Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 291, Indianapolis, Marion County, 16 April 1931 — Page 4

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Another Jailed Congressman Rowbottom joins the unsavory list of those who rose to power through the wave of Klan hate and finally goes to ja’l. One after another, those who obtained power through the wearing of nightgowns meet retribution. It would seem to be impossible that any movement should have been able to find so many potential criminals for its leaders and beneficiaries. Out of the entire list who gained prominence through the power of the hooded order only Senator Arthur Robinson has been able to keep his liberty and his position. Three of the former heads of the order went to federal prison. Their Governor has dropped into obscurity after pleading the statute of limitations. Coffin, the boss, no longer has power or prestige. Duvall served his time in jail, broken and discredited. How those who once followed these masters of chicanery and hate must regret their stupidity and weakness in yielding to the pleas of passion and of hate. What nightmares must plague those who see fate overtake their former comrades, for the routine seems to be the same, h irst power, then plunder, then jail.

The Oxnam Attack Once again big business, as stupid as it is venal, is endeavoring to drive Dr. G. Bromley Oxnam from the presidency of De Pauw university. Under his leadership De Pauw is preserving the ideals of liberal education while sacrificing nothing of principles or practices of Methodism under which the university is maintained. A year or so ago the drive was headed by a banker whose relations to one state fund later became a matter of official inquiry. This year an attorney for the Insull interests takes the foreground of the fight. The great difficulty from the viewpoint of those who dislike the doctor is the strong possibility that graduates of De Pauw may at some time really think for themselves instead of getting their ideas delicatessen style. That, from the view of big business, would be very bad indeed. Therefore, the persistent Oxnam drive. Spain Faces Two Ways Street fighting in Barcelona between labor groups and troops of the Spanish government indicates that all is not well with the new republic. A general strike was called by the United Labor Syndicate— for what purpose is not clear from the news dispatches. Whereupon President Macia of the new Catalonian republic, who apparently has modified his separatist program and taken his state into the rederated Spanish republic, turned the machine guns on the laborites. The central government in Madrid appears no more friendly to labor. Indeed, the new cabinet seems notably conservative: conservative first and republican second. President Zamora, who succeeds the Bourbon Alfonso as head of the nation, became a republican as an after thought and because of personal feud. He Is far removed in type from the left republican leaders, like the former exile, Miguel de Unamuno, rector of Salamanca university. Zamora served Alfonso as a conservative cabinet officer in three ministries. He was minister of war in the cabinet kicked out by Primo de Rivera. Because the king would not defend him against Primo’s charge of cabinet corruption, Zamora renounced his monarchist sympathies. Foreign Minister Lerroux is a former supporter of the dictator, Pnmo. Without doubting the present sincerity of Zamora and Lerroux. one wonders how far such leaders can go, or even desire to go, in the direction of democracy. They can have a republic—for a little while, anyway —based on the same alliance of land-church-army which ruled the monarchy. They can change the facade from monarchy to republic without touching the real despots of Spain. If that ik the intention, they could not have started better than by shooting down the workers of Barcelona and by the warning of President Zamora that no social revolution would be tolerated. But in the long run, the Zamora republic can not survive by siding with the exploiters of the workers and peasants. If this conservative republic fails the people today, the people tomorrow probably will divide into two extreme parties—Monarchists versus Communists. The future of Spain is apt to be more exciting, rather than less. Official Murder Michigan voters rolled up a majority of more than 50.000 against a proposal to re-establish the death penalty for major offenses. The referendum was a demonstration of that celebrated principle so hopefully stated by Henry Van Dyke, “In human affairs there is always, somehow, a slight majority on the side of reason, on the side of humanity and progress.” The vote was doubly signficant for the reason that Michigan was the first state in the Union to abolish this relic of barbarism. Her legislature outlawed murder by the state in 1847. Since that time seven other states—Rhode Island. Wisconsin, Maine, Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota—have fallen In line behind her. Within the last month attempts to overturn the abolition statutes have been defeated in Kansas and Michigan. In California the legislature now has an abolition measure under consideration. America is not alone in the revolt against the hangman. Many of the smaller countries of Europe have abolished capital punishment by enactment. In others it is being abolished effectively by disuse. It has been abandoned in most of the countries of Central and South America. Recently a-gsoyal com-

The Indianapolis Times (A BCKI FI’S-HO WAR II NfcWSFAFKRi Owned and published daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolia Time* Publishing Cos. 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis, Ind. Price in Marion County. 2 rents a copy: elsewhere. 3 cents—delivered by carrier 12 cents a week. OYD (UiRLEY ROY W HOWARD. FRANK O. MORRISON Editor President Business Manager RHONE— Riley ft-Vil THUR3DAY. APRIL 16, 1931. Member of United Press Srripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance Newspaper Enterprise Association Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

mission in Great Britain recommended abolition for a five-year experimental period. In twenty-six of our states which have capital punishment the homicide rate in the decade before 1928 was 8.3 per 100,000 of population. In six states where there was no capital punishment the homicide rate for the same period was 3.6 per 100,000. Such are the facts behind the tide of abolition sentiment. , The whole argument which grows out of these facts is epitomized by Warden Lewis E. Lawes of Sing Sing, one of the world’s famous criminologists: “The death penalty rests upon wrong basic principles. It conforns to none of our modern ideas of criminology. It is impossible to apply it scientifically or with any degree o.! certainty, and it fails as a deterrent measure.” The Bonus Blah How much does a business man have to be paid to put forth his best efforts? Apparently, some men require vast sums to be induced to roll up their sleeves and get down to real business. Two of these are, seemingly, Charles M. Schwab and E. P. Grace of the Bethlehem SteeJ Corporation. Mr. Schwab has just prepared a defense of the Bethlehem bonus system in the form of a “letter to stockholders.” According to Mr. Schwab, the more a man is paid the greater will be his efforts. No reasonable limits may be set to this rule. When he was president of the Carnegie Stool Company. Mr. Schwab was paid more than $1,000,000 a year by Mr. Carnegie, and he modestly confesses he was worth it. Since 1918, Mr. Grace, in addition to a reasonable salary, has been paid a bonus averaging $814,993 a year. The largest was that in 1929, namely, $1,625,702. Roughly, the bonus paid has been in proportion to the business done by the company. But does anybody believe that the oscillations in the gross business of the Bethlehem Steel Company have been due primarily to Mr. Grace's energy or indolence? For example, in 1922 he received less than oneseventh what he did in 1929. Did he lie down on the job in 1922? Was not his bonus in 1921—5231,790 —sufficient to put him under full steam? If a man on a salary or bonus of, say $250,000 a year, will not throw himself loyally into the work of his corporation with zeal, then certainly he would not for $1,000,000. How much does it require to bring forth the best efforts from a Lincoln, C. W. Eliot, Nicholas Murray Butler, Roger Baldwin, Norman Thomas or John Haynes Holmes? On Mr. Schwab’s hypothesis, what loafing and perfunctory work we must get from, say the federal supreme court or United States senators! And wffiat about “dollar-a-year men” back in 1918!

Government Wages Don’t reduce wages, has been the cry ever since President Hoover called his conference of business leaders after the stock market debacle. In these times there has been no more important warning, no more vital advice. High wages are the foundation upon which prosperity can be rebuilt. But now, again, there are complaints of government contractors paying less than prevailing wages on a government job. Business men will not follow Hoover’s advice and heed his warning if federal contractors are permitted to cut wages. The government must set the example. We have no way of knowing whether the new charges of wage cuts are true. But Labor Secretary Doak, to whom the protests have been made, should investigate quickly. Doubtless, the President will demand that prevailing wages be paid if the inquiry proves the complaints justified. Primo Camera was by the Italian boxing commission for fighting in Florida recently. That’s a good name for it. Her voice may be high-pitched, but the girl who struck out Babe Ruth apparently doesn’t pitch that way. A young man doesn’t begin to realize his failings until he flunks a few courses at college. When an expensive specialist takes your pulse you leam on receiving the bill that feeling runs high.

REASON by

some reason this particular time seems to be A unusually irritating to the Latin blood. All South A.merica has been filled with revolutions and rumors of revolutions, and now the people of Spain have ousted King Alfonso. a a a Up to date the United States seems to be immune °u n u he bug ’ our musfc im P°sing outburst being the fight between Jack Dempsey and his wife, but as they get together only once or twice a year they should be able to trot in single harness and not notice it. n u Whenever you see the term “great man” you are apt to think of some statesman, but we should say the greatest man of the hour is this surgeon down in Arizona, who donated his services, restored the sight of three o!i men by removing cataracts and then insisted that his name be kept a secret. * tt x HERE is an injustice. John Beffron of Brooklyn, who was on the battleship Maine when she was torpedoed in Havana harbor, was denied a Spanish war pension because he had served only fifty-three days, instead of the ninety days, required by law. Had Beffron lost a leg or two, we suppose congress would have raised the same objection. a u a On July 1. the jury system will come to an end in Italy, by of Mussolini. If they have any gratitude, the criminals of the United States should rise and sing “Home, Sweet Home.” a a a Some seventy people were killed over the last week-end. In former times, housewives tried to see which one could be first to get her clothes out on the line, but now they try to see which one can be first to make the round of the morgues. a a a RUSSIA doesn’t care so much about our failure to recognize her government, since we have sent her the experts who are doing all in their power to enable her to flood the markets of the world with cheap products. a a a American farmers hardly will rejoice because twenty American college graduates are now in charge of more than one million Russian acres, organizing the hog industry which the Soviet expects to produce 30,000,000 pigs for the market by 1932. a a a It will strike the American taxpayer that he is being film-flammed to educate fellows to go abroad and sell their talents to wreck the commerce of their home-land in the markets of thfr world.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS: -

Sometimes You Wonder Whether There Is Anything Resembling Logic in the Conduct of Human Affairs NEW YORK, April 16. —Spain is the twelfth European country to become a republic since the World war. That makes it almost unanimous. The throne of England survives, but largely as a meaningless symbol of reverence for the past. The same is true of Norwegian, Swedish and Danish thrones. As for the Italian throne, it is even worse off, with Mussolini sitting in the king's lap. Outside of the Balkans, where no one can tell what w T ill happen next, monarchy has left but the Orient and only part of that. Japan, Persia, Spain. Abyssinia—what a comedown from the “holy alliance” which met in Paris 116 years ago, not to mention the secure arrogance of such rulers as Louis XIV, who justly could exclaim, “I am the state.” What a triumph for new world* influence. Spain would not be a republic but for the example of her American colonies. Nor would Englishmen be in possession of such liberties as they now enjoy. nun Where Is the Logic? IF republicanism could be accepted as a guarantee of human happiness, the milliennium would be just around the corner. But look at China, at the revolutions which have taken place in South America, or, to come a little closer home, look at Nicaragua. Nine Americans dead, 300 in danger, a cruiser landing marines, and Sandino on the war-path, while Pan-American day is celebrated with orations extolling amity. Sometimes you wonder whether there is anything resembling logic in the conduct of human affairs. u n u The Bonus Wrangle ACCORDING to Charles M. Schwab, promoter, founder and head of Bethlehem Steel, the bonus system, especially for a few chief executives, is the way-to get results. His idea would be impressive were Bethlehem Steel not running at about 50 per cent capacity, and were Bethlehem stock not down around 50. Maybe Bethlehem stockholders have gained something through the the thirty-six million dollars dished out to twenty-one executives during the last fourteen years, and, again, maybe they didn’t. It’s one of those problems which you can’t prove, but it represents a very important phase of our industrial system, particularly if widespread stock ownership is to become the rule. It is one thing to invite the public to participate in the earnings of vast enterprises, but it is quite another to dissipate 15 or 20 per cent of those earnings in the form of bonuses without letting the public know about it.

Bad for Stockholders NO one doubts the efficacy of bonuses, prizes, and rewards, but there is reason in all things. When a man, drawing a salary of $12,000 a year, gets more than $1,690,000 as a bonus, it just doesn't look reasonable. Either he deserved more salary, or less bonus. And when he gets such an enormous largess as the result of a system which had been going on more than a decacJe, which the stockholders knew nothing about, and which was brought to light only by a law suit, it just doesn’t look like an open, candid way of splitting the pot. Not arguing whether Mr. Schwab is right in asserting that such system was indispensable to development of Bethlehem Steel, it rests on a theory of finance which will cause many people to prefer life insurance or savings bank accounts to stock investments. If a board of directors can divert 15 or 20 per cent of the earnings of a company to pay bonuses, without so much as “by your leaVe” from the stockholders, why not all the earnings? The naive hypothesis that boards of directors and principal stockholders always will be guided by what is best for the company, has failed too many times for any one but a natural-born sucker to put much faith in it.

Questions and Answers

How many Negro regiments are there in the United States army? Four, the Ninth cavalry at Ft. Riley, Kan.; Tenth cavalry, at Ft. Huachuca, Ariz; Twenty-fourth infantry at Ft. Benning, Ga„ and Twenty-fifth infantry between Nogales. Ariz., Camp Harry Jones and Ft. Huachuca, Ariz. There are also some Negro detachments in the United States quartermaster corps. Is “ain’t” a legitimate English word? It is an inellegant and colloquial American contraction of am not. Although its use is quite common, it is, nevertheless, considered vulgar. Who follows the secretary of state in line of succession as President of the United States? The secretary of the treasury. WTiat is canned music? The term is applied to records—any music which is played mechanically from records. m WTiat is the distinction between a job and an occupation? The word job has a colloquial meaning of employment, usually for an indefinite period. Occupation is that which principally takes up one’s time, thought and energies—a regular business or employment. How are dustless dust cloths made? Saturate the fabric with kerosene and hang it outdoors until the more volatile oil evaporates, then rub the oiled cloth on a wooden surface until it no longer streaks, They may also be made by saturating with a gasoline solution of paraffn, paraffin oil or linseen oil or a mixture of all. these ingredients and drying them at room temperature.

Wrecking Foundation to Repair Chimney

IT SEEMS TO ME

MISS HULDA KLOENNE wants to ask a question. She is interested in ascertaining whether writers are addicted to candy during their working hours. Here is her note: “The National Confectioners’ Association has given me the rather appealing task of finding out how many writers maxe a practice of eating candy while they are working at the typewriter or with pen and pencil. “The discussion was started by the Brussels correspondent of the Chicago Tribune, who recently startled the literary world by declaring that Anatole France did his best work when a friend locked him in his room and gave him a piece of candy every time he finished a page of copy. “I know several writers who say that nibbling candy stimulates the flow of ideas, especially when their mental energies begin to flag, and recent research at Colgate university proved that candy gives relief from mental as well as physical fatigue. “To settle a point like this there is nothing like the good old questionnaire method, and I hope you will spare time to write me about your own experience and opinions. “I am making this request of a number of other writers and shall be glad to tell you about the results of my inquiry.” a a a Not This Direction I AM afraid that the National Confectioners’ Association may find me a horrible example rather

Thousands Are Hay Fever Victims

BY DR. MORRIS FIsHBEIN, Editor. Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. WHENEVER any one suffers from periodic attacks of sneezing, watery discharge from the nose, itching and considerable swelling of the mucous membrane which interferes with breathing, the condition is said by the physician to represent sensitivity to some protein substance, usually a pollen. Because of the difficulty in determining the nature of the condition until fairly recent times, a number of scientific names became established as descriptive of the disease. It is estimated that somewhere between one and two million people suffer from this disturbance and that some 6 to 26 per cent of

bhcofiMiyjHeJr

ECONOMIES PROCLAMATION April 16

ON April 16, 1917, President Wilson issued his war economies proclamation, in which he drew attention to the fact that the United States would in the coming year be called upon not only to feed its own people and army, but also to make very large contributions to the feeding of England, France and Italy. He appealed to all Americans to help increase production. “It is evident to every thinking man,” said the President in his proclamation, “that our industries, on the farms, in the shipyards, in the mines, in the factories must be made more prolific and more efficient than ever, and that they must be more economically managed and better adapted to the particular requirements of our task tiian they have been; and what I want to say is that the men and women who devote their thought and their energy to these things will be serving the country and conducting the fight for peace and freedom just as truly and just as effectively as the men on the battlefield or in the trenches.” England took extraordinary measures to meet the food shortage by night plowing and Sunday farming, ££

than one qualified to help the industry. Until such time as I finish my spring and summer reducing campaign,. my only advertising potentiality will lie in the “Before Using” field. lam at the moment distinctly one who should reach for a rowing machine instead of a sweet. But for better or worse, it is true that I nibble at chocolates during the fiery strain of columning. Os course, I am not competing with Anatole France. And it may be that one of the reasons why I lag is too much abstemiousness. According to Miss Kloenne’s information, they locked him in a room and got a piece of candy every time he finished a page of copy. That would run into too much candy in my case. Nor is it necessary for me to be locked In every time the deadline for a column approaches. You see, it isn’t necessary for a newspaper man to go through the agony of searching his mind for the mot juste provided it is somewhere within his cerebellum. Almost any words will do, provided you keep within the allotted space. a an Speed-Up System BUT even so there are anguishes connected with being a columing factory worker. I use candy for an antidote. At such times as the mood is one of fierce reform, I like to top off half an hour of invectives by munching a caramel. But there is the risk of overdoing it. I have to watch myself quite

people with hay fever, vasomotor rhinitis, or allergic rhinitis have complications in the form of infection of the sinuses and disturbances of the lungs. Since about 30 per cent of people with hay fever also have seasonal asthma, the condition represents one of the most important that confronts the medical profession. As has been pointed out previously in these columns, the materials to which people are particularly sensitive and which usually are responsible for such attacks are the ragweed, the dandruff of cat hair, dog hair and. horse hair, various food substances, bacteria and occasional miscellaneous substances. The late custom of naming furs for other than those of the animals from which they originate not infrequently results in undetermined sensitivities. As is emphasized in an article recently published by Dr. Samuel M. Feinberg, sable or fox sometimes is dyed rabbit, ermine sometimes is white rabbit, and bear or leopard infrequently is not goat. Horse hair dander may be asso-

People’s Voice

Editor Times—Your motto is “Show the people the light and they will see the way.” Your paper sure does not believe in the motto. If it did, you surely would expose this chain store menace that has gripped this state and the nation. Chain this and chain that, is all you hear. They hire men at starvation wages. They draw the public into their stores ana skin them alive. If you would devote half the space in your paper that you do to politics to this menace, what a real paper you would have. You exposed Stephenson, Coffin, Jackson and the rest of the political crowd. Let's see if you have guts enough to show the light on this menace. If you have not, we know the reason. You are part of the chain gang yourself. I don’t think you will even print this, but you know my feelings. M. F. STAFFORD. Editor Times—Out of the night that covers me, Black as the pit from pole to pole, One cheering thought comes over me, I did not vote for Leslie. REPUBLICAN WOMAN.

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closely to avoid getting too much of the marshmallow quality in the product. I don’t want it to become quite an “Advice to the Lovelorn” column. a a u An Antidote AND after setting down the next few paragraphs I think I will nibble on something to take the bad taste from my mouth. 'For here is & dispatch from the town of Hoquiam, in the state of Washington: “Pour juvenile thieves received five lashes each upon their bare backs yesterday, the blows being administered by the Rev. T. T. Love, probation officer and pastor of the Lutheran church . . . “The pastor made the lash of three willow wands bound with a leather thong. After each blow he held his watch for three minutes, giving the youths time to contemplate before the next application.” Instead of looking into the souls of the four boy culprits I think it might be better for the community to consider the Rev. T. F. Love and try to ascertain just what circumstances have brought him to his present state and what can be done to cure his tendencies. (Copyright. 1931. by The Times)

Daily Thought

Be ye doers of the word and not hearers only, deluding yourselves.—James 1:22. Deeds alone suffice.—Whittier.

dated with horseback riding, horse hair in mattress, or furniture stuffed with horse hair. Os particular interest are miscellaneous subjects that bring about hay fever or vasomotor rhinitis, such as face powder, containing orris root; cotton mattresses, containing cotton seed, and even ordinary house dust. Recently chocolate has been incriminted as especially likely to set yp disturbances, affecting not only the nose, but in some cases the intestinal tract. The treatment of hay fever has come to be a complicated matter. There is the possibility of disensitization by the injection of small amounts of extract; the palliative treatment in the form of injection of ephedrine or adrenalin; direct treatment of mucous membranes of the nose; and, finally, careful studies of the diet, with a view to eliminating the substance causing sensitivity. In some instances it is necessary for people to go to climates where the dosage of the pollens to which the person is sensitive is so low that the symptoms are modified or removed.

Cleanup Time! Springtime is here. Springtime is ’cleanup” time. All those odd jobs you have been putting off are staring you in the face. Here’s help. Our Washington Bureau has ready for you a packet of its instructive and helpful bulletins on the “things you want to know.” Here are the titles: 1. Care of Floors ! 5. Whitewash and Cold Water 2. Care and RefinLshing of Paints Furniture 6. Waterproofing. 3. Simple Plumbing Repairs | 7. Removal of Stains from Around the Home Clothing 4. Painting Around the Home 8. Care of the Automobile If you want this packet of eight bulletins, fill out the coupon below and send for them. CLIP COUPON HERE • Department A-13, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, D. C. I want the packet of eight bulletins on CLEANING UP, and inclose herewith 25 cents in coin or loose, uncanceled United States postage stamps to cover return postage and handling costs. NAME STREET and NUMBER CITY STATE I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting; writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

.APRIL 16, 1931

SCIENCE -BY DAVID DIKI7-

Scientists Hope to Develop Construction Methods Which Will Enable a City to Withstand Earthquakes. pROUD man, puffed up over his discoveries and inventions, hi* blast furnaces, steel mills and hydroelectric plants, realizes how puny a creature he is when old Mother Earth stirs restlessly in her sleep The ruins of Managua bear mute testimony today to how weak man is in comparison with the forces of nature. Earthquakes have troubled man and destroyed his cities time and again. The prophet Ezekiel described the earthquake when he declaimed: “And the mountains shall be thrown down and the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall fall to the ground.” The last few decades have witnessed the Charleston, San Francisco, Messina and Tokio disasters The present year, although only In !£ f f ol T th mon th, already has seen thirty-five earthquakes, of which five were serious disasters, destroying life and property. ~ Scientists, while not entirely optimistic, are hopeful of the future They have two goals which thev hope eventually to reach One is the ability to predict earthquakes so that adequate warnings can be issued in time. The second is to develop engineering and construction methods which will enable a city in an earthquake zone to withstand a shock

Engineering Problems D ECENTLY the American Engineering council pointed out the need of intensive study of the problems involved in methods of construction of shock-resisting buildings, bridges, and other structures. The problem is receiving the greatest attention today from the earthquake research institute of the Imperial university of Tokio. The Japanese government recognized the necessity of such a study immediately a*.ter the terrible disaster of Sept. 1, 1923. An important feature of this study has- been the examination of regions which suffered quakes, to see which types of structures survived the shock and which were destroyed. John R. Freeman, past president of the American Society of Civil Engineers, says that an earthquake reveals immediately the difference between good and bad engineering. "One important feature of all the great quakes throughout the world has been their remarkable selection of inferior design and poor workmanship for WTeckage,” he says. “The engineer’s problem requires providing far greater strength and rigidity than is required simply to prevent the building from becoming toppled over in a mass of wreckage by the earthquake oscillation. “He must seek means of designing its framework so that its distortion under stress shall be so small that interior plastered walls will not be cracked badly and that the partitions of hollow tile will not be crushed. He must also find means for anchoring cornices. “Any exterior veneering of thin slabs of stone set on edge, or brick veneering and other ornamentation, also must be anchored so strongly that they will not become detached and fall on the heads of people below.”

Cause of Quakes 'T'HE ability to predict earthquakes will not be attained until scientists learn more about the cause of earthquakes. Scientists agree that an earthquake is not an isolated accident, but rather the climax of a long series of events. They believe that stresses and strains accumulate in the deep rocks of the earth until they finally become so great that the rock layers give way. The quake is the climax, the readjustment that comes with suddenness to man, but nevertheless as the final event of a long series. Just what causes these accumulations of strains in the earth is not known. It formerly was assumed that the earth continuously was shrinking as f*. result of Its cooling. This would mean that the crust would in time be too large for the earth’s interior. Readjustment would be necessary, just as when an apple begins to dry, the skin readjusts itself by forming wrinkles. More recently geologists have thought it possible that our earth has an oscillating crust, the crust expanding over a long period of time and then contracting over a similar period. It has been suggested that the accumulation of heat from radioactive ores in the earth’s crust may cause the expansion. An important fact is that earthquakes are most frequent in the regions where the steepest and tallest mountains exist. Geologists feel that these mountains are the youngest. They represent the portions of the earth’s crus’ which have undergone the most recent unheavals and therefore are the zones of weakness and instability.