew Pan-American doctrine of mutual equality and mutual responsibility of all the American republics for protection of their joint Interests and rights. Unless we renounce our selfish diplomacy and dictatorial power in favor of a Pan-American union, which can and will act. Peace is not preserved by mere good intentions. Disputes are as inevitable in this hemisphere as elsewhere. Military interventions and wars are not ended by words. International organization is necessary. International law is necessary. International enforcement is necessary. As Will says, we mean well. But that has not kept ns from making a mess of things and earning the hatred of our neighbors. Nor will Will Rogers’ policy of withdrawal mend things. We must build where we have destroyed. We must turn their hatred into good will. We need them; they need us. We must live with them and work with them as equals. There is only erne way. Call it an American League of Nations, call it an effective Pan-American union—the name does not matter. But that is the only way out

All the Business You Want While American factories stand idle and six million workers walk the streets because of so-called overproduction, the rich Russian market is ours for the asking. Here is a quick and easy way to stimulate business. There is no risk. The Russians pay their bills promptly. That is the unanimous experience of the many great American corporations which have been selling to the Soviet government for years—companies such as International Harvester and General Electric. No highpowered salesmanship and no expensive promotion campaigns are required. The Russians want to buy from us. Frank R. Eldridge, executive vice-president of the American Manufacturers’ Export Association, pictures our trade opportunity in Russia: "Machinery is being purchased and set up to fill home requirements and improve standards of living there. Mining, power, and manufacturing plants are springing up to fill the vast primary needs of the Russians themselves. "The call for secondary needs will come with the development of these plants, and it will take years before the Soviets can hope to produce *uch manufactured items as lighting fixtures, typewriters, adding machines, and other articles falling into this category. "In addition, our sales to the Russian consumer market, never very large even before the war, will grow in importance as the standards of living there progress in keeping with the advancement of the five-year plan and the plans which may come after." But will our Russian sales grow, as this leader in American export trade has a right to expect? • * • During the last six months the Russians have been forced to cut their purchases from us more than 44 per cent, and to cancel orders estimated in excess of $100,000,000. They just have closed their purchasing office on the Pacific coast and are restricting their New York and eastern offices. Why? Because of the administration’s constant sniping at this trade, and the bankers’ unwillingness to finance large contracts so long as the Washington government is hostile. Peter A. Bogdanov, chairman of Amtorg Trading Corporation, the principal Soviet buying agency, has explained why he is stopping orders to American firms and giving them instead to our European competitors: "This decline in Russian - Ameri can trade, which come* after steady gains during the last five years, must be ascribed to a combination of factors, of which the lack of improvement in financing facilities on Soviet orders here is one of the most important. “This situation contrasts strikingly with the distinct improvement recently noted in credit and other commercial facilities extended to Soviet trade organisations in European countries, notably England and Germany, where recently a new agreement cov-

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPPB-HO WARD NEWSPAPER) and dally (MCftpt Bnnd*y> by The Indiinapoll. Time* PublUhtng Cos. 214-220 West Maryland Btroet. Indianapolis, Ind. Price in Marion County. 3 cants a copy; elsewhere. 3 cents— delivered by carrier. IS cents s week. BOSrD ° LRLBY ’ ROX W HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON. Editor President Business Msnsger Rll< 7. .‘ VViI - WEDNESDAY. APRIL 22. 1831 Member of United Pres. BcrippvHowsrd Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise A.soelatlon. Newspaper Information Service and Andlt Bureau of Circulations. ‘‘Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

erlng large credits to the Soviet Union has been concluded; and Italy, where anew trade agreement ie being negotiated.” • • 9 Don’t let any one think that this Russian trade — which the administration’s policy is losing for America—is small. Thanks to our generally tariff-destroyed export trade, Russia now is our third largest world customer. # When we lose this Russian business we will be throwing away sales recently running at the rate of nearly $22,000,000 a month. And those sales are virtually all velvet. While the anti-Russian propagandists 6hout about the fake menace of Russian imports here, the fact is that Russia is paying us $46 to every $1 we pay her. We believe it is the duty of the Hoover administration, in the midst of unprecedented business depression and unemployment, to stimulate profitable trade by negotiating a Russian trade agreement. Are We Growing Old? For 300 years and more the United States was sanguinary for the world’s rebels. Our nation was founded by political and religious nonconformists. And since the Pilgrim Fathers landed nearly every ship sailing westward toward these hospitable shores has borne some member of a persecuted race, creed or party, some radical, some “undesirable citizen” of the old world, his face lighted with dreams of freedom and equal opportunity. Among them were young men—lrish, Jews, Italians, German “Forty-Eighters,” Russian revolutionists, Polish Socialists—some destined to lead in our own republic, others to learn and to return to lead reforms in their own lands. But now the tide has turned. A great deportation campaign is under way. Strangely, it is led by the secretary of labor, working under a labor-supported law. Its goal Is the return of more than 100,000 aliens. The drive is aimed especially at alien radicals. We hear of the Italian radicals Serlo and Rade, about to be returned to Fascist Italy, there to meet almost certain punishment by death; of the Japanese Communist Kenmotsu, facing a similar fate; of deportation raids assisted by patriotic societies in Los Angeles. , Methods used in this and previous campaigns resemble old world tyrannies, and have drawn criticism even from leaders as conservative as George W. Wickersham, head of the Hoover law enforcement commission. Asa nation, are we growing old and frightened and intolerant? is the sailing of vessels pest the Statue of Liberty, outbound with deportees, j, sign that America’s youth and courage are passing?

Birth Rate Versus Battalions Is God on the side of the heaviest battalions? So said Napoleon, though his own strategy often more than made up for the superior force of his opponents. It is probable that, all other things being equal, battalions win in the immediate military conflict. But in the long run God may be on the side of the highest birth rate. Validity of this argument is suggested by Dr. Louis I. Dublin in an article in the New York Times. Take some cogent illustrations. There is little doubt that France could mop up Italy today. Both nations have a population of about 41,000,000. But how about 1975, when France will have less than 40,000,000 and Italy more than 60,000,000? Today, given freedom to arm, Germany would crush Poland like an eggshell She has 64,000,000 to Poland’s 30,000,000. In 1975, however, statisticians estimate that the German population will have fallen to 46,000,000, while that of Poland will have risen to 60,000,000. Further, a holy war against Russia on the part of western Europe, if postponed to 1965, will be a sizable undertaking. By that time Russia win probably have a population of 300,000,000, while western Europe hardly will hold its own. Entirely aside from military issues, population changes may have no slight effect on cultural situations. By and large, the industrial and urban nations are those most advanced in culture. But they are the ones falling behind in the battle of the babies. The chief hope here lies in the possibility that Russia may prove the superior civilization that her propagandists contend. Otherwise, the present population trends in Europe will shift the cultural balance backward rather than forward.

REASON by

THE average citizen of the United States who stays at home and works by the day will indorse President Hoover’s decision not to use the marines to protect the property of Americans who have gone down to Nicaragua to get rich in a hurry. 0 0 0 There is a lot of cotamom sense in the contention that when a man goes intcFa foreign land, knowing it to be turbulent, and willingly takes chances because the rich rewards make it a good bet, he should take his medicine if he loses. tS tt tt T>UT there is always tire possibility that such an at■L3 titude may get us into close quarters with other nations whose citizens have gone into Nicaragua. Other nations may follow the imperialistic precedent that they should protect the property of their citizens all over the world. St tt tt Should Great Britain, for instance, tell us that she intended to land troops in Nicaragua to protect the property of Englishmen, we would tell her that under the Monroe Doctrine, as recently elaborated bv US ’ *'^, could not Pennit this, whereupon she would probably tell us that if we would not let her protect her citizens, we were bound to do it ourselves. PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. # you know, came very A close to conflict with John Bull over this very thing, and it is not impossible that the situation may arise again. In the case of the Monroe Doctrine, it is a matter f nd r notl^ g els€ > the doctrine deriving its only vitality from the disinclination of European nations to go to war about it. 00 The nations of the world never have accepted the Monroe Doctrine as international law and they never have had any love for it, because it has hampered their ambitions for territorial extension on this side of the water. 000 THERE was nothing in the Monroe Doctrine as originally promulgated, to prohibit a foreign nation’s making a temporary landing of troops to right a specific wrong to its citizens, but this country has opposed it, because it knows that when nations once plant themselves they stay unless they are expelled. 'OOO Roosevelt, as you may recall, went to the mat with the farmer kaiser over this proposition. Wilhelm having sent his warships to Venezuela, he took them away only when Teddy gave him a few hours to get out, saying that he would send D§wey down to show him the way home if he couldn\pod it himself.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

Mt? m . E. Tracy SAYS:

Daredevil Performers Have Hurt, Rather Than Helped, Aviation. 'VT’EW YORK, April 22. Ruth Nichols is reported as planning a solo flight across the Atlantic within two weeks. No woman* Is better qualified to make the attempt, which doesn’t mean very much. The odds still are three to one against success, if not more, and what would success prove? The problem of transoceanic flying includes more than a lucky break now and then. We have not been prevented from solving it oy lack of either skill or courage, but by the right kind of airplanes. What this problem calls for is engineers, not stunts. The fact that a few aviators have, been able to cross the ocean is not particularly important, except for the glory and hero worship it involves. Exceptionally clever or fortunate people always have been, and probably always will be, performing similar feats. No one can quarrel with the idea that they do a lot to make life entertaining.

Daredevils Hurt Aviation WHEN you get right down to brass tacks, it’s what average people can do that counts, and it’s the man, or woman, who makes it possible for average people to do more that really is responsible for civilized progress. Dare-devil performers have harmed rather than helped, aviation. Such airmindedness as we possess is due mainly to those pilots who are flying the mail and commercial .airways, and who have demonstrated the possibilities of aviation under average conditions. You can take most anything, no matter how old or how new, and make a record or a stunt with it. In spite of all mechanical speed devices, the late Edward P. Weston acquired world-wide fame by outwalking every one. Edward Miles of Newark, N. J., just has made the front pages of the metropolitan dailies by arriving at Manila on his way around the world in a 37-foot boat. We have sense enough to recognize that champion pedestrians and small boat navigators contribute very little, though we still are glad to applaud their achievements.

Utility Is What Counts CIVILIZATION is like business, in that it depends chiefly on mass consumption. The fact that one man or woman out of a million can fly fate in the face and get away with it, means no more and no less than dees the fact that one man or one woman out of a million possesses a big fortune. Whether it is a suspender buckle or an airplane, the value depends on how many people can use it to advantage under ordinary circumstances. The auto has become an all-im-portant vehicle in this country, not because of the rapidity with which a few dare-devils have been able to drive it, but because it has been brought to a point of safety and service where average people can handle it. The future of aviation depends not on what a highly trained few can do, but on the possibility of adapting it to the needs and capabilities of the many. a a a All Must Share WE are pretty well agreed that prosperity is not the genuine article unless the masses share in it, but it remains for us to recognize that this also is true of progress. Those enterprises and activities in which only a small percentage of people can participate are just as bad from an economic or intellectual standpoint as in the field of politics. The Democratic philosophy is, if anything, more essential to the everyday habits and efforts of society than to government. Most of our present difficulties originate in the obvious disregard of this. The idea of getting out in front, no matter for what purpose, still is the most common and dangerous plague—money with which to make a show, cleverness with which to gain applause, feats with which to make a name.

Questions and Answers

What is peat? What are the peat bogs of England and Ireland? Peat is a kind of soil formed by the partial decay of plants in the swamps of the temperate zone. The peat bogs of England are often five to sixty feet deep and some of the Irish ones are said to be as deep as forty feet. They have been forming ever since the glacial period, but are now on the decline owing largely to natural causes. Peat bogs consist of the remains of many kinds of aquatic and marsh plants, but chiefly sphagnum. This moss grows upward and decays partially below, complete decay being prevented bv the antiseptic organic acids formed in the process. Near the top the peat is brown, fibrous, light and porous; lower down it tends to be black, heavy, dense and without visible indication of its vegetable origin. Peat is commonly used for fuel by the Irish peasantry, it is used in the potting of certain kinds of plants. What is the water content of a grape? About 79 per cent. What is the origin of the word “nobs” when referring to important persons? It had its origin in x “fll. nob.”— abbreviated Latin for “son of a nobleman.” What are the nationalities of the prize-fighters, Johnny Risko and Leo Lomski? Risko is Austrian; Lomski is Pol-ish-American. Was De Maupassant, the writer insane? He showed traces of insanity in his writings from 1887 onward. In 1890 he was so insane as to have to discontinue his work and on July 6. 1893, he died in an asylum for the insane, having become totally insane in 1892.

And We Laugh at the Dumb Chicken!

LOOK AT / THAT CRAZY CHICK6N ! \ YOU'D THINK IT WOULD HAVE \ BRAINS enough notto I > TRY AND CROSS THS ROAO / \ in front of a y MACMINttf * i ~

IT SEEMS TO ME by "Kg”

MISS ANNIE MATHEWS, a prominent Tammany politician, justified the practices of the organization in a recent speech. She suggested that it was unreasonable to object to the giving of presents to district leaders. She is quoted as saying: “A vacancy arises for a judge’s position. The district leader gets a chance to recommend a man to the position of judge at $25,000 a year for fourteen years. “And if he is a Democrat here or a Republican in Philadelphia he is sure of re-election, so that he practically has the position until he retires for age. . “If somebody offered you a thing like that, would you just say ‘thank you’ and not leave him a present? Would you really be such a rotter?” It had been my assumption that the bench belonged to the citizens of the city and that it was not the perquisite of the politicians. In fact, even a “thank you” to the individual donor of the job seems to me too much on the part of what we facetiously call a “public servant.” Nor am I moved by that part of the speech in which Miss Mathews spoke of the hard work which politicians have to do and said: “Is it reasonable that they should do this for nothing? Nobody would do this difficult and trying work just for love of country.” It seems to me that I’ve heard of citizens doing even more arduous

DAILY HEALTH SERVICEInflammation Trails Linseed Trade

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor. Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hyeeia, the Health Magazine. AMONG some of the hazards of industry are the various types of inflammation of the skin which result from exposure of the skin to chemical substances and to oils. According to Dr. M. H. Barnes, linseed oil crushers have an abnormal labor turnover, because the workers contract a linseed inflammation of the skin which makes it necessary for them to obtain other jobs. Most of the linseed used comes from the United States, Canada, Argentina, and India, the seeds

Views of Times Readers

Editor—What is the profession of law coming to? I have a boy at college and it has been my ambition for him to become a lawyer, but after reading the presentation to the jury of the Kirkland case in Valparaiso by the so-called distinguished prosecuting attorneys, if they are a fair representation of the profession of law, I sincerely hope that my son will follow some other profession. Is it necessary to resort to the most brutal and heartless language to convince twelve honorable men of the facts in this or any other case? It is my opinion that any man who resorts to the tactics that these prosecuting attorneys have, that they are “yellow” at heart and It must be their conscience or some act of theirs, probably similar to some portions of this case, that has been instrumental in them acting the way they have. Was it any wonder that the young and unwise flocked to the courthouse to listen to such theatrical play as was presented in How many Negro troops went overseas in World war? How many were killed? Among the enlisted men in the service the battle deaths of Negroes amounted to 747, while the total deaths from all causes were 9,765*. About 200,0b0 Negroes went overseas. Is it correct to eat from a side dish, or should the food be taken from the dish and put on the plate? Side dishes are seldom used now, except in restaurants. If they are obviously individual dishes, eat from them. If they contain more than a single aprtion. remove some to the plate sba eat from the plate.

and difficult things for love of country. I am not quite prepared to believe that Martin J. Healy, Miss Mathews’ co-worker, has made what can reasonably be called a supreme sacrifice for his city and his country. * Nor am I moved when Miss Mathews explains that Tammany district leaders must . live. I don’t see the necessity. a v u Not in the Big Time I WAS shocked to find a brief item in Variety which read: “Eva Tanguay opens Sunday in the floor show at the Rockwell Terrace, Brooklyn.” The place is a small downtown cabaret. About the time I first began to go to vaudeville shows, Miss Tanguay was the most famous performer in America. And she held her leadership as a headline act over many years. It changed but little, as I remember it. For more than a decade it was built around a single song called “I Don’t Care.” In rendering this ballad Miss Tanguay, in white tights, ran up and down the stage at top speed, her hair flying in the wind. Her figure was excellent, and her voice was not. But she had some certain quality of energy which enraptured most beholders. Even before I became a casehardened dramatic critic, the speel of Eva Tanguay somehow missed

varying from eighteen to twenty pounds of oil per bushel. Apparently the inflammation of the skin which occurs affects chiefly the backs of the hands, the forearms, and the thighs. It appears also on the face, the upper arms, and the feet of the workers. More people are affected during the summer than during the rest of the year. Practically every one who works in the press room, gets the inflammation sooner or later. It perhaps is due to the continuous presence of oil on the skin, perhaps to some irritating substance in the oil. Itching is usually worse at night and after bathing, some people having more of a burning sensation. Just as soon as the worker is re-

Valparaiso? What a terrible impression this must be upon their minds, regardless of whether this boy is guilty or innocent. I sincerely hope that many who read of this case will agree with me in condemning such practice's and unnecessarily brutal treatment. T. C. WORTHINGTON.

Frrc qAVfffi'TWer gndg&gili:

FRANCE’S MEAT EDICT April 22

ON April 22, 1917, Maurice Vlollette, French minister of subsistence, issued an order that there should be one meatless meal each day. The measure was adopted as an experiment, with notice that if it was not successful two meatless days would have to be instituted. It was not successful. On May 17 anew order appeared regulating the sale and consumption of meat. The provisions were as follows: 1. Monday and Tuesday shall be meatless days. 2. On those two days of the week it is forbidden —with the exception named below—to sell maat of any kind, including tripe, fowls and rabbit. 3. It shall be permissiable, however, to sell horse meat every day in the week. 4. These measures apply to all France. On May 1 restrictions were issued by Violette regarding the user of flour. If

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this oaner.—The Editor.

me. In later years we engaged in a violent controversy because of a notice which I wrote describing her as “the parsnip of performers.” But this was a purely individual judgment. I was well aware of her great capacity to hold the interest and command the enthusiasm of an audience. I hate to see the great ones of the theater fall upon less glamorous days. To Eva Tanguay I extend best wishes and complete retraction of the offending phrase written quite a while ago. I hope that she still is able to put over her deflared slogan, “I Don’t Care!” Radical but Brahman BUT taking up an American figure of more important consequence, I am surprised that Edward Bellamy seems to have dropped out of economic discussion in America. The old charge that radicalism is an alien growth in this soil completely overlooks that famous book, “Looking Backward,” which sold in its time more than a million copies. By now I fear it is little read. This novel of a young New England Brahman contains the entire essence of Utopian Socialism. It is extraordinary to remember that it was written in 1887. by a resident of Chicopee Falls, Mass. Almost it seems as if this New Englander had been touched by prophecy. (Copyright. 1931. by The Times)

moved from direct contact with the oil, he begins to clear up. In some cases the irritation of the skin is made worse by using burlap to wipe the oil off the hands and the forearms. Burlap is exceedingly rough and usually is contaminated with infection. In severe cases the people have to stay home from work at least a week, and keep the skin cleansed thoroughly with soap and water and apply various ointments containing sulphur and balsam of Peru to encourage healing. The investigators tested the oil in various forms on a number of patients and concluded as a result of their investigations that linseed contains a skin irritant to which some individuals react without previous sensitization. They find further that this irritant is not present in pure linseed oil or in the impurities removed from linseed by passing it through sieves.

Daily Thought

Whoso boasteth himself of a false gift is like clouds and wind without rain.—Proverbs 25: 14. Where boasting ends, there dignity begins.—Young.

You ’ll Want to Know Famous fellows and things from down the ages—interesting and unusual bits of information about historical characters and places —are in the group of eight bulletins now ready in a single packet offer by our Washington bureau. The titles of these bulletins are: 1. Famous Pioneers. 6. Five Great Presidents of the 2. Famous Bandits. United States. n 3. Famous Spies. 7. Famous Assassins 4. Famous Pirates. 8. Famous Building' 5. Famous Detectives. If you want this packet of eight bulletins, fill out the counnn below and mail as directed. pon CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. A-14, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, D. C.: I want the packet of eight bulletins on Firnous Characters and Places, and inclose herewith 25 cents in coin, or loose uncanceled United States postage stamps, to cover • return postage and handling costs. Name . St and No City .State I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times (Code No.)

.APRIL 22, 1931

SCIENCE —BY DAVID DIETZ—

The Chemist Believes That Our Coal Supply Should Be Used More Economically. EVERY trail of black smoke rising from a chimney Is & symbol of waste to the chemist. Every shovelful of coal thrown Into a furnace, whether in home or factory, is a challenge to him. The chemist believes that the day is coming when civilization will have to make more economical use of its coal supplies, and that the sooner the right beginning is made, the better it will be for the future of mankind. Petroleum and natural gas will not last forever; some authorities believe they will be gone in a few decades. Water power is not sufficient to carry the entire load of supplying the world its power. Many nations have enough coal to last for centuries at the present rate of consumption. The United States, best' off In this respect, has a supply for 2,000 years to come. But the best coal is going first, and the United States supply of anthracite and the finest bituminous will be in another century or two. Three problems face the chemists and engineers of the world. One is to increase the efficiency with which coal is utilized. The second is to make it possible to use low-grade coal supplies where high-grade ones are now required. The third is to manufacture gasoline and other fuel oil substitutes from coal.

Pulverized Coal A NUMBER of methods have been suggested to improve the quality of coal by decreasing its content of mineral matter or ash. Public service corporations are particularly interested in this, because clean coal makes for more efficient boiler operation and because freight costs would be lowered if the incombustible part of coal was removed before the coal was shipped. Present methods of removing ash from coal require that the coal be pulverized first. One method developed in England uses an air blast to blow out the finer dust particles. The pulverized coal then is allowed to settle on a solution of calcium chloride. The coal particles float on top, while the ash sinks to the bottom of the solution. A number of steamships now are being operated on pulverized coal. German engineers also are interested in the problem and have developed a number of railway locomotives to run on pulverized coal. The chemist, however, bases his chief hope for the future upon processes in which the coal Is not used in the form of coal at all, but converted into other products. Such a process now goes on, of course, in the manufacture of coke for use in the steel industry. The by-product coke oven now used took the place of an older type known as the bee-hive oven. In the bee-hive oven, so-called because of its shape, the coal was ignited and then allowed to smoulder. Coke was produced, but all the other ingredients of the coal were wasted. Tfie by-product oven, from each ton of coal, produces approximately 1,500 pounds of coke, 11.360 cubic feet of gas, 12 gallons of tar, 25 pounds of ammonium sulphate, and 4 gallons of light oils.

Chemical Methods ANOTHER method of utilzing coal, which will become increasingly important in the future, is the hydrogenation of coal. The first method of this sort was developed by Professor Friedrich Bergius of Heidelberg, Germany. In his method, pulverized coal mixed with oil is introduced at high pressure along with hydrogen gas into great steel drums, the temperature of which is carefully controlled. The hydrogen reacts with the coal to form lighter hydrocarbons, which can be distilled into gasoline and other fuel oils. The problem, however, is being attacked from another angle as well. Chemists today are interested in a number of methods which are grouped under the name of lowtemperature carbonization. The manufacture of coke for the steel industry by means of the byproduct coke oven is called hightemperature carbonization because it is carried on at temperatures ranging from 1,000 to 1,300 degrees. Centigrade. Low-temperature carbonisation is low in comparison only, since the temperatures used are pretty hot, as such things go, a temperature of from 450 to 700 degrees, Centigrade, being used. (Water boils at a temperature of 100 degrees, Centigrade.) Low - temperature carbonization yields a product which has been named semi-coke, two or three times as much tar as the high-tem-perature process, considerable gas and some oils and ammonia. The tar can be converted into gasoline and other fuel oils by means of a cracking process. One difficulty at the present time is to find a market for the semicoke, which is not as good as coke for use in the steel industry.