Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 269, Indianapolis, Marion County, 21 March 1931 — Page 4

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‘Kill the Wets” Death for dry law violators is proposed by the Rev. Dr. E. O. Ware of the Louisiana Anti-Salooa League. At least he is so quoted in press dispatches on his Richmond address Friday. He also would include in the death warrant all ex-brewers. We will leave it to the reverend doctor to square his plan with his religion. But for purely practical reasons, we hope he will reconsider. It generally is estimated that upward of one-half or more of the total population take an occasional drink, and some not so occasional. Most of this huge number, according to the President of the United Btates, are “otherwise law-abiding citizens.’’ Now the problem arises as to how to put to death these—call it 30,000,000 —otherwise law-abiding citizens. There are not enough electric chairs or scaffolds in the country to go around. And there are only a few executions in the country—assuming that the Rev. Dr. Vare and his colleagues would prefer not to kill the wets with their own hands. Then there is the matter of coffins. Already our land has been dangerously denuded of its forests, according to the government soil and flood experts. Has the Rev. Dr. Vare considered the devastation which would result from felling enough trees to provide 30,000,000 coffins? Another national problem is the shortage of physicians, especially in rural districts. If the drinking doctors, say one-half of the total, were put to death, might it not Inconvenience some Anti-Saloon leaguers when they start looking for a doctor in a hurry? Or has the Rev. Dr. Ware considered the business confusion which would result if the tens of thousands of industrial leaders and bankers who drink suddenly were snuffed out? Or the humble newspaper men—why there might not be enough of them left to report the Rev. Dr. Ware's bloodthirsty speeches. And as for congress, surely the Rev. Dr. Ware will have to amend his proposal to exclude drinking dry members of congress and cabinet officers from the death sentence. How could he get his dry laws passed and administered without the aid of these drinking drys? And while he is about it, shouldn’t he save from the death sentence all those policemen and prohibition agents who drink—otherwise, what would become of the little enforcement we have now? Though this newspaper is an opponent of prohibition, ■we like to keep an open mind on all public questions. Therefore, we refuse to make a snap judgment, condemning the Ware proposal in toto. We are prepared to admit that there might be something good to be said for it in principle, if we believed in prohibition. But, apart from principle, we predict that the country will reject the reverend doctor's wholesale death plan as presenting practical difficulties.

A Worthy Movement When Charles Austin Beard resigned from Columbia university back in 1917, he charged that the university professor was treated no better than a laborer who might be fired summarily without a hearing. As an actual matter of fact, the college professor has been worse off in this respect than the general run of skilled labor in the country. The latter has been fairly well organized and in a position to fight back in case a member of a union was discharged without cause. Teachers in our country have been as ill-organized as our common unskilled labor. The Association’ of American University Professors has been very efficient in reporting particular cases of academic assassination, but it can do little to remedy the abuses. Likewise, the work of the American Civil Liberties union necessarily is iimited in its.application to teachers. The one movement directly designed to bring strength, dignity and independence to the teaching profession is the so-called teachers’ union. This organization celebrated its fifteenth anniversary at a luncheon at the Hotel Astor Saturday. The vitality and increased strength of the union is largely a tribute to the devotion, courage and industry of its founder. Dr. Henry Llnville. Dr. Llnville prepared for teaching in the biological sciences and took his Ph. D. degree from Harvard university. He began teaching at the De Witt Lincoln high school in New York City. He soon proved himself a courageous fighter for honesty and justice. Principal Buchanan was believed autocratic and discriminatory. So Linville organized a revolt against him, to find himself deserted by those who had urged him on in rebellion. He was transferred to Jamaica high school, but held his job with promotions until he resigned in 1920 to give all his time to the teachers’ union. When the World war came, Dr. Linville approved our entry, but he opposed the bulldozing of those who held the opposite view. Consequently, he fought the patrioteers in their silly methods of tyranny. He has battled consistently against politics in the educational system of New York City, even when it involved defending his old enemies, Drs. Tildsley and Ettinger. A year ago he organized with efficiency the eminently successful celebration of John Dewey’s seventieth birthday. He long has been a leading member of the American Civil Liberties union. But the chief interest of Dr. Linville in the last decade and a half has been his Teachers’ Union. This began as the Teachers’ League in 1914 and became the union in 1916. If th teachers of the country clearly could have discern id and courageously followed their own Interest they would have flocked to his banners, but it has been a slow, uphill fight. Why should this have been so? In the first place, unionization of teachers is attended with some danger. As in general industry, the organizers are likely to be picked off. Further, departmental jealousies, petty politics and the like have divided the pedagogs. But far more fundamental is the operation of the psychology of the leisure class. While impecunious enough in practice, the teacher group thoroughly has taken over the aversion of the ruling economic classes to any stigma of servility or manual labor. Unions have been associated with the workers; indeed workers with their hands. Hence, it has been very difficult to sel the idea of unionization to those who cerebrate only, and lend intellectual reputability to salons of the rich and well-born. Yet if the professors would turn historical and look into their own origins, they would find plenty of precedent for association with even as lowly an institution as a union. The very terms university (universltas) and college (collegium) originally were associated with corporations or guilds of workingmen. The medieval university movement grew from the models provided by these organizations of laborers. No other class could find better logical or historical justification for unionization. Further, the teachers should realize that a union Is an indispensable instrument for pro-

The Indianapolis Times (A SCEIPPS-HOWAKD NEW SPA PE K) Owaad tad published dally (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos., 214-21)0 Weat Maryland Street. Indianapolis, Ind. Price In Marlon County. 2 * cents a copy: elsewhere, 3 cents—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY, ROY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON. Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley 8651 SATURDAY. MARCH 31. 1931. Member of United Press. Scrlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

fesslonal advancement, not intrinsically any indication whatever of class affiliations. Strongly unionized, the American teaching profession would be Invincible. It could secure decent pay and maintain self-respect through candid and Independent Instruction. As long as It remains a disorderly army of divided stragglers, It will remain weak, timid, politic and socially ineffective. American civilization would be forwarded by the realization of Dr. Linville’s program. Liberals well may wish him every success. A Test Case Accountants of the new federal power commission will begin scrutinizing books of the NiagaraHudson Power Corporation to see if that company is padding its net investment accounts with neckties and other irrelevant Items, as another power company tried to do. In starting the long-neglected task of determining net investment of its licenses, the federal power commission is laying the foundation on which any protection of public Interests under the power act must depend. The commission is fortunate in having received promises of co-operation from the company, for in the past this concern has refused to let its books be examined. One of the most important services performed by Charles A. Russell during his term as solicitor for the old power commission was to direct attention to this fact, and to disclose that the Ni-agara-Hudson company or its predecessor had been able to hush former attempts to tell about its defiance of the commission and the suspicion that Its accounts were padded by many millions of dollars. It is to be hoped that the commission is not overoptimistic in feeling that this new compliance in legard to examination of books forecasts “an early determination of fair value by mutual agreement.” The company wants a net investment as large as possible, because it will mean larger profits now and fifty years from now. But if the community is to pal fair rates only and a fair recapture price, the net investment must be kept down to a reasonable figure. The power commission is to be the judge between the two. On its decision rest hundreds of millions of dollars in this and other cases, and, perhaps, the future of federal public utility regulation.

Plot or Delusion? Whether Paul Kassay is the victim of a frameup, as he claims, or a Communist plotter trying to destroy the naval dirigible Akron, as some local authorities charge, is a question upon which intelligent citizens wil lsuspend judgment until all the evidence; is in. The department of justice evidence thus far reported would seem to prove that Kassay is not a dangerous international spy, but rather a crazy man. Kassay is charged with going about among his fellow-workers boasting that he was an enemy officer during the World war, and telling them that he was at the moment wrecking the airship upon which they were' working. It is pretty har dto believe that any sane man would go about advertising such a purpose in advance, as Kassay is charged with doing. If Communist leaders or foreign government officials were to employ such a man, they would be as crazy as Kassay s alleged acts indicate him to be. Decidedly here is a case which the country will watch with interest. No matter where an Alaskan may travel, there’s no place, we suppose, like Nome. Tlie president of a tobacco company was given a $1,200,000 stock bonus. Fulfilling, no doubt, his fondest pipe dream. Thanks to several layers of flannel underwear he was wearing, a Maine sheriff was unharmed by a bullet. But it would be exaggerating to say he came off without a scratch. Give the little girl a hand,” as the unlucky bridge fan said to the dealer. When convicts get uneasy, that’s the time the warden takes his pen in hand.

REASON by F \ E ™

TT was pleasant to read of the disagreement beA tween Schroeder and his lawyer, after the forme TTri- COnviction of manslaughter at Indianapolis. When criminals and their lawyers fall out, there is a chance for society. t tt n If some genius could find a way to throw a monkey wrench into the beautiful love and affection existing between*the enemies of society and their defenders, a way to make them pull each other’s wool instead of hold each other’s hand, it would put a crimp into crime in America. tt u TN every criminal case there should be only two A lawyers, one of them a public prosecutor and 'he other a public defender, and both should be forbidaen to accept a cent, outside of their official salaries. This would end the hocus pocus. tt ft St Neither of these lawyers should be permitted to make an argument to the Jury; their activities should be limited to the examination and cross-ex-amination of witnesses. Then the jury would have only to decide on the facts as established by the evidence. a tt a The elimination of argument would save the juror a lot of trouble. We wouldn’t have to weep at all. He could take his poor, old, wornout lachrymose gland and lay it away in moth balls. One handkerchief would do him for the entire trial. tt tt tt IN the hope that we might save the life of a few trees, we wish to say a word against the topping of them. We’ve said it before, but the season for this terrible work is at hand, so bear with us if we repeat. m tt m The topping of trees is as unnatural as the amputation of a man’s arm or leg. It kills the tree by inches, as the most brutal savage used to kill his white victim. If you must slay the tree, cut it down and be done with it. This mutilation of trees now is almost universal in the middle west and before long the cities and towns that have practiced it will be as barren as a brick yard. This is the month when the barbarians go forth with axes and saws, this month and next, so please think it over before you hire somebody to murder God's most graceful works. l .

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

Men Are Still More Important Than Their Creations . CINCINNATI, March 21.—Another riot at the Illinois state prison and that, too, right while a legislative committee was trying to find out what had caused two more within a week. To a layman, it looks as if some theories had suffered along with the rest of the damage. The Illinois state prison consists of two units, an old one at Joliet and anew one at Stateville, three miles away. The old one was built seventy-five years ago, and, though improved from time to time, has many of its original defects. The new one was completed in 1924 and is supposed to contain every inducement to reform and regenration that expert penologists could devise, or money could buy. There are no cages or barred windows in this new unit. Such steel as was considered indispensable is concealed cleverly behind tinted walls or disguised in the form of sash ribs. Every cell is an outside room, with hot and cold water, as well as a radio. An astronomer was called in to locate the buildings in such way that every cell would get at least ninety minutes of sunshine each fair day. \ system of discipline was formulated in keeping with the structure. tt u tt Too Much System LAST Saturday convicts rioted at the old prison, breaking furniture in the mess hall and raising Cain generally. Last Wednesday they rioted at the new prison, setting fire to everything inflammable and raising more Cain. They were locked in their cells, of course, but before anybody could discover what it was all about, some of them began to kick out the glass and started another rumpus on Friday. We can lay it to “the system,” as we do most everything. But which system, or what system? Wouldn’t it just be as well to ask ourselves whether such outbreaks are not encouraged by too much system: whether we are not overdoing the idea of shaping human character by mechanical means, not only in prison, but a lot of other places? And whether the time hasn’t come to consider the possibility of adapting the machine age to men, instead of assuming that men must be made over to fit a machine age?

Deep in Psychology A FORMER resident of Cincinnati just has died in Michigan. He won local fame, not only as last of the city’s chimney sweepers, but as possessor of the longest mustache on record—27 inches from tip to tip. According to the best authority, it was such a handicap to connubial bliss that his wife used to make him tie it behind his ears when he went to bed. Chimney sweeping and the mustache have gone the way of all flesh. The common idea is that both succumbed to mechanical progress—improved combustion and safety razors. The Romans were clean shaven, but had no safety razors. How come? It goes without saying that habits of thought are somewhat affected by tools and material environment. Kit not to such extent as habits of work. When you tackle habits of thought, you tackle something beyond the laboratory, or any contraption of nuts and gadgets and springs. You jump right into the bottomless pit of psychology. tt tt tt Still Important SPEAKING before a ParentTeacher association in Cincinnati Thursday night, Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt expressed the opinion that, while fine buildings and fine equipment were most desirable in our school system, the one great essential was, and always would be, fine teachers. The same idea is worth far more attention than it now gets with regard to every phase of our complicated life and every problem we face. Men are still more important than their creations. The possibility of their living together in peace depends far more on what they think, feel, or fear than on the tools they fashion, or the systems they devise. Build the grandest structure you like, and incompetent or unscrupulous men will make it a source of trouble. Put good men in a shack, and they will make it a source of happiness and inspiration. The fact that w e have found it possible to supplant shacks with grand structures does not mean that we can afford to be indifferent to the kind of people who run them.

-TIC dANTJBiwe-

BATTLE OF ST. QUENTIN March 21,

ON March 21, 1918, the Germans I launched a great offensive by which they hoped to gain a military decision before the influx of American reinforcements. It was called the Battle for St. Quentin, or the Second Battle of the Marne. The attack, said to have surpassed in grandeur if scale and destruction any other in the World war. was begun at 4:30 in the morning. The sudden crash of 6,000 German guns heralded the breaking of the storm. By nightfall the German flood had inundated forty miles of British front. A week later it had penetrated a depth of forty miles. In the weeks to follow the Allies nearly tvere submerged. These weeks rank with that of the Marne in 1914 as the two gravest crisii in the World war. This is where the Germans came closest to a World war victory. In spite of the fact the Germans decisively defeated the British armies and drew twenty French divisions into action at St. Quentin, they were unable to separate the British and French forces. That was an objective.

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Hot Baths Used to Treat Rheumatism

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor, Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygreia, the Health Macazine. HEAT applied to any inflamed tissue serves several purposes. It brings about an increase in the circulation, which results in the exchange of waste products and the bringing in of materials which combat infection. Tire muscles in an inflammatory condition are painful on motion; the application of heat tends to reduce the spasm and tension. Heat may be applied to persons with rheumatism in many different ways. One of the simplest methods is simply to immerse the body entirely in hot water, and thereafter to put .the person between blankets so that the perspiration will be induced, the temperature of the body raised, and the chemical interchanges in the body increased. Baths may be modified by the addition of various types of oils

IT SEEMS TO ME bv

MUCH has been written from time to time lately about factors which bring our courts into disrepute. We all have heard that the man who drinks a cocktail might as well set a bomb under the halls of justice. But at least one factor rests with the judges and lawyers themselves. The average layman hates to be called into court, even as a witness, because he knows that much of his time will be wasted in wholly frivolous proceedings. But I am thinking chiefly of the right which every: citizen should have in court of being treated with reasonable courtesy. When a man appears in the witness box he generally is doing the community a favor. Very often he has to stake whatsoever in the proceedings. He is giving his time so that fair judgment shall be reached. Naturally, a certain amount of pressure through questioning may serve the ends of fact finding. But I see no reason why some limit should not be put upon the badgering of men who have all the appearance of giving honest testimony. tt tt a Silly Rudeness I AM thinking specifically of the trial in which an action for plagiarism was brought against Eugene O’Neil. Among those who testified was George Jean Nathan. Nathan admittedly is a friend of O’Neill, and it would be within his desire that the case should go against the plaintiff. But he is a

Views of Times Readers

Editor Times—The time has come when it becomes of the most vital importance to the people of Indiana and the United States as a whole to decide the truck and bus question, once and for all. The war caused a great tax burden to be loosed upon the people. Prohibition enforcement has caused another. Taxes of all kinds are becoming serious problems. With the paving of roads, anew menace of tax and complicated conditions has arisen which threatens our very existence. Our roads which were once adequate for passenger automobile traffic are becoming increasingly inadequate. Trucks have become larger and larger as roads and bridges have been built. Trucks have been made speedier until they are of express train size and speed. Roads which once were wide enough for passenger auto traffic are becoming extremely dangerous to drive upon, due to size and number of trucks. Roads built to stand up under normal automobile traffic simply are crumbling up and being destroyed under truck and bus traffic. The question now arises, shall all our roads be built to accommodate the truck and bus or shall they be limited to passenger auto traffic' 1 Roads built to accommodate th* truck and bus would cost at leas: three times as much as our present roads and at three times the upkeep. A road under normal traffic will last twenty years. Unde.- truck and bus traffic it will last seven Fears or the equivalent of its cost must be spent keeping it up every seven yearfe

Blind Mans Buff

and salts which serve to stimulate the skin and perhaps to increase the tendency to perspiration. Hot air baths are provided by heating the air in a room to various degrees from 100 degrees Fahrenheit up to 190 degrees Fahrenheit. In a room in which the air is hot and dry, perspiration is profuse, but the temperature of the body is not raised much, because the perspiration evaporates so rapidly. In the Russian bath, steam is driven into the room, and hence there is not only copious perspiration, but also a rise of the temperature of the body. When the temperature of the steam or hot bath is more than 100 degrees, a considerable tax on the system may occur, and such baths should not be taken by any one except persons of fairly robust constitution and sound heart. Immediately after such baths, any one who takes them should lie quietly for at least one-half hour

journalist of high reputation, and there is no reason why he should have been exposed to such remarks as “Oh’ so you set yourself up as a sound judge of English?” Now, that is a perfectly frivolous and silly query. It is wasting the time of the court and of the witness. It was wholly irrelevant. I have the same feeling about Cohalan’s remark, in answer to George Jean Nathan’s testimony that at least twenty other first-rate critics agreed with him in placing O’Neill in the leadership of American playwrights. To this Cohalan remarked, “Oh, I thought there was only one good critic in America.” I don’t understand by what right any lawyer assumes the privilege of making contemptuous and taunting remarks. There is no soundness in the assumption that if you can irritate a witness into anger he will give more veracious testimony. The prize exhibit in this particular performance was a query as to why the critic wore his handkerchief in the upper right hand breast pocket. This seems to me to be a part of a process of reducing court procedure to an absurdity. It is not unreasonable that questions should be asked which are designed to undermine the credibility of any one who appears upon the stand. But I fail to comprehend just what useful sidelight into Nathan’s personality was to be obtained by an inquiry into his preferences as to the location of a handkerchief. Much less latitude should be per-

There are 25,000,000 automobiles in the United States. About 3,000,000 of them are trucks and busses. The passenger automobile was responsible for the paved road. It seems as though the truck and bus will usurp and regulate traffic on the paved road. The truck and bus have caused greater damage than this, though. They have taken so much freight and passenger traffic from the railroads that their existence is threatened. Thousands of railroad men have lost their jobs. A railroad man receives nearly three times the wages that a truck driver or bus driver receives. Whole communities have been affected, causing millions of dollars loss. Railroads pay a great portion of our taxes. If the railroads are forced to abandon their roads, the government will lose the taxes. Its tax loss will be another burden on the people. The railroad has its own right-of-way. It pays all the expenses of its upkeep. Shall we permit its abandonment and shoulder a greater burden? Have we anything to say about our roads or shall we go ahead and shoulder the burdens which have alien upon us. Our backs are bent now-—haven’t we any one with cordage enough to get up and fight so us? Are we going to be like “T. e Toiler”—our heads bent down, our eyes upon the ground, no hope ahead? WALLACE W. AHL. 1546 Hoyt avenue. Where and when did Edward W. Bek die? At Lake Wales, Fla., Jan. 9, 1930.

before attempting to dress and go outdoors. For people who are less robust, the bath at a temperature of 97 degrees Fahrenheit is more suitable. Experts in the treatment of diseases by hydrotherapy also have developed the device called whirlpool baths, in which hot water is driven rapidly around the vat by an especially arranged system of pipes and valves. The whirlpool bath is exceedingly helpful in softening tissues, relieving pain and preparing inflamed muscles and joints for later massage. Massage is a valuable therapeutic measure, particularly when properly associated with heat the care of the body generally. Great care must be taken with massage when tissues ar§v. painful. It should never be forcilit as long as there is acute inflammation. Rough exercise or manipulation of inflamed joints may bring about serious injury.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interestine writers and are presented without resard to their azreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

mitted in cross-examination. And there is no reason why it ever should get to downright rudeness, save in the case of particularly balky and evasive witnesses. As things stand, the rite of examination resolves itself into petty persecution. It is not to be wondered that most of us regard any sort of hearing as something to be avoided if possible. tt tt a Many Nuts WITHOUT passing judgment on this particular action there can be little doubt that many suits for plagiarism fall under the head of mere racketeering. Some have no honest intent save to collect hush money for mere nuisance value. Others are brought by people of the crack-brained sort. The writing world is full of nuts. Whenever a play or book succeeds, there always is somebody with an unsold manuscript ready to cry out that his too was stolen. And it is generally the case in regard to impossible efforts that the manuscript has gone the rounds. Nuts are peculiarly persistent, and many a suit has been based on nothing more than the fact that some hodge-podge or other has passed through a publisher’s reading. There ought to be a penalty imposed upon plaintiffs in such actions. Genuine plagiarism, to be sure, does exist. But it is extremely rare. A good many people from time to time have sent me novels and plays to read and have asked advice as to what they should do with their manuscripts. They seem surprised when I answer that the simple and logical thing to do with a novel is to submit it to a publisher, and that a play very properly may be sent directly to a play producer. Very often the answer comes that they are afraid to do this because they fear that their ideas will be stolen. This seems to me a fantastic notion. (Copyright. 1931. by -The Titoesi

The 1930 Census Our Washington bureau has ready for you in condensed and practical form anew bulletin giving the United States population figures for 1930. This compilation includes the population by states, with comparative figures for 1920, showing the actual and percentage growth in each state; it has a table showing the states in rank of population for 1930; the population for all the principal cities in the United States; comparative statistics for New York and London, the two biggest cities in the world, in detail; a table of the largest cities in the world; the population of the earth by continents; the population by races for the world, and the racial population of Europe. You will find this bulletin a handy source of reference. Fill out the coupon below and send for it. CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. 116, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin UNITED STATES 1930 POPULATION, and inclose herewith 5 cents in coin, or loose, uncancelled United States postage stamps to cover return postage and handling costs: Name Street and Number City State I am a reader of The Indianapolis Tiroes (Code No.)

MARCH 21, 1931

SCIENCE -—BY DAVID DIETZ—-

Many Sciences Blend to Form New Branches of Science, as Astrophysics, Geochem~ istry, Etc. nnHE picture of the universe which modern science furnishes us is one m which many branches of science have helped with the painting. Astronomy supplied the broad outlines. Atomic physics filled in the fine details. Other branches of science fill in a portion here and there. As the picture progressed and the essential unity of the universe became apparent, many border-line sciences developed, branches which cut across two or more fields of the older sciences. Thus astronomy and physics united to form geophysics, geology and chemistry to form geochemistry. Similarly, chemistry and physics merge in physical chemistry and chemistry and biology in biochemistry. To get a complete picture of the universe, we must call on each scientist, the “old-line” representatives as well as the spokesmen of the newer branches. Let us begin by hearing the testimony of the astronomer.

Earth Demoted r T"'HE astronomer begins by demoting our earth from the place of importance which ancient cosmogonies gave it. The earth is not the center around which the rest of creation revolves. It is one of nine known planets whiah revolve around the sun. He continues the deflation process by pointing out that our sun is only an average star. There are many stars larger than our sun, many that are more massive, and many that are brighter. Our sun is only one of forty billion stars that go to form the galaxy. The galaxy is a great watchshaped or lens-shaped collection of stars. When we look at the Milky Way we see such a great concentration of stars because we are staring into the depths of the galaxy. We are looking along the hands ct the watch, so to speak. When we look at right angles to the Milky Way, we see so few stars because we are looking out through the front or back of the watch. Perhaps a few figures will help to get the picture which the astronomer furnishes us. From the earth to its satellite, the moon, is 240,000 miles. PYom the earth to the sun is 93,000,000 miles. From the earth to the nearest star is 25,000,000,000.000 miles. That distance is more conveniently stated in terms of light-years, the distance which a beam of light travels in a year, approximately 6,000,000,000,000 miles. The nearest star is four and a third light-years away. Astronomers have calculated the dimensions of the galaxy in lightyears. The diameter the long way, that is, along the hands of the watch, is about 300,000 light-years. The diameter the short way, that is. from the front to the back of the watch is about 30,000 light-years.

Beyond the Galaxy THE question which arises at once is: What lies in space beyond the galaxy? The astronomer is ready to testify on that point up to the limit of his largest telescope, the 100-inch reflector at the Mt. Wilson observatory. When the new 200-inch telepscope is completed, he will have more to tell us. Beyond our galaxy the astronomer finds objects at immense distances, which are known by a number of names, the most familiar being that of the spiral nebulae. They also are known as the liongalactic nebulae and as the exterior galaxies. These names, which seem somewhat contradictory, arise from the fact that for some time there was considerable disagreement about their exact nature. Originally, they were called the spiral nebulae, because the most conspicuous ones are spiral in form, resembling in appearance the pinwheels shot off in Fourth of July fire,'-.ms displays. Later it was found that many were not spiral in shape, but globular, and so the name non-galactic was used as a better name, signifying that they were beyond the limits of our own galaxy. Hence the name island galaxy, or exterior galaxy, came to be applied to them. About 2,000,000 exterior galaxies lie within the range of the 100-inch telescope. .The nearest is 870,000 light-years away. The most distant one is 140,000,000 light-years away There is no reason for supposing that there are not more distant ones. Undoubtedly, the 200inch telescope will reveal them.

Daily Thought

For wrath killeth the foolish man and envy slayeth the silly one.—Job 5:2. Anger begins with folly and ends with repentance.—Pythagoras.