Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 265, Indianapolis, Marion County, 17 March 1931 — Page 4

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Poor Relief Commendable as may be the purpose of the members of the county council to keep down taxes, tl ere is one spot where not even they will dare to stand and defend a program of retrenchment on poor relief. This is the refusal to give any needy person proper sustenance. Nor will any reduction of either amount or quality of food be tolerated by a community that still has a heart, even if it has no jobs for the workless. It is costing this city very much money to support the families of the unemployed. It is costing other cities much more. It will continue to cost money until this and other cities find a cure for unemployment. If there has been either mismanagement or private profit in the distribution of food to the hungry, the county council has a duty to demand changes. Every penny spent by the public for relief should and must go to the needy. ' But there must and can be no arbitrary limit to the amount spent for this purpose. That would be notice to the world that the city is ready to let men, women and children starve rather than raise tax limits. It would be, in the end, the philosophy of killing the needy and the unfit. A Colonial Office President. Hoover is said to be considering the Idea of a colonial bureau to handle ail our foreign possessions. That is a good idea. Doubtless he will have it in mind when he sails on his Caribbean tour this week. Most citizens probably assume that the United States already has a colonial qfflcc. The need for centralization and co-ordination is obvious, especially in a highly specialized activity such as colonial administration. Why, then, have we gone on with the present inefficient system? There are two reasons. The first is a matter of hypocrisy. We can not have a colonial office without admitting that we have an empire. We don’t like to admit that. We like to assume that we still arc a republic, with no imperial ambitions, no desire to rule over other peoples. We like to think of the Declaration of Independence—and forget that its application to the Philippines and Porto Rico would mean independence for these subject peoples. A colonial office would mean that wc have colonies, and we object to calling them colonics. A colony implies alien rule and alien exploitationimperialism. Wc want to forget that we have come to rank with Great Britain as the largest of imperialistic powers. The second reason we have no central colonial bureau is that the various governmental departments which now control different colonies have a vested interest in them. The war department wants to keep its hands on the Philippines and Porto Rico, the interior department will not give up Hawaii and Alaska, the navy department wants to keep control of Guam and Samoa, and only reluctantly let go of the Virgin islands, though none of the three departments is fitted for such colonial administration. In addition to that jumble, the state department, on the side, runs our unofficial colonial affairs in Cuba, Haiti and Nicaragua. We should have the honesty to admit the fact that wc are an imperial power, ruling subject peoples. And as long as we are in that business, we should do the job as efficiently as possible. That means in the first place the creation of an independent colonial office or bureau, centralizing the common problems and duties. It means in the second place the development of a specially trained and experienced personnel for colonial service, comparable to our present military and diplomatic services. Colonial administration, as Great Britain long Since discovered, is a job for experts. Retired army aed navy officers, lame duck politicians, and party campaign contributors are not adequate for the task. Here is a problem which Hoover inh—'ted. We believe it is precisely the kind of problem, that Hoover can solve. He has made a good beginning in transferring the Virgin islands from naval to civilian government. We hope that, before he finishes, he will have a separate colonial bureau, with complete responsibility for all foreign possessions and with a trained personnel in colonial service. Dogs and Men A foundation has been established for study of the problems of dogs, we learn in a dispatch from Rockford, 111. P. M. Chappel. who endowed the foundation, says its object is the maximum of happiness for our dogs, and he says there are 8,000,000 of them—or one to every four families. The foundation is particularly interested in the welfare of dogs obliged to live in apartments, and this is not surprising. These dogs can’t get out to fight other dogs, they can't chase cats, and do other things that dogs like to do. They must submit to the indignity of wearing muzzles and be led about by leashes. And many of them are forced to wear blankets in the winter time, an offense to a dog's pride. “The dog probably is the last link binding man to nature," says Chappel. Perhaps he is right, as far as city-dwelling dogs are concerned. Country dogs lead happier lives. They can herd cattle or sheep, chase rabbits, talk to other dogs, and pretty much lead their own lives, barking and running when they feel like it. Mr. Chappel's foundation reminds us of the wellknown eulogy of Senator Vest of Missouri to the dog: “The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son and daughter that he has reared with loving care may become ungrateful. Those nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and good name, may become traitors to their faith. “The money that a man has he may lose. It flies away from him when he may need it most. Man’s reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of illconsidered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees and do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its. cloud upon our heads. The one absolutely unselfish friend a man may have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts r him, the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is the dog."

The Indianapolis Times (A BCBIFPS-HOWABD NEWSPAPER) Owned end published dally (except Sunday) by The Indlanapolla Time* Publishing Cos., 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis, ind. Price in Marion County, 2 centa a copy; elsewhere, 3 cents—delivered by carrier. 1 2 cents t week. BOYD GURLBY. ROY W. HOWARD, FRANK G. MORRISON. Editor / President Business Manager PHONE—Riley MSI TUESDAY, MARCH 17. 1931. Member of United Press Scrippa-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Asso' elation. Newspaper Information Service and Andlt Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

One Man or Many After all, a millionaire has only one stomach. He can't possibly wear more than a few hundred pair of shoes in a year. There is a limit to the clothes he can wear, the beds he can sleep in, and the yachts and automobiles in which he can ride. There’s one thing a millionaire can’t do, with all his riches. He can’t consume enough goods to keep enough factories working so that there will be jobs and food for the rest of the people. He may scatter bank notes recklessly here and there, but, no matter how much money he spends, it does not have the effect on industry that the same amount of money would have if spent by a hundred thousand men, or ten thousand men, for shoes and overalls, and shirts, and other necessities of life. That is why income tax figures just announced by the treasury department have such grave import. In the first eight months of 1929, 504 men with incomes of more than a million do’lars a year possessed one-twentieth of the nation’s wealth. Where there had been 7,259,944 persons filing income taxes in 1920, only 4,034,702 filed in 1929. And where, in 1920, six and a half million men and women with small incomes had almost fifteen and a half billion dollars to spend, in 1929 the number of small income earners had been reduced to three million, and they had only a little more than eight billion dollars. In ten years the number of men with incomes of more than a million has„ been multiplied by fifteen and the total amount of their incomes has been multiplied by twenty . . . while the foundation of the prosperity that made this possible has been rotting away because the people who could have kept factories humming and men and women working had no money with which to buy. A great economist predicted years ago that capitalism would commit suicide through greed. Unless we are ready to see capitalism end, and with it the whole social order that we have known heretofore, the increasing concentration of wealth revealed by the treasury department can not fail to alarm us. _ i Americans, according to recent statistics, made and consumed 8,000,000 pounds more pretzels last year than in 1925. Proving, we suppose, that pretzels are now worth their salt. It may have meant something else to the Indians, but to the average woman shopper the happy hunting ground is most any department store bargain counter. Young Stribling, heavyweight contender, used to be referred to as a down-and-outer. But now that lie has purchased a hotel in Florida, it's more likely he’ll have his inns-and-outs. A woman recently was acquitted for shooting her husband in a bridge quarrel. This probably will encourage many a wife, in future bridge games, to put more steam in the kick directed at her mate’s shin. Maurice Chevalier, according to his publicists, is not so much interested in the $78,000 he’s going to get for broadcasting as he is in the drama of the thing. The delicatessen dealer had a word for it. The new chief justice of the Florida supreme court formerly was a cook. He’ll still see to it, however, that law violators will get their just deserts. Would you call a stage star who fails to click in the movies a matinee idle? The man who went through the war without a scratch now wears woolen underwear each winter. A bridge player with thirteen spades, points out the office sage, bids fair to succeed. Eggs are being used in Armenia for money. It must be easy there to drop a fortune. “Influenza Foxtrot,” is said to be the title of the latest dance tune. Get hot! “The play’s the thing,” as even a bridge player might say. < Then there's the facetious dry cleaner who advertised: “We’re Johnny on the spots.”

REASON

PRESIDENT HOOVER plans to make a tour of the country and wants to visit twenty-four states if he can. It's not a bad idea, for the President is merely a name to almost everybody, and it would be valuable politically if he could dramatize himself. * tt tt But he’s having a terrible time figuring out an itinerary, for all of the Republican senators are pestering the life out of him to come and visit them. a U * \ First of all, there’s Senator Norris of Nebraska. He simply won’t take “No” for an answer. He’s getting a lot of young chickens to fry, and in addition he has put out some onions and radishes. a NEXT there’s Senator Cutting of New Mexico. He is stocking a stream with full-grown trout and in addition he would like to take the President hunting bobcats. a a a Then there’s Senator Hiram Johnson. He demands that the President come and stay at least a month. The senator would like nothing better than to have Hoover all to himself, far away from the haunts of man. AND there’s Senator Borah. Ah, there’s a Hoover admirer, whose constancy is as unalterably fixed as the north star . He Is the most insistent of all. He demands not only that the President come to his Idaho fireside, but that he bring the grandchiliren and stay at least six weeks. tt Then on the way back east Hoover must go up to the Dakotas and visit Nye. Already the placid and imperturbable Nye is arranging entertainment for his White House guest. Among other things he is to take Mr. Hoover on an investigating tour. • AND then, of course, he'll just have ta stop off in Wisconsin and visit Senator La Follette. La Fol;ette is simply on the warpath, demanding that the President give him half of his entire vacation. Among other things, Senator La Follette has arranged to take Mr. Hoover to Milwaukee and let him observe first hand how the “noble experiment” works. So, all in all, it's hard to see how Mr. Hoover can meet the social demands of the insurgents and still visit twenty-four states.

ry FREDERICK LANDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

In the New Order of Things, Our Children Are Getting Mighty Little of What Might Be Called Ethical Training. SPEAKING of revolutions, possible, imaginary and otherwise, we Americans are emerging from one of the greatest in human history. We fail to realize it, because the usual noise has been lacking. We don’t know what to do because the situation is unprecedented. Most of our problems originate in the necessity of readjustment, however, which proves the point. No nation on earth ever was compelled to grapple with more sweeping changes in the same length of time. TL: fact that those changes have been brought about without strife and bloodshed does not alter their character. Except as it retains the same Constitution and the same flag, the United States of 1931 bears little resemblance to the United States of 1831, or even 1881. Look at the traffic on our city streets, the way we spend Sunday, the city manager form of government, the soda pop bill, the racket, the federal court, or a hundred and one other things. a tt tt Charge Is Startling WE travel where we used to stay at home, and, to make traveling comfortable, we have built a bigger and better road system than all the nations of antiquity put together. We have come to regard this as rather commonplace, a necessary convenience, or, at most, a rather sizable achievement. The idea that it lias played havoc with some of our customs and methods seldom enters our heads, but it lias. Just to give one example, it has forced us to place three-fourths of our cops at street intersections, which means that, though we have enlarged our police force greatly, we actually have fewer men watching crooks and criminals than we had twenty-five years ago. A study of this particular situation recently made in Chicago shows that of the city’s 6,700 policemen, all but 760 are assigned to special duty. There probably are ten times as many gangsters, yet people wonder how the racket survives. tt tt a One-Man Business Passes INDUSTRY not only lias supplanted agriculture as this country's chief business, but it lias become organized. The one-man institution virtually has disappeared. Where we used to have the village carpenter, we now have the city sash and door mill, with stockholders, time clocks and “no admittance" signs on its gates. Generally speaking, we accept the change as strictly a matter of economics, but it has added much to our educational problem. Fifty years ago, boys -spent a great . deal of time with their fathers at the workshop, in the store, or on the farm. Millions of them are denied that privilege today. Save on ihe farm, which is playing an ever smaller part in our affairs, the boys of this country have little contact with men actually at work. a Little Ethical Training FIFTY years ago most of our children acquired a definite conception of right and wrong through religious contact. Heaven only knows how they are acquiring it now. We have tried to provide a substitute in such institutions as the Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., and Boy Scouts, but they usually come into the child's life too late, while in the majority of cases they don’t come at all. Except as they can absorb it for themselves, our children are getting a mighty small amount of what justly cou?d be described as ethical training, and it’s mainly due to that new order which we commonly think of as confined to industry. tt tt Upheaval in Social Order Fifty years ago, the children of this country learned a great deal of practical value through’association with animal life, but that now is out of the question for most of them. Automobiles don’t cry with pain, get sick and die. When one plays out, there is nothing to regret but the money loss. It wasn’t so with old Dobbin, or the pet calf. Children are growing up with a tensely mechanical viewpoint, not only toward the contraptions ’of steel, brass, and nickel with which they are surrounded, but toward everything else, their companions included. Again, we have done a mighty poor job in finding the obviously needed substitutes. And so one might go on ad infinitum. Not only our economic system has changed, but our social order, religious viewpoint, and habits of life. We have been so interested in the prosperity angle of it all as to leave a lot of gaps unbridged.

Questions and Answers

Was an airplane pilot killed during the filming of the motion picture “Hell’s Angel?” Two pilots and a mechanic were killed. The pilots were not, however, stunting before the camera at the time. A1 Johnson’s plane struck some wires while attempting a landing at Caddo field, near Van Nuys, Cal., and was wrecked; C. K. Phillips crashed while en route from Los Angeles to Oakland in an S. E. 5 English plane. The mechanic, Phil Jones, did sacrifice his life for movie realism. The left wing of his plane collapsed as he was beginning a tail spin from an altitude of 7,500 feet. The scene was to have depicted the relic of a German aerial circus executing a hazardous tail spin from a dizzy height. What percentage of the football games played by University of Notre Dame have been lost and won since Knute Rockne t became the coach? According to a recent newspaper compilation, Not~e Dame has lost only 13 games, won 111 and tied 6 during the fourteen years that Knute Rockne has been coach.

‘Anyway, They Can’t Say I Was a Piker!’

Reduce Your Weight at the Table

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor, Journo) of the American Medics' Association and of Hygtla, the Health Mazarine. A FAMOUS German physician said that the chief measure of importance in preventing overweight was the cultivation of sufficient will power to avoid the taking of too much food. A celebrated specialist said that the only exercise of any importance in the reduction of weight w r as the ability to turn the head slowly from left to right and back again, indicating that one did not care for a second helping at the table. Some experiments just completed by one of the large life insurance companies indicate that self-discipline required to maintain permanent reduction in weight is evidently too severe for most people who weigh too much. Dr. H. H. Fellows began an experiment in 1923 with 294 overweight employes in an attempt to reduce their weight. The treatment consisted almost

IT SEEMS TO ME by h ™ d

TN a news dispatch the president -*• of Harvard university is reported to have found out by personal experience what Harvard undergraduates talk about. According to the story, President Lowell wandered into the dining hall of one of the dormitories in search of a faculty member whom he was unable to find. 'Thereupon he sat down at a table without introducing himself and joined in the general conversation. “We talked of Horace and Virgil and the other Latin poets,” President Lowell said delightedly, “and I don’t think they recognized me.” On this incident the head of Harvard is disposed to argue even more strongly for a house plan as one which would have a decidedly democratic influence. But if the anecdote is founded on sact —and I refuse to take it without several grains of salt—it seems to me to indicate a deplorable condition among the undergraduates of a great university. President Lowell thinks he wasn’t recognized. That may be so.- Still, they couldn’t have thought he was Butch McGuiness, the hammer thrower. At least the students knew that here was an old gentleman of academic demeanor who would have nothing worthwhile to contribute if the talk veered around to the relative merits of Camera and Jack Sharkey. If A. Lawrence Lowell wants to know what students talk about, he’d better send a dictaphone next timeand stay away. This would make a more accurate and interesting record. Under this plan he might even hear something about A. Lawrence Lowell. ana The Date Is April 2 THE mass meeting on the New York vice investigation will be held on the night of April 2 at Town Hall. The management of Town Hall has kindly agreed to furnish its auditorium without charge, so naturally admission will be free. And this columnist is glad to point out that he is not playing the role of Lord Bountiful, or anything like that. If Jimmy Walker resigns or is ousted before April 2 we’ll hold the meeting anyw’ay. Details to come. Speaking of his rendezvous with Palm Springs, Cal., Jimmy Walker said in Chicago: “They tell me that no matter how hot the sun gets out there, it never blisters.” Possibly the citizens of New York may contrive, even at this distance, to make up for that lack. There seerrfto be a number of New Yorkers who are eager and enthusiastic about presenting the mayor with a blister in absentio. nan Against a Columnist Herman f. reissig, pastor of the Kings Highway Congregational church in Brooklyn, writes to me as follows t “I write not to condemn but simply to record my rather bewildered reaction to your column. When you were campaigning for a political office & the Socialist ticket I often felt that I should like to read

'DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

entirely of restricting diet, combined with carefully directed exercise and in a few cases where there was evidence’ that the thyroid was deficient, a prescription of a certain amount of thyroid extract. At the end of the course, which lasted from a few weeks to several months, 237 of the 294 had lost weight, but 19 per cent had not lost w’eight. For those who did lose, the average reduction was fifteen pounds. Now these intelligent employes had been instructed as to how to eat and how to live so as to keep their weight down to what might be considered normal for their height. At the end of the first year 224 of th original 294 were examined, and it was found that only 32 per cent had been able to maintain reduction in weight, but the vast majority had regained about ten pounds, or almost two-thirds of the amount that they previously had lost. At the end of the fifth year, 193 of the original 294 still were employed by the company and thus available for examination. It was I

some of your pieces from my pulpit. “You combined keen perspection with what I thought was a very real moral earnestness. I agreed with almost everything you had to say about our political and economi.’ theory and practice. “But I found it hard to reconcile what you wrote as a candidate with your reports on your recent trip away from New York. You wrote with glee about the money you lost or won in gambling. “You reported your delight in finding places where a man may spend as much as he pleases on drink without fear of the law. “You follow this up on March with a piece in which you ask New Yorkers, who, like your self, frequent speakeasies without compunction, see no harm in gambling and are not unwilling to ask a friend about fixing up some minor traffic violation, to show a little Indignation in the face of the scandals unearthed by Judge Seabury. “You may think what you like about the policy of prohibition. I only question your right inferentially to encourage the attitude which laughs at speakeasies while at t.ie same time calling for an ethical sensitiveness to the greed and corruption of which murders are only an incidental expression. “I think you will have to ask for a long while for much more moral indignation from those who can gamble while thousands are waiting in bread lines and who can bring

Views of Times Readers

Editor Times —Just a few remarks regarding an announcement published a few days ago in the press regarding celebration* of St. Patrick’s day by the Ancient Order of Hibernians of Indianapolis and Marion county. A few years ago, prior to the annual state convention of the American Legion, among the prominent candidates for state commander of the legion was a fine young Irishman who had seen some tough service overseas. His name was O'Shaugnessy; his home in Lawrenceburg, Ind. That particular convention was held during the heyday of the KuKlux Klan of Indiana and, of course, the klan, beilng no respecter of persons or organizations, found its slimy way into the ranks of the American Legion and, of course, such ten-dollar Americans never could let such a calamity befall the American Legion of Indiana as to have a man named O’Shaugnessy, a Catholic, to become state commander. So, one of the principal saviors of the legion in those days of peril was Bowman Elder, who at that time stood very high in the membership and councils of the KuKlux Klan and who since has been doing all in his power to cause the legion members to forget his pillow slip connections. Bowman Elder at that time cast about for a candidate with whom to defeat the terrible O'Shaugnessy threat, and with the assistance of the klan influence, then within the state legion, they decided that Paul

found that of this 193, only 21 per cent showed a further loss in weight, whereas the remainder who had lost on an average of sixteen pounds during the first treatment had regained eighteen pounds in the following five years.

The important fact was discovered that of all those who were overweight, at least one-half were descendants of parents who were inclined to be overweight. It was found that reduction in weight was of benefit in lowering the blood pressure and in helping patients with heart disease and high blood pressure. Experiments showed that people who are overweight can reduce and maintain a normal weight, provided they are properly controlled in the process. However, the vast majority of people do not have enough will power, self-discipline, intelligence or whatever it is that one chooses to call the mental stamina that is necessary to maintain a reduction in weight and to avoid the eating of too much food.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

themselves to visit speakeasies which are indubitably a part of the underworld system. “For me the effect of your calls to a sterner public conscience is at least partly vitiated by the thought that they may have been written just after a visit to a gambling place or speakeasy.” a a tt At Least It Isn’t News I DON’T know why the good pastor should be bewildered. He may, In all logic, oppose many of my theories and most of my habits. But it can hardly be news that I go to speakeasies. And, as a matter of fact, in the congressional campaign to which he refers I ran as a wringing wet, and frequently announced that I was for the immediate repeal of the Volstead act, if possible. I maintain that it was not incompatible for me to put silver dollars on a roulette wheel at Agua Caliente, Sonora, Mexico, and still have a sincere interest in the problems of unemployment. In fact, I’ll bet the good pastor two silver dollars that in addit on to playing more poker than he has, I’ve also devoted more time and work to the problem of unemployment. But any such discussion is trivial and tasteless. My habits have nothing to do with the civic situation. I’m not running for anything or planning to run.

(Copyright. 1931. by The Times)

V. McNutt was the logical man. Paul, of course, could and did pose as an Irishman, but the klan element knew better and knew that Paul could be a good kluxer or be almost anything if by so doing he would advance the personal interests of Paul himself. The result of that state convention is well known, as the Klan, sweeping all before it in Indiana, swept Paul V. McNutt into office as state commander of the American Legion in place of a real soldier and real Irishman, O’Shaughressy of Lawrenceburg, Ind. Now what an inspiring sight it is on this feast day of the great Irish saint to behold Paul V. McNutt as the principal speaker before the A. O. H. of Marion county. A few of us sent word to O’Shaughnessy of Lawrenceburg asking him if he would care to be present. Os course, all of us who are Irish and members of the Legion know what is back of this spectacle. It is caused by a very few demagogs; Democratic politicians who would stop at nothing to further their own political ambitions, and they feel almost positive that Paul V. McNutt, past Klan advocate, bogus Irishman, and so forth, will be the next Governor of Indiana, and they are about to succeed in using this grand old Irish organization to further the candidacy of Paul V. McNutt In 1932, and the rank and file of the A. <©. H. are sitting idly by and permitting

.MARCH, 17,1931

SCIENCE

BY DAVID DIETZ From the Days of the Caveman, We have Been Trying to Solve the Puzzle of the Uni verse. WHEN George Bernard Shaw called Professor Einstein a universe-maker, he summed up in a phrase the reason for the great popularity of the German scientist. From the days of the caveman, mankind has been trying to solve the puzzle of the universe. The early ; mythologies marked man’s first attempt to understand his environment. To ancient man, the universe was a disconcerting place, full of caprice. And so. to explain the phenomena that went on around him, the people the heavens with the gods and goddesses of Mt. Olympus, and filled the hills and trees and streams with giants, nymphs, and spirit*. It was another universe-make; who wrote the story of Genesis, trying to account for the origin of the cosmos. More precisely, it was two universe-makers, for, as every student of Biblical literature know*, there are two stories of creation in Genesis. The first one starts with the majestic opening sentence of Genesis, and runs to chapter 2, verse 4. where the second account begins. It is the first account which tells of the creation of the world in six days, but it is the second which has Eve being created from a rib of Adam. Earth at Center TT is interesting to trace the steps A In man’s universe-making. From the start, he naturally assumed that his earth was the center of the universe. It is possible to reconstruct the Biblical idea of cosmogony from a reading of Genesis. The earth was a great flat plain. The sky was an actual vault or celling over the earth. The stars were lights suspended from the ceiling. The moon and the sun were merely larger lights, as Genesis tells us, one to shine by day and the other by night When it rained, it was because Ur windows of the sky had been opened, permitting the waters which were above the firmament to leak through. Similar simple cosmogonies were developed by other ancient peoples. The Greeks in the time of Homer, for example, not only imagined that the earth was the center of the universe, but that Greece w r as the center of the earth. The earth of the Homeric Greeks w’as a sort of plate-shaped affair. Around its rim ran what Homer called the “River ocean.” The sun was the chariot of the sun god who drove it across the sky each day from east to west. At first, it was supposed that the sun god went by boat on the River ocean behind a screen of obscuring mountains from the point of sunset to the point of sunrise. Later it w’a s supposed that he traveled under the earth. This necessitated an earth raised up on pillars. The ancient Indians had a similar idea. They believed the earth was supported on the backs of four gigantic elephants. These in turn stood upon a gigantic turtle who floated on a universal ocean. tt tt it Astronomer-Priests MAN S universe-making has progressed slowly through the ages. A great step forw’ard was taken by the ancient astronomerpriests of Babylon who learned to predict eclipses and to follow the motions of the planets. There was less of caprice and more of order in the universe for the star-gazerv who could tell the rising of a planet or the occurrence of an eclipse. Perhaps our list of scientific uni-verse-makers should begin with the names of two Chaldean astronomers. They were Naburiannu and Kidinnu. It is only recently that science has learned about them. Long years of study of obscure Babylonian texts by a number of Jesuit scholars in Germany, Fathers Epping, Strassmaier, and Kugler, have revealed their importance. They laid the foundations for Greek astronomy and scientific cosmogony. Thales of Miletus was the first of the Greek universe-makers. He taught that the earth was a sphere, that the stars shone by their own light, and tat the moon shone by reflected sunlight. Thales lived from 640 to 546 B. C. Another universe-maker among the Greeks was Pythagaras, who lived from about 580 to 457 B. C. To him belongs the distinction of having been the first to teach that, the earth revolved around the sun.

ST. PATRICK’S DAT March 17 ON March 17 Irishmen, wherevci they may happen to be, celebrate the festival of St. Patrick, their great national saint .who died on that date In 493, at the patriarchal age of 106. The day is a national holiday in Ireland and is observed with much enthusiasm. The shamrock is worn everywhere, in commemoration oi the fact that when St. Patrick wa. preaching the doctrine of the Trinity he made use of this plant, bearing three leaves upon one stem at a symbol of the great mystery. St. Patrick’s work in Ireland may be summed up by saying that he founded 565 churches and planted a school by the side of each; that he organized at least one archiepiscopal see, consecrated two or more bishops, established one or two colleges, and civilized the people generally. The most popular of the legends regarding the saint is that which gives him credit for driving all the snakes out of Ireland. this disgraceful arrangement to become a fact. I want to serve notice now that there are legions of real Irish and a few thousand members of the American Legion in Indiana who already are starting the fireworks to see to It that Paul V. McNutt never will occupy the Governor’s chair In Indiana. LAWRENCE F. MORAN. R. R. C, Box 53.