Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 270, Indianapolis, Marion County, 23 March 1931 — Page 4

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Bully for Butler More important, in the long stretch of years, than any other bit of news is the announcement that Butler university is once more upon the accredited list of colleges. This institution inevitably is destined to play a larger part in the future of this city than any mercantile, financial or industrial enterprise. From it will come many of the young men and women who will decide important questions, not only of government, but of industry and, perhaps, of character, of our future citizenship. From it will come young men and wom9n who will be equipped to think. The future demands young men and women who have been trained to think. The future requires thought and it requires, as well as thought, the ability to think in terms of unselfish service to mankind. The location of Butler insures to many who othervise would be unable to pursue their processes of education an opportunity for cultural development. Culture spells the difference between savagery and civilization. Facilities are ample for development of material things. Today, machines furnish luxuries of unparalleled abundance and variety. Properly distributed, there are resources that defy famine, defy privation, defy the fundamental requirements of food, shelter and clothing. But there never will be a surfeit of culture or of character. Any obstacle in the way of the highest development of Butler is a blow at both. That one has been removed, even though it never was really important, is a victory. Not only Butler, but Indianapolis, has reason for congratulation. __4 Family Tree of the Racketeer The "racket” and the "racketeer” rarely arc absent from the front pages of our newspapers, but in the last weeks they have bobbed up with more than usual force and frequency. Mayor Walker has been “shocked” into his customary inactivity. Governor Roosevelt, supreme knight of the future periphrastic, has retained his recent characteristic pose of being about to intervene forcefully and behave as he did nearly twenty years ago as an independent Democratic senator at Albany. The question of “Why the racketeer? ’ has agitated many writers and lecturers of late, but the explanations usually are single track and inadequate. The racketeer is the composite product of a complex set of forces in American economic, social and psychological evolution. The notion that he has been produced by recent immigration from southern Europe or by the prohibition orgy is not broad enough to cover the case. First strains in the parentage of the American racketeer antedate the settlement of America. They were born with the desire of the explorers to get great riches with small effort. The hopeful search for mountains of gold runs from the prophets of Eldorado in the sixteenth century to Rothstein and Capone. This getting something-for-nothing psychology has permeated our history in speculation in federal securities and federal lands, in profiteering in war, in wildcat mining and oil enterprises, in stock gambling, bucket shop swindles and the like. The frontier made its contribution in the spirit of lawless bravery and optimism. The tradition and romance of gunplay and gunmen bom here never has lost its grip upon the American imagination. The frontier likewise engendered grandiose hopes of rapid and enormous enrichment with slight delay and a minimum of manual effort. The great buccaneers of American business had their powerful hand in the procreative efforts which have produced the moguls of modern gangland. Astor and the monopolists of the early fur trade set the pace, to be followed by the searchers for great and sudden wealth in the gold and silver mines of the west. Jay Gould, Daniel Drew, and Commodore Vanderbilt were as ruthless in exploiting early railroad development for private gain as any Capone or Moran in utilizing the opportunities which prohibition has offered. Morgan and the great banking syndicates followed in their trail. Rockefeller and his associates in the great struggle for oil control "muscled" out competitors as unceremoniously as Capone applies strong-arm methods to an independent brewer in Cicero. Carnegie aud Prick used private gunmen in stripes as freely and with as deadly effect as any gangster of today employs squads of machine-gun choppers. If capital is the grandparent of the racket, labor is at least its uncle. Forced into violence to secure a bare existence from capital, labor gave birth to the "pineapple" technique back in the days of the Haymarket bombing of 1886. Americans are human beings, and hence addicted to games of chance, love, and alcoholic stimulation. But they also have a tradition of moral purity, solemnity and earnestness, born of purltanism and the exacting struggles of a pioneer society. Therefore, we are in the moral dilemma of wanting to be both happy and pure. This leads us to pass laws to give us moral respectability, but we have no wish or serious intention to obey them. As Lippmann sums the matter up in The Forum: "The high level of lawlessness is maintained by the fact that Americans desire to do so many things which they also desire to prohibit.” Six Million and More Now that the federal government belatedly has discovered that the number of totally unemployed exceeds six million, what can be done about it? With congress sent home and Hoover unwilling to cal; a special sesssion. there is no chance of immediate federal appropriation needed to meet the emergency. The Hoover administration refused during the winter to admit the seriousness of the situation. When Hoover at tl\e opening of congress in December placed the total unemployed figure at about two and a half million, and his aids later raised the figure to four million, we pointed out that the best available estimates to economists pu 'e total above six million. Had the administration, while congress still was in session, given out the facts which it now publishes, doubtless congress would have made the emergency relief appropriations demanded by economists, social workers and liberal Democrats and Republicans. For it would have been clear to congress that the situation is worse even than indicated by the six million figure. That figure does not include the parttime employed, which was shown by the Metropolitan company insurance survey made for the government in December to be higher than 20 per cent. Suffering of families of part-time employed was one reason given by mayors in reply to the senate questionnaires for the need of direct federal relief. 'Hie idea that this emergency can be met. by voluntary private relief funds has been disproved. Con-

The Indianapolis Times (A fcCBII'FS-HOWARD NEW hf’APKK) Owned and published daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos., 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis. Ind. Price In Marion County, 2 cents a copy: elsewhere, 3 cents—delivered by carrier. 12 cents s week. BOYD GURLEY. HOY W. HOWARD, FRANK G. MORRISON. Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley 11651 MONDAY. MARCH 23. 1831. Member of United Press Horlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Assoelation. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

trary to the general belief, the National Red Cross is not distributing unemployment relief and does not plan to do so. Private relief funds in most cities will be exhausted by April 1. Those private funds, according to Allen T. Burns, director of the National Association of Community Chests and Councils, have amounted to less than 25 per cent of total relief extended. The remaining 75 per cent has come from public treasuries, chiefly city treasuries. And the cities, for legal or financial reasons, are about at the end of their rope. Then, unless there is an unexpectedly rapid increase in employment this spring, it appears that only direct federal aid, through private and municipal relief agencies, can prevent serious suffering and unrest. Now that the government has revised its facts as to the emergency. President Hoover should stand ready to revise his policy for meeting that emergency by a special session of congress and necessary relief appropriations. German-Austrian Union? Germany and Austria have been driven into an agreement for a customs union. This certainly is one of the most important developments of the postwar era. It will change the economic map of Europe. It may change the political map of Europe. .That, of course, is what France fears. France expects too much. Thanks to the World war, and its cost to victors and vanquished, France became military dictator of Europe. By the unjust peace treaties, by the ring of military allies which she forced around Germany, and by her own military superiority over a disarmed Germany, France hopes to perpetuate her European hegemony. It can not be done. Economic facts are stronger in the long run than political treaties and armed force. Thus economic facts defeated the French occupation of the Ruhr. And now economic facts are forcing a commercial nerger of Germany and Austria. When France crippled Germany by taking away ncr colonies and ships, when France and the allies dismembered Austria and set up new nationalistic -fates with trade barriers, Germany and Austria were drawn together by the prime urge of self-preservation. Under the circumstances, a German-Austrian customs union—if not actual political union—has been inevitable from the beginning. The only question was :>f time.

Germany and Austria have chosen the right time. Jo French and little entente objections, they can reply that they are acting on the inalienable right of every sovereign nation to protect its existence—an existence now jeopardized by debts and economic disintegration leading to a Fascist or Communist dictatorship, unless checked. A customs union to destroy the artificial and costly trade barriers between Austria and Germany is the first obvious step to check their economic disintegration, they can argue with truth. Moreover, they can point to their invitation to other nations to join their customs union as proof that they are not trying to form a German bloc for economic or military war against others. Bnand, French foreign minister, for more than a year, has been working formally for a Pan-Euro-pean customs union. That plan just has failed at Geneva. France and her little entente allies refused to join. the tariff truce. Who can blame Germany and Austria for taking the Briand French plan a;id applying it to themselves as a step toward the eventual European customs union to which they invite others? Whether this German-Austrian movement toward union becomes a threat instead of an aid to European peace depends on France. Extreme nationalist and militarist groups will capture power in Berlin and Vienna only if France defeats the present GermanAustrian policy of peace. Illinois iarmers are to conduct a campaign to make the public "milk conscious.” Isn’t that what the milk man docs when he rouses us in the morning? Dorothy thinks that "plug” ,tobacco is the kind an old horse chews on. The butcher wouldn’t complain if the average customer came in like a lion and went out out with some lamb.

REASON

OREbIDENT HOOVER will have a fine vacation, A for as he sailed away he knew the insurgent, sent0 w S ( /? U d , not swim after him * neither could the candidates for appointments. And this constitutes bliss for a President. TY C are to have him make the trip on a batueship, since this is all battleships are good for now Aviation nas put them out of business. Should we have another war, we will have to cover them with greens, bunkers and holes and try to make die enemy think they are miniature golf courses. tt St ft TN Porto Rico the president will find a beautiful A land, where nature is rich and the people poor He will sec ’flying fish, sudden showers that wet only one side of the street, natives walking long distances to carry a small mess of vegetables to market and he also may see other natives carrying umbrellas on moonlight nights to keep the moon's rays off their domes, so they will not go "looney/’ tt u a The President may also visit the grave of Ponce de Leon, who crossed the Atlantic to find Florida the fountain of eternal youth. That was long before the ladies found it in the drug store. it tt Speaking of battleships being out of date, we read in today's paper that the government just has ordered the building of twelve bombing airplanes. These airplanes will have a speed of 300 miles an hour, .they can carry a 1,000-pound bomb, and can dive vertically 10,000 feet. Good-by, battleships! >t it EX-GOVERNOR Davis of Idaho may have received SB,OOO for praising a twelve-volume life of Lincoln as he told the United States attornevs at New York, but we should think he would feel like 30 cents. tt a >t In Madras, India, 1 two prominent _ndiar. society women staged a public prize fight, one of them knocking the other out with a terrific uppercut, the audience being immensely gratified. Great Britain no longer can say that India is not capable of self-government. a a h According to General Pershing's memoirs, one is forced to the conclusion that while our soldiers fought the Germans, our commander-in-chief fought Gen Foch. Big Bill Thompson is not havmg much success in appealing to party loyalty in Chifcago, which is only natural, as Bill fed the elephant a bushel of thistles in the last election. **

BY FREDERICK LANDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS: Crime and Its Alleged Activities Have Come to Cost More Tha t Our Entire Operation of Government . CINCINNATI, March 23.—Chaplains of the Illinois state prison—one Catholic and one Protestant—agree that recent riots, involving the loss of three lives and a million dollars’ worth of property, were due largely to methods pursued by the parole board. They charge that while the board was considerate toward prisoners with influential connections, it had scant courtesy for the poor and friendless. Well-dressed relatives of prisoners, they say, always could depend on a cordial reception, while those shabbily clothed were treated with the utmost indifference. They declare that the board favored politicians, not only in the matter of granting requests, but in that of refusing to do so, that efforts were continually being made, either with the board's assistance or its knowledge, to obtain evidence from prisoners regarding the Chicago situation. n n ft Fleeced for ‘Pardon’ A WOMAN in Kentucky just has sworn out warrants against three men—one of them a court clerk—to whom she says she paid nearly SI,OOO to get her husband a pardon. She says that, at the outset, an attorney promised to get it for SSOO, but that he kept coming back for more, on the ground that someone in authority demanded it. Along this same line, Robert Elliott Burns, who returned voluntarily to Georgia to work out an unexpired term on the chain gang, from which he escaped seven years previously, declares that he paid out S7OO to lawyers supposed to be working for his release, that they did nothing to earn it, and quit pretending to work as soon as his bank roll gave out. tt tt st Cover Up Evidence COOING back to the Chicago sits' uation, the grand jury just has come into possession of some valuable records and reports compiled by a former woman spy in the police department. This woman was so determined not to produce them that she fled the city when summoned to testify and now is serving a four-month sentence for contempt of court. But for her former chauffeur, they might never have been found. He told the authorities where some of them were hidden in a Negro’s house, and when these were brought to light, the woman not only produced the rest, but agreed to tell everything. The big point is, however, that she did not want to, tried her best not to, and consented to perform what was her plain duty all 'along, only when forced to it. In this connection, the New York policeman who arrested Vivian Gordon eight years ago, on what her diary reveals as a frameup, has been dismissed, not because of that vile affair, but for refusing to give evidence before an official investigation.

Moral Cost Is High IF WE had only crime to deal with, the problem would be far simpler, but we have all kinds of crookedness and corruption right inside the very system which was created to deal with crime. Asa matter of ordinary common sense, crime could not flourish as it does in this country without such crookedness and corruption, and the people know it. The deplorable situation no longer is confined to an isolated case of bribery, extortion, abuse of power, or fake charges here and there. Every large city, every state, and many of the smaller communities are suffering from the same dry rot. Crime and its alleged activities have come to cost us more than the entire operation of government, and what it is costing morally represents more than what it is costing in cash. tt u We Make Little Headway MEN who think are alarmed. As they see the situation, it represents nothing less than a most dangerous collapse not only of our political structure, but of the moral and social order. The conviction is growing that we can’t hope to correct much of anything until marked improvement has been shown in the administration of public affairs, particularly as that administration has to do with law enforcement. We are arresting larger numbers of people than ever before, and are finding it necessary to enlarge our penal institutions on a scale and with a rapidity which is little less than startling. We are making little headway, however, against the insidious misconception of loyalty and patriotism which makes it all so futile. Machine politics and gang rule have developed a power not only in back alleys and dark streets, but in the very highest places of political authority, with which the law is finding it more and more difficult to cope.

Questions and Answers

Was Brigham Young the first Governor of the state of Utah? He was the first Governor of the Territory of Utah, but he died in 1877 before Utah was admitted to the Union as a state. The first Governor of the state was Heber M. Wells, 1896-1905. Are steam boilers rated by horse power or is there anew way of rating them? The United States bureau >f standards says the rating of stean boilers by hor§e power is rapidly becoming obsolete; the square foot of heating surface being used instead. Ten square feet of heating surface in boilers of all types is considered equivalent to one boiler horse power. To what church did President Harding belong? Ke was a Baptist, and attended Calvary Baptist church in Washington. Does the fertility or non-fertility of eggs affect their food value? NO.

Queer, What a Car Does to Us!

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE—

Rheumatism May ‘Run in the Family’

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor, Journal of the American Medical Association and of Kyeeia, the Health Magazine. ■jV/f OST authorities are convinced that the tendency to rheumatism runs in families, although unquestionably the environment in which the person lives plays a large part, particularly as concerns the likelihood of infection. The ministry of health of Great Britain found an hereditary factor in 36 per cent of men and in 48 per cent of women with rheumatic complaints. The rheumatoid condition can develop at any age and can affect the human being at almost any period in life. Both chorea, which is presumed to belong to the same group of diseases, and rheumatic joints occur

IT SEEMS TO ME v

IT began well. The first couple of trenches were easy. But by now the rush has begun to lose momentum. Tammany was taken by surprise, and yet it hardly was to be expected that the fight could be won without hand-to-hand encounters. After all, this isn't the first storming party which the braves ever have experienced. Even Jimmy Walker has begun to cover up and not leave his chin exposed for swings from right and left. , For a week or more he was, as H. T. Phillips pointed out, “God’s gift to paragraphers and cartoonists.” He gave us “more or less shocked.” “I want to get away from it all” and “The sun which tanned, but did not blister.” That day has passed. Jimmy has adopted the shrewder policy of silence and seclusion. Nor is it expedient to underestimate the strength with which he may hit back when he returns. His head has cleared by now from the effect of the blows which landed in the first flurry. ts an No Setup FOR a time it seemed as if the thing was too one-sided. I got a fair cross-section of opinion through the letters which come in. From being a white-haired boy and a more or less authentic Moses, I find that now there is considerable complaint in which I figure as a bore, a charlatan, a disappointed office-seeker and the various things which certain readers scribble with soft pencil across the face of a tornout column. But I like it better this way. Nobody wants to find himself in the position of being one of a vast majority all stepping on a prostrate person. Even some of the hardest fighters for reform ‘ were bothered a little bit by the thought that they were taking the mayor at too great a disadvantage. Tire amateur tradition of the pleasant handshake and the gleaming smile at the end of the tennis match has robbed a lot of people of a more fundamental fighting spirit. But I think it reasonable to assure all anti'Tammanyites that it is too soon to shed tears of pity for a persecuted Jimmy. He isn’t licked by a long shot. And the organization which backs him has begun to consolidate. Nobody need be worried that this is merely a setup. I am quite used to being a bore. Nobody can serve through any campaign without getting tiresome. You even wear your own patience thin after a week or so. But a few striking cartoons and a number of vigorous editorials in the newspapers just won’t do the trick. It has to be a much more long-winded process. * tt m Not Epoch-Making BUT there is no reason why the public choice should lie within such narrow limits. If Mayor Walker is removed, he will be succeeded by the president of the board of aldermen. McKee undoubtedly would spend \

from three to six times more frequently in women than in men. The general study of statistics of people with these disorders shows that cold, damp surroundings are a frequent factor in association with the onset of rheumatic conditions. Not infrequently the person affected has been chilled by exposure to rain or cold before onset of the disease. Os particular importance in tne ocurrence of rheumatic infection is previous infection with influenza, scarlet fever, or an acute rheumatic complaint. Indeed, almost any infection with the streptococcus seems to lead ultimately to a rheumatic condition. This is particularly true when theinfection is located in the teeth, tne tonsils or the throat. The sinuses sometimes may be in-

more time at his desk, but the change in executives would be less than epochmaking. Prostitution is a problem which can not be solved merely by chasing, fining, and punishing prostitutes. City government isn’t a matter which can be put upon an efficient and a decent basis by chasing this or that individual politician. I have in hand a letter from a man who holds almost an historical position in the fight for municipal welfare here and in other cities. He shocked the country with his revelations many years ago. He was lashing out with both fact and fury at a time when I was just entering newspaper work. And Lincoln Steffens did alter the aspect of some sections of America, even though there has been much backsliding since. tt t: a From Steffens “T'YON'T —please don’t let this pubAJ lie protest you are fostering

Views of Times Readers

Editor Times—l notice some people advocate taxing churches. These people have a right’ to their opinions, as I have, but it looks to me like taxing the ‘‘widow’s mite.” ' It seems to me that the. basic cause of our local, national and world dilemma is that too many people have junked the Bible. The county assessor, mentioned previously in the people's column, is an average political machinemade officer, who, true to form, advocated taxing churches. Some people advocate cutting

"ftCOAK’-IYTSS-.fr'

HENRY’S SPEECH March 23 ON March 23, 1775, Patrick Henry, famous American orator and statesman, roused the Virginia delegates to the provincial convention with a speech that has come down to us as the greatest piece of oratory of the colonial era. It was delivered in defense of the resolutions which Henry himself introduced. to organize a militia and to put the colony in an attitude of defense. Its most stirring passage was: "There is no retreat but in submission and slavery. Our chains already are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston. “The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring the clash of resounding arms. Our brethren already are on the field. Why stand we here idle? "What is It that the gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? “Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” The resolutions were passed unanimously. . „ __,. t

volved and serve as the focus from which the infection is carried to the joints. It seems quite possible that there is some change in the joints or in the general nutrition of the person concerned which makes it possible for the infection to arise in some cases, whereas it will not be able to gain access to the joints in other cases. These factors may be physical factors, such as are involved in the rate of blood flow to the joints or factors of nutrition which seem to upset the acid-alkali balance in the blood. It seems quite possible that there may be instances in which disorders of the functions of the glands of internal secretions are at the base of the constitutional disturbance, which eventuates in a rheumatic condition.

Ideals apd opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without reirard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

against political corruption run off on a man-hunt. There is something so much better to do. “There is something wrong. Sure. But it is something, not somebody. It is not Mayor Walker or the magistrates: it isn’t Tammany or the police. "You know that. We all know that. There was something similarly wrong in my aay, and we were similarly enraged. We labored long, but we ousted not only our Tammany mayor; we ousted Boss Croker, too. and Tammany. “We cleaned up the police well; we cleaned up the town. We put lets of crooks in jail; we put lots more out of business. We had a revenge which satisfied. "I have seen this happen in a good many cities and some countries and I have seen how it ends, when it ends. “There is something wrong about reform, as well as about graft and corruption.” (Copyright. 1931. by The Times)

farm production. I w’onder if they have forgotten about Joseph and the famine. I lot of them remind me of the "bull in the china shop.” But we have and will have real officers; as when Taft reinforced Wilson during a World war crisis, and the county commissioners of Marion county still hold the two downtown churches at the south entrance of the veterans’ colossal pile of stony bread where they can get some spiritual bread, if not the material bread, of w'hich the farmers still are producing the raw material and the capitalized bakers are selling the finished product at double the price they should. The machine politicians, in trying to "shut the gates of mercy on mankind” have locked them against themselves. They have helped the capitalist to capitalize and the wage earner to unionize till they have havmenized themselves and brought the rest of us into the king’s court where We expect to acquit ourselves at the polls by voting for the individual rather than the partisan. I do hope they will not tax the churches. A READER, j

Seafood for Lent You will be surprised at the many ways and the attractive dishes that can oe prepared from various kinds of fish and seafood. Our Washington Bureau has ready for yo u in this I-eaten season anew bulletin on fish and seafood cookery with a collection of recipes on the subject that you will want to have in your cook book for future reference. Fill out the coujxm below and send for it: CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 117, Washington Bureau The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. NAME STREET AND NO CITY STATE I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times. (Code No.)

MARCH 23 r 1931,

SCIENCE —BY DAVID DIETZ—

Many People Have Mistaken Ideas on What ‘ Evolution” Really Means to Scientist. TO some people, the word “evolution,” unfortunately, still means the claim that man is descended from the monkey. Os course, evolutionists don’t mean that. Others, bettor acquainted with organic evolution, still think of the terms as applying to biology only. But even this is not cqrrect. Today, scientists see evolution at work throughout the entire universe. The picture which the modem scientist gives us of the universe is one of a dynamic, changing universe. a universe in which energy is continually manifesting itself. But these changes take place according to law. The universe is one of order, not of caprice. There is a gradual unfolding or development of the universe. That is what the scientist means by evolution. Frequently there is discussion of the bearing of the theory of evolution upon the subject of religion. A number of eminent scientists, including Dr. R. A. Millikan, past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, have pointed out on numerous occasions that one can believe in evolution and still retain religious faith. Many scientists believe sincerely that when they study the laws of evolution, they are studying the laws which the Creator laid down for operation of the universe. Dr, Edwin P, Hubble LET us call the astronomer to the witness stand and see what he has to say about evolution in the universe. We will hear first from Dr. Edwin P. Hubble of Mt. Wilson observatory, who has made a study of the nongalactic nebulae with the 100-inch telescope, the largest telescope in the world. It will be recalled that our own sun is one of 40,000,000,000 stars forming the galaxy, a watchshaped formation of stars, the diameter of which, "along the hands of the watch.” is 300,000 light-years (A light-year is the distance light travels in a year, approximately 6,000.000.000.000 years.) At immense distances from our galaxy, the telescope reveals objects known as the nongalactic nebulae. About 2,000,000 of them are within the reach of the 100-inch telescope. And now for what the 100inch telescope showed Dr. Hubble about them: Dr. Hubble found that they could be arranged in a definite series, according to their shape and structure. At the beginning of the sequence come those which are globular in form. Apparently they are great globes of gaseous material. Next Dr. Hubble found flattened globes of various kinds, ranging in a sequence from globes which are only slightly flattened at the poles to “pancakes” which have a diameter from pole to pole of only about one-third the diameter at the equator. From this point development proceeds along another line. tt tt tt Spiral Types DR. HUBBLE finds next a tendency for the nebula to begin to break up. This leads to the do-* velopment of the spiral nebulae which resemble the pinwheels shot off in fireworks displays. But Dr. Hubble finds a developmental sequence among the spiral „ forms. At the begining there are forms which are essentially flattened globes, shoving only a slight streaming of material from the equatorial rim. More advanced forms show more and more streaming, until the definite spiral shape with a central nucleus and coiled arms is reached. These extend all the way from the type which has a large nucleus and small closed-coiled arms to the type which has a small nucleus and large, open arms. The ones with small nuclei have arms which have broken up into small condensations. Dr. Hubble's observations with the 100-inch telescope shows that the nucleus of the spiral type is always a gaseous mass. But in the type with large, open arms, the telescope reveals that the arms are no longer diffuse gaseous matter, but great collections of stars among which there is nebulous matter. Tire astronomer believes that the sequence observed by Dr. Hubble is an evolutionary sequence, that a nongalactic nebula starts life as a great globular mess of gaseous material and finally develops Into a spiral whose wide-spread arms have condensed into stars.

Daily Thought

Fools make a mock at sin. Proverbs 14:9. A fool may now and then be right by chance—Cowper. What is the value of public school buildings and equipment in the United States, and the total of the annual salaries ard expenses of principals and teachers? The value of public school buildings, including lands, in the states reporting to the United States bureau of education for the year 192728 was $4,205,080,224. 'The value of equipment for the same year was $409,052,623. The total of all public school property, including undistributed items, was $5,468,938,599. Salaries and expenses of supervisors, principals and teachers in the same year amounted to $1,164,583,026.