Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 262, Indianapolis, Marion County, 13 March 1931 — Page 6

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Do We Want Revolution? No other political group in the country can gather from its own ranks such an imposing list of practical scientists and economic experts as attended the progressive conference in Washington. In Brains, in practical experience, and in constructive program, no other political group can approach this one. Since brains count in the long run, all should hope that the progressives are going to have more and more to say in governing this nation. The sooner the better. The round table Thursday on unemployment and stabilization of business was typical of the superior intelligence and experience of this group. To name but a few’ of the speakers: There was the chairman, Senator La Follette, who began working four years ago to prevent this depression, while most political and business leaders prated of permanent prosperity, and who has led every recent fight in congress for unemployment prevention and relief. Then there are Dr. Leo Volman, Dr. Stuart Chase and Dr. George Soule, three outstanding industrial economists of the country; William Green of the American Federation of Labor; D. B. Robertson of the Railway Brotherhoods and Sidney Hillman of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, the three chiefs of virtually the entire organized labor movement of the country. And Mayor Frank Murphy of Detroit, whose daring and wisdom in meeting the unemployment crisis has put to shame the timorous conservatism of most metropolitan executives. These progressives, who speak with the authority of facts and experience, are singularly unanimous in their diagnosis of the sickness of our industrial society and in their prescription for a cure. They are agreed that there is no simple quick panacea. But they are equally agreed that there are definite practical measures which can be and should be undertaken now by industry and by government to cope with the emergency and prevent its recurrence. They are agreed that the cure must be drastic. * * * Their plan, in general, is as follows: 1. The responsibility of capital to guarantee steady and adequately paid work for labor—a charge upon industry prior to the dividend rights of stockholders. Industry must set aside a sufficient portion of its income to permit advance, planning and staggering of production over periods of depression, and for unemployment insurance.. . : . To take up permanent 'unemployment slack caused by increased machine production and efficiency, and to permit labor to share the increased profits therefrom, high wage levels must be maintained and the working week reduced to five days or less. This is not only practicable, but necessary, in the interest of capital. Only through such a wider distribution of -wealth among producers can there be a sustained consumers’ market upon w’hich capitalist profits depend. £ * £ 2. The direct responsibility of government to protect the mass of its citizens when capital violates the inalienable rights of the common man to labor, to eat and to live. The federal government has failed completely in this duty. It should establish a permanent national economic council, representative of capital and labor and public and comparable to the war industries and labor boards, as a clearing house for facts and plans. * The federal government should provide adequate industrial and labor statistics as an indispensable barometer, now lacking. It should stagger public construction over periods of depression. It should co-ordinate and administer a national employment system of city, state and federal agencies. It should encourage and aid the states in providing the social insurance which industry has failed to provide, insurance against industrial accidents, old age and unemployment. It should abolish child labor, and thus release to unemployed adults 1,000,000 jobs. It should set an example for private industry by initiating the five-day week for federal employes. Pending stabilization of employment, when private and municipal funds are inadequate to meet emergencies such as the present, the federal government should prevent starvation by distributing through local agencies direct relief from federal appropriations. For this and all other federal expenditure necessary to prevent unemployment and care for its innocent victims, the government should use the income and inheritance taxes to make the rich pay to save the economic system of which they are the chief beneficiaries. If capital will not permit a wider distribution of wealth through higher wage.^

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPPB-HOWABD MiWSPAPEB) Owned and pnblished daily (except Sunday) by Tbe Indianapolie Time* Publishing Cos 214-220 West Maryland Street Indianapolis. Ind. Price in Msrlon County. 2 cents a copy: elsewhere. Z cents—delivered by carrier 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY. ROY W HOWARD, FRANK G MORRISON Editor Fresident Business Manager PHONE— Kil-y '-'M FRIDAY. MARCH 13. 193 L Member of United Press Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Assoelatlon Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own JVay.”

and shorter hours for labor, the government by taxation must redistribute wealth sufficiently to maintain the production and con. sumption of goods. # * # The alternative is revolution. Free men will not starve in the midst of wealth. They will destroy the government which protects a system of economic slavery. The price of survival in the machine age is planned economy. If it can not be provided by our democracy, it will be attempted by a dictatorship. If democracy can not provide jobs and a decent living for the masses, as the progressives demand, this country is headed for Fascism or Communism. Is democracy worth saving? Is civilization worth while? Those in power have failed. Why not follow the new leaders ? Taxi Regulation One of the necessities of modern city life is an efficient taxi service at prices which are fair to those who use them. This city once had a rather bad reputation because of its charges for this service. The comparison with other cities was unfavorable. The situation no longer exists, due to competition which came largely from cabs owned by their drivers. Theoretically, the best service should come from those who have not only the ownership but the operation of their cabs themselves. The owner is likely to be more careful of his property than one whom he employs. His financial responsibility is always at stake. Just what evils at this time demand any new regulation in this city, beyond that already established by state laws, should be carefully explained to the members of the city council when that body attempts such regulation next week. Giving any board power of life and death to any enterprise which desires to compete, in this business is wrong in principle. Such a provision is suggested. The rates may still be too high. The door should be opened for competition, especially from drivers of their own cabs, as a safeguard against any combination or trust agreement in the future. There are many objectionable features in the proposed ordinance. Perhaps the whole project of new regulation is objectionable and unnecessary. There’s many a beauty parlor with rooms for improvement. Lots of men of few words often say a mouthful. Pilsudski, president of Poland, refuses to have a female domestic servant in his home. A self-maid man, apparently. Infei iority complexes don t worry some women as much as Inferiority complexions. Tunnels are called tubes, points out the office sage, possibly because of the squeeze you get In them. Akron, 0., rubber center, is said to be the healthiest city in the United States. In a business slump, of course, workers there don’t tire as much. Would it be appropriate, asks the office sage, to call a rasslin match a “joint” debate?

REASON

OWEN D. YOUNG has made the declaration that he will not be a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency, but the other day he took the train and made a trip to visit his old school teacher, and this is a very suspicious circumstance. a a a The former kaiser paid $1,190 at an auction in Potsdam for the watch which belonged to Frederick the Great, which is a lot more, in all probability, ’loan Frederick would be willing to pay for anything :hat once belonged to Bill. a a a The papers say that the fund created for the Wickersham committee may expire before the committee finishes its work. As this committee s value is nil, the government should adjourn it and give, what’s left of the fund to the people who are out of work. a a a WILBUR GLENN VOLIVA, prophet of the religious establishment of Zion, HI., has returned from a three-year cruise of the world and still declares that tire world is flat. In this view he is supported by Raskob and other leading opponents of the eighteenth amendment. a a a Voliva announces furthermore that the world will come to an end in 1935. This likely will result in a vast reduction of the numtor of candidates for President in 1932, as the successful one would get to serve only half his term before the grand finale. ft u a But Voliva’s forecast will not cause the furore which used to result when his kind announced that the curtain was about ‘to drop upon the last act. In those days the faithful prepared to ascend, putting on their robes and mounting hay stacks for the takeoff. a a a MORE people used to get tonsilitis from sitting on hay stacks, waiting for Gabriel, than from any other cause. But having been thrown down year after year, it’s hard now to aiouse the old-time enthusiasm. a a a We hope Justice Holmes will live to be 100, if he feels that way about it, for he is the outstanding citizen of the country and the outstanding jurist of the world. a a a To achieve his wonderful record he has had to survive three wounds received during the Civil war and, what was more difficult, survive the fame of his father of the very same name. He is the Grand Old Man. of .America.

ny FREDERICK LAMDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

People Are Beginning to Talk, Which Is a Good Sign, as They Must Do Some Thinking to Keep Talking * Ts VANSVILLE, Ind, March 13. Judging from what has happened during the last nine days, the recent session of congress did a great deal to pep up politics. First, Chairman Raskob dares the Democrats to tackle prohibition. While they argue over the idea in more or less shocked amazement, thee Anti-Saloon League picks up his challenge, which makes the situation consistent, if not clear. Then the progressives hold a twoday palaver, the most important result of which is that most of them will string along with the grand old party. 1 Then Mr. Wickersham rises to remark that the report on prohibition recently made by his commission really favors the wets and that they ought to feel encouraged by it. Then stalwart Senator Fess of Ohio goes down south for a little rest and recuperation before undertaking to defend the Hoover administration with, such pitying publicity as, in his opinion, it deserves. m a a Makes People Think OBVIOUSLY, people are beginning to talk, if not to think, which is a good sign, since nobody can talk very long without being obliged to think. Nor is it necessarily a pessimistic view of conditions in this country to imagine that they require thinking. - •" Whether one considers them from an economic, or social standpoint, conditions in this' country are not what they should be, or what most people supposed they would be two years ago. Asa nation, we are suffering from a dozen different aches and pains, which means a yell for as many remedies all at once. If we don’t look out, somebody will i mistake bichloride of mercury for aspirin tablets. The notion is gaining ground that machinery has caused most of our ills, that we are producing more than we can consume, and that the one way is a shorter working day.

a a a", Shorter Day Desirable A SHORTER working day, especially for those who toil amid the drab monotony of grinding gears and conveyor systems, is desirable. We can not chain people to the juggernaut of mechanized industry for too great a portion of their lives, without destroying them mentally, as well as physically. But there is another alternative to the idea of too much machinery which we shall do well not to overlook. Instead of shortening the working day to curtail production, people might smash-the machinery, or pass laws to prohibit its use. Maybe, you think such a conception far fetched, but listen to this item from Brazil “RIO DE JANEIRO, March 11.— A decree was signed today by President Vargas prohibiting for three years the importation of machinery for manufacturing purposes, because of condition of overproduction believed by the government to exist in textile and allied industries.” a a a What Will People Do? THERE is another aspect to the problem of curtailing production through a shorter working day, and that is the use people will make of their additional free time. While they go in for culture or recreation, and assuming that most of them will go in for the latter, what forms will it take? That brings us right back to the problem of production, since recreation and allied activities make room for more work in civilized countries than necessity ever did, or ever can. We continue to talk about consumption, on which production depends, as though it were exclusively a matter of food, clothing, heat and shelter, when, as a matter of fact, two-thirds of it represents what people like, rather than what they need. What people like counts for a great deal, not only on the social, but the economic side. As they enjoy greater opportunity to express their likes, how can we prepare them to do so intelligently? Up to this time, we have regarded education as largely concerned with the production end of life, but, from now on, it will have to consider the consumption end, particularly as recreation, luxury and pleasure are involved. Every one knows how a rich man can select hobbies and sports which make work, or how he can fritter away his money in such manner as leaves few better off. The same is true of ordinary people, when counted by the million.

Questions and Answers

How are the colors produced in the neon tubes that are used for electric sign advertising? Neon lamps are a development of a gaseous conductor tube employing neon gas, which dates back to about 1911, by applying a high voltage to tubes fitted with electrodes and containing the gas. The electrical discharge through the gas causes a luminous glow. The characteristic color of neon is a reddish-orange glow, but the addition of small amounts of mercury a light blue color is obtained, and by adding other gases in conjunction with neon, or by using colored glass tubing, other colors are obtained. Why was President Johnson impeached? Was he convicted? The impeachment was made on the ground that he had removed from office, without the senate’s consent, E. M. Stanton, secretary of war and on other charges. He was tried by the senate which voted 35 for conviction and 19 for acquittal, but as a two-thirds vote was necessary for conviction, the impeachment failed. What is the value of the peanut batter manufactured in the United States? In 1929 it was $10,907,331. What is a “gigolo?” This is a French slang word and is applied to young men who render service to women as dancing partners and escorts for

O-O-O-or WHY DIDN'T t TAKE UP SOME EASY WORK A A A LIKE PIANO MOVING t Ifcflf 1 V Ai - /Ms YOU CAN'T HAVE 77 rpfrWrf 7 ANV roller skates l 'M\ . NO! YOU CAN'T QO t U >HR£ pX—, BAREFOOTED f PLAYERS- jjSj AH NELLY-l COUI.D DRIFT AIONQLIKE Ts-US WITH YOU FOREVERthat pale moon shining Zzm, ON IS LIKE & . XJmf A FLEETING GLIMPSE OP Mulm YOUR EYES AT DUSK!? j. ■

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Read These Hints and Be Healthy

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor, Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hyge-ia, the Health Magazine. SEVERAL years ago Dr. Charles L. Minor of Asheville, N. C., wrote some hints , for . people with tuberculosis which were so successful that they recently have been republished by another authority on this disease, who has brought them up to date and modified them to meet modem conditions. Many of these hints constitute excellent advice regarding hygiene for everyone who is slightly run down, whether tuberculous or not. It is impossible to reprint all the suggestions here, but a selection is made of some of the most important: 1. Never exercise to the point of fatigue. If you find yourself tired, you have done yourself harm. 2. Remember that rest comes before exercise. By resting, a surplus of strength and energy is built up and stored in the body. 3. Aim to spend as much of each day outdoors, or in absolutely fresh i air as possible. Remember that)

IT SEEMS TO ME

Approximately 500 letters and post cards have come in from people who are anxious to attend a mass meeting to protest against civic corruption in New York City. Many of the writers say that they -will bring four or five with them. It is my plan to make the first gathering a sort of warmup session for an even bigger meeting, because I want to give the mayor a chance to be present at the second rally so that he may state his case to the average citizen. But the first meeting can not be delayed until the Palm Springs vacation has ended. Mayor Walker on several occasions has invited representatives of civic organizations to go to city hall and discuss municipal problems with him. But there never has been much discussion. After all, the representatives were attending the mayor’s party. They listened to an amiable speech, applauded politely and went their way. a a a Speaking Up WE might jet a franker showdown by reversing the situation and making it our party. Then we will feel free to speak to the mayor if he comes and about him if he sends regrets. Speaking at parties, I had a narrow escape last week. Along about 2 a. m. of a frosty morning I was, by no particular coincidence, sitting in the Club Richman and about to leave, since I had made up my mind to get to bed early for a change. Just then a Broadway columnist of vast fame came in and said: “Don’t go. Jimmy Walker will be here in a few minutes.” v Asa matter of fact, Mayor Walker did not appear at the night club. There would be :io specific impropriety in the city’s executive visiting a legal, lawful, and agreeable cabaret. It was my own situation which worried me. If he had turned a friendly eye on me, as' he generally does, my crusading fervor might have curdled. It is even possible that he might have waved to me and the Broadway columnist and said, “Have a ginger ale.” And then my hands would have been tied completely. You can’t drink a man’s ginger ale at 2 in the morning and poke him behind the ear in your column next day—at least, it isn’t done. And now the most famous Kansan of them all—William Allen White of Emporia—takes me amiably to task. a a a An Editor Writes I 'HE major trouble with the JL death sentence that you passed on Kansas is that you reason from the few to the many without examining the facts. A railroad runs always along the line of least resistance. . “All Kansas railroads run over the flattest country, but twenty or thirty miles in any direction from any Kansas railroad you will find all kinds of country—hills and valleys and creeks and canyons and arroyos and more contrast than you would find in a day in New York state. . ‘‘But yqp don’t art any idea of

Speaking of Spring Training!

the air to be fresh need not necessarily be cold. 4. Ideal food should be appetizing nutritious, and not too bulky. If appetizing and not nutritious, it will not nourish you; if nutritious and not appetizing, you will not eat it; if too bulky, however appetizing, it upsets your stomach. 5. Eat up to the limit of your digestion. It is the food which is digested and absorbed, and not what is put into your mouth, which will do you good. A glass of milk wih each meal is advisable. Raw eggs are not so digestible as cooked eggs. Take nothing between meals unless ordered by your doctor. 6. If your digestion is poor, tell your doctor.. 7. Eat your meals at regular hours. Do not take reading matter to the table. Smiles and laughter are the best possible aids to digestion. 8. Approach and leave each meal in rested condition. Never eat when tired. Never exercise immediately after eating. 9. In winter, warm, light, pr medium wool underwear; in summer, ordinary summer cotton underwear.

that from a railroad laid out by engineers having in view entirely the necessity of avoiding any grades. “Most railroads are built away from the creeks and rivers because of floods and follow the high plains, which, indeed, are everything ■ you saw. “I do hope the boys who. were sold down the river on the World find good masters. About the only smart thing I ever did in my life was in my middle 20s, when I was writing editorials on the Kansas City Star—an infant prod—and, seeing the older men scrambling for jobs in their 50s, I pulled out for this country town where I would be assured of my own job and free to make my own kind of damned fool out of my remaining years in this vale of tears. “Hoping this may find you the same, I am ” a a a Prairie Defense AND he inclosed in his letter an eloquent protest written by Marion Ellet in the Concordia Blade: “Mr. Broun says that Kansas has at least one compensation—its sunsets. “But there are other compensations, Mr. Broun. There is the compensation of the deep still summer night, flooded with moonlight, when the beacon fires of burning straw stacks glow fax out across the prarie, like the myriad

DAyt- C 5 TH£~ i:VfUSM IV

FRANCO-AMERICAN PACT

March 13 ON March 13, 1778, the Marquis de Noailles, French ambassador in London, announced to the British government that his country recognized the independence of the American colonies, and that it had formed a treaty of friendship and commerce with them. To the struggling colonies this news was received with great enthusiasm. In Europe, however, the reaction was different. Lord Stormont, British ambassador to France, left Paris immediately without informing the French government of his intention. Spain, which owned vast areas in the United States, also showed her re ientment of the treaty. Within a month, France and England wore at war, and Spain was kept friendly to France only by a secret fret ty, which promised that France would recognize United States dominion only as far west as the Mississippi river.

Daily Thought

If thou he wise, thou shalt be wise for thyself; bat if thoa scorn* est, thoa alone shalt bear it— Proverbs 9:12. No man is wise enough by himself. —Plautus. __

10. Never wear heavy underclothing or chest protectors. In winter, use woolen underclothing; in summer, ordinary cotton underclothing. 11. Let your shoes be stout and warm in winter and wear warm, woolen socks by all means. Woolen socks at night are often a great comfort. In winter, a flannel shirt is much more comfortable than anything else. When sitting out in winter, have an extra wrap nearby. 12. If you get overheated and perspire, change your clothing and rub dry. 13. A healthy condition of the skin is most important. A warm bath once or twice a week if ordered by your physician is advisable and a cool sponge bath or a tub bath in the morning if your doctor permits it. Remember that the water should be cool, but not ice cold. If you do not have a proper reaction after your bath, if you feel chilly or are blue, the water is too cold. Ask your doctor about it. See that your room or bathroom or wherever you take your bath is warm.

ov HEYWOOD BY BROUN

watch fires of some mysterious army. “There is the blizzard, too, whirling across the plains—genie of sleet and snow—and there is the lull in the blizzard and the prairies an infinity of whiteness under an infinite sky. Arid there is the compensation of the breaking of the drought, when you see the lightning along the horizon and turn your face to the wind, which is laden with the grateful smell of rain.” (Copyright. 1931. by The Times)

People’s Voice

Editor Times—A brief word of appreciation for the pointed, fearless editorial in The Times concerning the degradation that our present system of organized charity heaps upon the heads of self-respecting Americans forced to beg, steal, or see our children starve. Thrown into a situation that we are unable to cope with, by circumstances, we are powerless to change an ignorant, selfish group of law makers and their hirelings grudgingly hand us an insufficient crust instead of giving us a chance to earn a respectable livelihood, or to borrow from an emergency fund In time of need. The cry is “Don’t lower the standard of living set by prosperous times,” yet we who have toiled and struggled to gain a respectable home, even devoid of luxuries, are without shoes, warm, decent clothing, fuel, shelter and in many cases, food. All this destitution in a land of boundless wealth and endless resources. All this disgraceful poverty and privation in a country where extreme luxury reduces those in better circumstances to drunken, cigaret smokipg idlers, killing time and wasting life at maudlin amusements. The seats of the mighty rest upon shaky foundations. Even now the threatening, rumble of revolutionary

Useful for Club Women Then you will find very useful a group of four bulletins which 4?ur Washington Bureau has ready for you in a single packet of particular interest to clubwomen. The titles aie: 1. Tbe Club Woman’s Manual 3. Parliamentary Law Simplified 2. Debator’s Manual 4. Common Errors in English This packet of four bulletins will be sent to any reader on request. Fill out the coupon below and send for it. CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. A-10, Washington Bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, D. C. I want, the packet of four bulletins for CLufe WOMEN, and inclose herewith 15 cents in coin, or loose, uncanceled United States postage stamps, to cover return postage and handling costs. •.* **■ .v Name Street and N0....... ; City .:.......,,...,. state I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times, . (Code NoJ

(deals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

.MARCH 13, 1931/

SCIENCE

BY DAVID DIETZ

Animal Parasites of Mammals Are Divided Into Two Classes. 'T'HE animal parasites of mammals. according to a recent study by Professor E. C. Faust of the parasitology laboratory of Tulane university, can be divided into two classes. First, there are the ectoparasites, chiefly insects and their allies, living on the skin or in its superficial layers. Secondly, there are the endopara sites, living on the deeper tissues of the body These include the protozoa, microscipic one-celled animals, a variety of worms, and some insects. Dr. Faust heads his list of ectoparasites with the tick, a bloodsucker which attacks various animals and at times, man, and is responsible for transmitting a number of diseases, both in animals and man, such as relapsing fever and tularemia. Next on his list are the mites. He writes: “Mites are related to ticks, but are smaller and have a less leathery skin. There are hundreds of species which trouble mammals. Some of these are incidental or accidental and need not be considered here. There are several species, however, which produce mange and not only are a great aggravation to the unfortunate host, but are particularly detrimental to the production of marketable pelts.” a a a The Mange Mites THE most common of the mange mites is known to scientists by the name of Sarcoptes scalbei, Dr Faust says. “It can infest almost any mammal, and while it most commonly is found in the ear lobes of furbearing animals, it also frequently involves the whole skin,” Dr. Faust says. “Animals In the wild are much less subject to attack from these mites than are those In captivity. Zoological gardens frequently have to contend with epidemics of mange among their primates and cats, and silver fox breeders frequently are confronted with the problem. “The little red chlgger, or harvest mite, is a pest to man in the southern United States. In Japan and Formosa and probably also in the Malay states and Sumatra, certain of these red mites carry an infection known as ‘river f?v t,’ very fatal to man. “In Japan the mites commonly are found on certain field mice, white in Sumatra certain birds harbor them. In Panama the cone jo pintado is a favorite host of these mites.” a a a Feather Lice TWO kinds of lice are noted among the ectoparasites by Dr. Faust. He classifies them as biting lice and sucking lice. “The former commonly are called feather lice, because they are so [ common amongst the feathers of birds,” he says. “They are. technically known as mallophaga. “Very few species have been described from mammals. These forms feed on the barbules of feathers of birds and the epidermal scales and oily secretions of mammals.. They are of little economic importance in mammals. “The sucking lice (Anoplura), on the other hand, are of immense economic importance. They are confined exclusively to mammals, particularly rats and mice, horses, oxen, pigs, monkeys, and man. “The body louse is responsible for the transmission of typhus, trench fever, and the commoner types of relapsing fever.” The next class of ectoparasites includes the Teas. “Fleas are mostly objectionable because of their irritating bites,” Dr. Faus„ says. The commonest species are those found associated with rats and mice, dogs and cats, and man. “The fleas of rats, of the ground squirrel and of tarbagan are of medical importance because they transmit plague from rodent to rodent and from rodent to man. “Dog and cat fleas transmit the dog tapeworm, Dipylidlum cani-, num.” How was former President Theodore Roosevelt shot? He was shot on Oct. 14, 1912; by a maniac in Milwaukee as he was entering an open automobile on his way to the hall where he was to speak. He was campaigning as the Progressive party candidate for President. The man who fired the shot was John Schrank. Roosevelt’s convalescence was rapid and he was able to address a mass meeting In Madison Square Garden on Oct. 30 measures is heard in the land. The sound of revelry by night may deaden the sound of the powerful forces that are at work all about us, but the children of men who dared to “die and leave their children free” in the early days of the country must shake off the shackles once more. Once more a hymn of praise to the Scripps-Howard publicatiohs that dare to advocate decency and justice for the poor. It is good to know that in the midst of corruption and chaotic ruin at least one great news- agency remembers the teachings of the lowly man of Qalilee. HARRY HALDERMAN