Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 217, Indianapolis, Marion County, 19 January 1931 — Page 4

PAGE 4

•W , 1 mil srmppj-HOWAMO

Let in the Light Fortunately the proposal to investigatethe state highway commission and its weird and peculiar transactions comes from the Republican members of the state senate. This will prevent any effort to minimize an inquiry on the ground that it is prompted by partisan zeal. While the law endeavors to make this and other boards nonpartisan, the trijith is that nonpartisan boards are made up of those who give allegiance to the Governor and whose political preferences are professional and not of principle. The conduct of the commission in the past two years has invited this inquiry. Neglect to take advantage of federal aid has robbed the state of the benefit of millions, needed in these times of unemployment as never l>efore. It is possible that the inquiry will disclose that a commission composed of men who receive only a modest fee for holding meetings may be the most expensive sort of administration. Tt is more possible that the inquiry will disclose other facts which will suggest the abolition of the present commission and the creation of anew one composed of those who know how to build roads, who know the needs of the state and who will be paid for full time work. * From the time that the commission, for unexplained reasons, summarily discharged the former director, the arrogant attitude of the board' Jias suggested that there is need of light on its conduct. There should be an inquiry. It should be sweeping and complete. Its purpose should be the discovery of a better method of handling the twenty-two millions of dollars which the people pay each year for roads in this state. Who Wants the Job? The President’s new power commissioners have not improved their position before the public by putting Accountant William V. King back on the pay roll, accompanying their action, as they did, with announcement that Solicitor Charles A. Russell will not be re-employed. The commissioners made no charges against Russell. There were none to make. They gave no reason for refusing to employ him. It is hard to think of a reason which could have moved them, except fear of publicity. Russell is a man who will not work in the dark. While he was In office, writing opinions upon public matters, he felt any of the public which was interested was entitled to know what he said. It is probable that as long as these commissioners remain in office, people will be skeptical of everything they do. The two commissioners who did not participate in the discharge of Russell and King will share in this suspicion because they have ratified it. They will be watched as no power commissioners ever were watched, and this may be wholesome. But their recommendations and decisions will be received with distrust. It is inconceivable that the senate will proceed with the plan to extend regulation to all interstate power companies while these officials compose the regulating body, and that is a misfortune, for there should be regulation soon. It is gratifying that William V. King is back at work, examining power company accounts. There Is every reason to feel confidence in his integrity. But where will the commissioners find an able and zealous and honest man, deeply in earnest about protecting the public interest, who will be willing to work for the power commission as solicitor? Something to Forget Laws to make the Communist party illegal, cancel citizenship of communists and otherwise revoke their civil liberties guaranteed by the Constitution are recommended by the Fish committee. Our reaction to Pish and his kind is somewhat the same as our attitude toward the Communists themselves. That attitude was given classic expression by Voltaire: “I do not believe in a word that you say, but I will defend with my life, if need be, your right to say it.” On second thought, however, perhaps it is a mistake to quote Voltaire. After all, he was a Frenchman. and the Pishes among us are very suspicious of “alien” doctrines. We to add, therefore, that this is good American doctrine, sanctified by our Revolutionary Fathers, written into the Constitution's bill of rights and defended by Jefferson and Lincoln.. It is a doctrine recently reaffirmed by our greatest Jurist, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: TH there is any principle cf the Constitution that more imperatively calls for attachment than any other it is the principle of free thought—not free thought for those that agree with us, but freedom for the thought that we hate.” Believing that this constitutional protection for minorities is wise, we recognize the right of the minority represented by Pish to urge law’s which would violate the most sacred part of American traditions of freedom and destroy the Constitution. Fortunately, in our judgment, the Pish committee has little chance of Inducing congress or the people to overthrow the Constitution by denying civil rights to Communists. We recognize that the Communist minority has the same right as the Fish minority to try to overthrow the Constitution. It is protected by the laws in that right, so long as it does not violate the laws against violence. And there already are plenty of laws and law officers to protect the country against violence without any recommendations from the Pish committee. The right to try to change our form of government is inherent in the revolution which created our government and in the Declaration of Independence, which says: “Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness), it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it." From the Pish report, however, it is clear that the Communists are In a hopeless minority and that their propaganda has made very little headway among the electorate, in the press, in the

The Indianapolis Times (A SCBIPFB-HOWARD NEWSPAPER) Owa<l and published dally (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Timet Publishing Cos.. 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis. Ind. Price In Marlon County. 2 cents a copy: elsewhere. 8 cents—delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY, ROY W. HOWARD. FRANK G MORRISON. Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley f1.%51 MONDAY. JAN. 19. wai: Member of United Press, Scrlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

among the Negroes, in labor unions, or in industry. At the bottom of one of the worst depressions the country ever has known, the combined Communist vote In the nation In 1930 was only 82,000, and the total of dues-paying Communists less than 12,000. It Is the privilege of Pish and his kind to get all the fear they like out of the presence of this puny Communist group, but the American people today are too 1 isy dealing with the real problems of unemploynr to get excited about imaginary Communist menaces. As for the 82,000 Americans who voted Communist, we are inclined to think that they would multiply under repressive laws and that the only way to answer them is by improving our maladjusted economic system. Indeed, Pish himself in a recent speech, and Representative Nelson of the Pish committee, have suggested the need of improving our capitalist system. As Nelson said in his minority report: "After all, a social system finds its final sanction in human happiness and social welfare, in the achievement of economic freedom for the individual through elimination of economic poverty.” On the basis of the evidence, even the red-baiting Pish and his associates were forced to admit in their report that hej found no proof of a Soviet plot here, as charged by the notorious Whalen document forgeries; no proof that the Russian government tried to depress American wheat prices, as charged by the Hoover administration: no proof that the Russian Amtorg Trading Corporation was connected with subversive activities. Such being the case, congress and the people are apt to forget all about the Fish report and .recommendations and pass on to matters of importance. A Great Scholar Passes Dr. John William Burgess died last week In comparative obscurity at Mass. Few outside the ranks of professional scholars would be able to identify the man. Yet it is no exaggeration at all to say that he is one of the two outstanding figures in the history of higher education in the United States since the Civil war. What Eliot of Harvard did to create the modem American college, Burgess of Columbia achieved in producing the graduate school of the American university. While a young soldier In the Civil war, Burgess pondered on devising wa^. and means of avoiding such carnage as he beheld before him. He decided that careful study of the human past was the avenue to such knowledge. Graduated from Amherst college, he soon went to Germany to study under the academic giants then dominant in the world of historical scholarship— Droyden, Treitschke, Mommsen, and the like. He got his system soaked full of Germanic scholarship and methods and never departed from his early admirations. He took up academic duties at Amherst, but soon moved to Columbia. Here, in 1876, he began the scientific teaching of history and prepared the ground for that great graduate school, the faculty of political science. He surrounded himself with former students from Amherst or Columbia—Monroe Smith, Frank J. Goodnow, Herbert L. Osgood, William A. Dunning, and others—and created the first impressive graduate school in history and the social science in our country. It was opened in 1890. Herbert Adams followed in his footsteps at Johns Hopkins. Dean Burgess was a man of great dignity and no little dogmatism, but he had a lofty conception of the responsibilities and duties of the scholar and from this he never deviated. He was eminently fair and just in dealing with students. Having brought German scholarship to America, he was rewarded many years later by being made an ambassador of American learning to Germany where he was the first American exchange professor to Berlin (1906). He made no secret of his intense admiration for the Germans—their ways and learning—which was shared most heartily by his chief, President Butler. When the World war broke out, Burgess stuck to his guns. He refused to succumb to British propaganda and wrote fearlessly in defense of Germany. Right or wrong, he was certainly corn '.stent. His vigorous condemnation of Grey and Britain brought him much abuse, but he never winced. This conduct brought him into pm academic eclipse from which he never emerged, but future historians and biographers will accord to him more respect than they will to the nimble boys in mortar-boards who scurried from their pro-Germanism of the pre-war days to caress Britannia In the safe fold of the National Board for Historical Service.

REASON

WHEN we are giving vent to our indignation over the failure of law enforcement In America, we are likely to place all the blame upon the shoulders of the legal profession, which 4 s not entirely accurate. a a a Many miscarriages of justice are due to the refusal of juries to convict when the evidence is not only clear, but ghastly. Time and again jurors give their brains a vacation and bring in verdicts which would disgrace twelve inmates of a feeble-minded home. tt a a Not so long ago in a clear case of wife poisoning, for instance, twelve husky Hoosiers in a jury box heard the evidence and instructions and then went out and wrangled and finally brought in a verdict of manslaughter, which was the last word in absurdity. a a a AND now a jury over at Wheaton, DL, has Just brought in a verdict, saving the neck of a wretch who brutally murdered a school teacher. This was after the murderer had been found guilty and sentenced to death, the claim being that he had suffered disorder in his dome after his conviction for the crime. tt tt a Now the precious darling will escape the chair and be sent tO' the asylum and, if our old system of hocuspocus hits on all cylinders he will some fine day get out and return to grace society. tt * m You may possibly recall that after the supreme court of the United States had declared the oil leases which Fall gave to Sinclair and Doheny to be saturated with fraud, juries in the District of Columbia declared them to be as innocent as unborn babes. , tt tt a AND this can not be attributed entirely to the shrewdness of the defendants’ lawyers, nor can it generally be ascribed to jury packing. It means in large measure that we have as a people lost our capacity for indignation. a tt In former days whole communities “saw red” when horrible offenses were committed against individuals or against society as a whole, but now we are aroused for the minute, but only for the minute. The American people need ofte thing more than ioj nuuf and, that thst is lnteiti&al (ytjfa!.u L

FREDERICK LANDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

SCIENCE -BY DAVID DIETZ—-

Six Research Programs of Great Importance Are Being Conducted in British Laboratories. ; C|IX important programs of research are being carried on by the chemical laboratory of the department of scientific and industrial research of Great Britain* The programs represent part of Great Britain’s attempt to advance applied science and engineering. Professor G. T. Morgan, superintendent of the laboratory, lists the six researches as follows: Synthetic resins, low temperature tar, high-pressure chemistry, corrosion of metals, chremotherapy, and research on waj£r pollutions. "In addition,” he says, “a certain amount of general research is carried out at discretion of the director.” Regarding the research on synthetic resins, he says, “The growing importance of synthetic resins in chemical industry is gauged by the fact that the world’s production of formaldehyde resins, which was of the order of 9,000 tons in 1921, had increased to 13,000 tons in 1926, of which Great Britain was responsible for 16 per cent as against 40, 24 and 8 per cent derived respectively from the United States, Germany, and France, other countries accounting for the remaining 12 per cent.” Such resins are particularly valuable today for manufacture of products used in the electrical Industry and radio for insulators, tube sockets, panels, and the like. * n tt Low Temperature RESEARCHES on low temperature tar are bound up with problems of the more economic utilization of coal through what is known as low temperature carbonization. “There is at the present time in this counrty no process of chemical industry which is more in the public eye than low temperature carbonization of coal,” Prof. Morgan says. “The matter is of supreme national importance, for the larger, problems facing this mode of utilizing coal are both economic and technical and turn on the exploitation to the best advantage of the resulting products: Smokeless fuel, gas, aqueous liquor and tar. “Now since any marked appreciation can be expected only in the care of the last of these products it follows that processes tending to an increase in value of the tar are of fundamental interest. “During the last five years a systematic study of the chemical constituents of low temperature tar has been in progress in the Teddington laboratory and, in our experiments on tliis material, quantities of the order of forty gallons have been handled in the semi-scale plant. “It was soon found that although low temperature tar had been produced at carbonizing teperatures of about 600 degrees, yet it could not again be heated even to comparatively low temperatures—round about 150 degrees—without undergoing considerable alterations of a chemical nature. Accordingly, distillation processes were replaced by milder methods of extraction, and the tar was not heated about 120 degrees until its more decomposable constituents had been removed. “A representative tar from a typical bituminous coal (Kinneil coal) was heated to 120 degrees to remove light oils and adhering aqueous liquor, and the residue extracted by systematic use of solvents to separate it into its major constituents; neutral oils and waxes, aromatic hydrocarbons, bases, phenols and carboxylic acids. “It then was noted that each of these main groups of products could be separated into two fractions, one portion consisting of crystallizable substances conveniently termed ‘crystalloids,’ the other portion composed of amorphous resinous materials to which the name ‘resinoids’ was applied. n m tt High Pressure CONSIDERABLE progress has been made in the researches in high-pressure chemistry, that is, methods in which chemical reactions are made to occur under conditions of extremely high pressure. During the last ten years increasing attention has been directed to the use of pressure as a means of facilitating the course of chemical reactions, and research on high pressure syntheses was started at the laboratory in 1926 on the recommendation of the chemistry coordinating research board, whose members were impressed by the possibilities revealed by the work of Patart in France and of the Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik in Germany,” Professor Morgan says. “The plant required for this investigation was designed and built in the laboratory workshop, and the earliest experiments were carried out with hand compressors. “Subsequently, motor-driven compressors and circulators were added oo the equipment. “This plant first was tried out with satalysts of the Patart type (normal or basic zinc chromate) to gain skill and confidence in the process.

“It thus was found that on passing the mixed gasses at the rate of 30,000 vols. an hour, over unit volume of such a catalyst at 380 decrees and under 200 atmospheres oressure, the hourly production of methyl alcohol was about twice the volume of catalyst space. “The addition of cobalt chromate or nitrate to the foregoing zinc chromate catalyst led to an interesting development, since with the more complex catalyst ethyl alcohol and other higher alcohols made their appearance, although methyl alcohol remained the predominant product. Small amounts of aldehydes and acids also were detected.”

Daily Thought!

Hear instruction, and be wise, and refuse it not.—Proverbs 8:33. Instruction does not prevent waste of time or mistakes; and mistakes themselves are often the best teachers of all.—Froude. Who was the author and what the title of the book for small children recommended by David Diets? “Dot and Dick ip. Natureland,” is the name of the book and the author is Dean fialliday. It is published hy J. Thobum Bishop.

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Public Poorly Informed on Childbirth

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor, Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. NO doubt, long before there were physicians or midwives, women gave birth successfully to children without the help of either. On the other hand they, no doubt, frequently suffered unecessarily and sometimes became 111 or died as a result of complications which today are controlled perfectly. As human life became more complicated and conditions of living changed, medical complications of childbirth became more difficult and the opportunity for infection far more frequent. There are, as has been frequently pointed out, three main factors to be considreed. First, to bring thfe mother successfully through the entire period from conception to recovery; second, to insure the birth of a healthy infant; third, to have the mother as nearly normal after the experience as she was before. Because of the fact that midwives undertake a part of the practice of medicine, this phase of medical training has had hardly a fair share of attention in medical schools. It is an aphorism that a badly taught midwife can kill more wom-

IT SEEMS TO ME

NO, thank you, I do not drink. I am very much obliged, but I never smoke. Naturally, I hardly expect this to be sufficient announcement. There are those who do not read this collumn every day or every decade. And so if I am still beset with proffers of pollution through nicotine or alcohol my first refusal will be polite and carry no hint of disapproval. Indeed, I may use a simple “No” instead of introducing my principles into the discussion at all. And If the invitation to debauch myself is reiterated I again will decline with civility. And that’s as Jar as my concessions go. Any one who says for the third time within the space of a few minutes, “Ah, come on, have a drink,” will be punched in the nose. It isn’t that I’m irritable or on edge. Since reformation, the world seems bigger, gayer, and busier. I have been off the stuff for almost an hour now, and already I feel the benefit of clean and careful living. In the bad old daya there were weeks during which I did practically no work at all. But now, emancipation yelping at my heels, I have nerved myself up to the resolution to work all evening on my new book. And if anything comes up to prevent that I shall certainly devote Wednesday to. toll—well, that is, practically all of Wednesday. I have an engagement for the

-TCOAV^THCp

R. E. DEE’S BIRTH Jan. 19 ON Jan. 19, 1807, Robert E. Lee, commander-in-chief of the Confederate armies in the Civil war, was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, the son of a Revolutionary war veteran. At 18, he entered West Poirit, was graduated second in his class and received a commission in the engineer corps. After the Mexican war., in which he was repeatedly promoted for distinguished service, he became superintendent of West Point. His next sendee was as cavalry commander on the Texas border. He was recalled to Washington in March, 1861, when seven states had formed the Southern Confederacy. A month later Lee sent in his resignation, within two days, was made commander-in-chief of the military forces at Richmond. After successfully leading his forces in the early days of the war, Lee finally yielded to the superior armies of Grant, surrendering his army at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia Lee then accepted the presidency of Washington college, now Washington and Lee, at Lexington, Va„ in which.post he remained until his death £a 1870.

A Modern Daniel

en than a highly educated physician can cure. Before there were trained surgeons, barbers did much of the surgery. It was “barber” surgery and not “surgical” surgery. One of the great difficulties to seeming better results in the matter of childbirth is the fact that the public itself Is not well informed concerning the possibilities. If the vast majority of women made sure of their ability to bear children successfully and without complications at the time of marriage; if they consulted competent medical advice immediately on the knowledge of conception, and if they followed such competent advice carefully through the entire circumstance, the number of deaths would be cut down greatly and a vast amount of illness would be prevented. Much has been written of late in newspapers and in magazines concerning the great cost of scientific obstetrical care. It is recognized that the work of obstetric specialists is not necessary in the vast majority of cases. Specialistic service is expensive, regardless of whether it is in the field of law, plumbing, farming, or medicine. In the uncomplicated case, the general practitioner can secure ex-

afternoon and evening, but literary people have told me that mornings are best of all for creative effort. a a a Concentration By getting up at 11, say, I should get in a solid hour of labor. Quite a lot can be done in an hour by any orfe who really applies himself. The trouble with smokers is that they can’t concentrate. I’ve watched them. They write a couple of lines and then get up and go into the next room for a cigaret. After that matches are required. And sometimes an ash tray. How can anybody expect to run a philosophic train of thought through all those obstacles? Nicotine colors a man’s style. The smoking man’s copy is full of short, jerky sentences. The thought wanders. He’s always forgetting what he started to say. If it were not so pitiful, there would be something decidedly comic in the efforts of the smoker to break away from his bad habit. For instance, when he sits down at his typewriter to do a piece of work—a column for a newspaper, let’s say— | nothing comes into his mind. He writes a paragraph or so, and it seems terrible. Tearing it up, he walks twice across the - room. At this point a piece of candy or gum might save him. His restlessness must get its teeth into something. There is one more unsuccessful effort at composition, and then he gives up. a a a All or Nothing AND so I am against the practice of quitting a little at a time. If you were held tight with-i in the jaws of a crocodile would you say, “HI get out of this gradually; that the best way”? Os course not. With one mighty wrench the crocodile addict would free himself and never again put himself into the power of those gleaming teeth. Another favorite device of the slave of bad habits is to plan a romantic farewell to his vices. After one last fling he feels the new life can be taken on more easily. But suppose your brother or son or father was in the grip of an unworthy passion; the woman in the case happened to be a thoroughly bad lot. After protracted appeals, you succeed in making the unhappy victim of her wiles aware of the fact that the whole thing has been a terrible mistake. He says, “Just let me go to see her once more, and then I’m done with her forever.” If you are at all shrewd you will not allow your father, son or brother to carry out this last romantic meeting. The point is to stop suddenly and completely. A poet has said: “The brave man does it with a sword; The coward tapers off.” How deep and how true is the insight of that poet! Once you make up your mind that tobacco is bad lor you, charge into reforma- '

cellent results. There always is the possibility that he will be unable to give as many hours of time to the individual case as can be given by the specialist. Furthermore, he may be called at significant moments and he may be required to pass from an infected person to the care of a woman in childbirth. The midwife can not by the very nature of things be as competent as the well-trained physician. Indeed, the most important training that she can secure is sufficient knowledge and judgment to enable her to know when to call for medical assistance. A midwife usually can recognize excessive bleeding, convulsions, swelling of the legs or similar complications, but not many can recognize unfavorable physical conditions and wrong presentations sufficiently early to enable the securing for the patient of the best type of cont~ 1. The determination as to w'hetner a midwife, general practitioner, or specialist will be called is wholly in the hands of the patient, since there is but few parts of the country any adequate control of the training or qualifications of midwives, and since specialistic obstetrical care in the best hospitals is of necessity an exceedingly expensive commodity.

, v HEYWOOD bY BROUN

tion like a crusader. It will not be sufficient to work up a mere indifference. Think back to the days when every avenue of success beckoned you. Remember the various things you expected to do and have not. Then place all the blame squarely at the door of tobacco. tt a a And Other Things THIS may be a little unfair, because here and there you may have fallen down on account of general inefficiency rather than tobacco, but nobody can afford to be overchivalrous in mortal combat. If you foul nicotine in the excitement —no matter. Let your gorge rise. Go around knocking cigarets out of people’s mouths. If you are just recently reformed this will be excellent for you, as the chances are that you are quite badly in need of exercise. It may be best to begin slapping at rigarets smoked by small boys. I do wish some frail and insignificant man would come along and offer me tobacco and a drink. I’m certain—l’m practically certain—l’d punch him right in the nose. (Copyright. 1931. by The Time*) Who discovered the X-ray. and who invented the modern X-ray tube? Professor Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen of the University of Wuerzberg, Bavaria, discovered the phenomena of X-rays in 1895. The inventor of the modern X-ray tube is Dr. W. D. Coolidge of Schenectady, N. Y. It was perfected in 1913.

Season for Entertaining From now until the flowers bloom in the spring is the season when hostesses entertain. Valentine’s day, Washington’s birthday St Patrick's day are the high spots. And all in between times are party times. Our Washington Bureau has ready for you a packet > ten of its interesting and helpful bulletins—indispensable to the hostess who is planning a party. Here are the titles: 1. Brdige Parties. 6. Shower Parties. 2. Party Menus, Prizes, Favors. 7. Tea Cakes and Party Paa3. Valentine’s Day Parties. tries.. 4. St Patrick’s Day Parties. 8. Dainty Delicacies. 5. Wedding Anniversary Parties. 10. Chafing Dish Recipes. If you want this packet of ten bulletins, fill out the coupon below and mail as directed: CLIP COUPON HERE Dept. A-7, Washington Bureau The Indianapolis Times. 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want the packet of ten bulletins on PARTIES, and inclose herewith 30 cents to coin or loose, uncancelled United States postage stamps, to cover return postage and handling costs: ' NAME ; STREET AND NO CITY STATE - * I am a reader of Th elndianaplois Times. (Code No.)

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column ara those of one of America's most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this caper.—The Editor.

jra. ra im

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

You've Si nply Got to Hand It to Cclifomians; They're Up on Their Toes. SAN BERNARDINO, CaL. Jan. lfl. —Fiftetn hundred miles across the desert and not a room without a bath, or a single instance of discourtesy on the road. Saturday morning we dropped nearly 4,000 feet down from Flagstaff, Ariz., to Kingman, and 3,000 more after lunch from Kingman to Needles, the first town in California. Thirty miles west of Kingman, you go over Oatman hill, which is marked “gold roads grade” on the map and which is just as interesting as It sounds. Seventy million dollars’ worth of the precious metal has been dug out of this mountain fastness. Leaving Oatman, you get your first glimpse of the Colorado river, which lies on the "far side of Sacramento valley, forming a silver base for the blue and saw-toothed hills that bulwark California. tt tt tt Scare for Tourists ENTERING California is like entering a foreign country these days, though the Ignorant, unsuspecting tourist doesn’t know it until he has penetrated the state for 150 miles. First, they let you ride from Needles to Daggett over a fine fast road, then they stop you for inspection, and it’s not the play-boy variety yoTl have been used to to eastern states. When a smartly dressed officer orders you to halt, get out and open up the baggage—every piece of it—you get a little panicky, fearing you are up against some new wrinkle to prohibition enforcement. When you are informed that It is only citrus fruit the inspectors are after, you heave a mighty sigh of relief, which doesn’t mean that the search lacks thoroughness. California wants no Mediterranean flies or boll weevils and is undertaking to prevent their Importation, whether by intent or carelessness, with the same zest that characterizes all her efforts. tt tt Pests Ravage Land FEW people realize how much damage these insects and others like them can do, or have done, which is one reason why we have so many and why so few states are taking the necessary precautions. The boll weevil, pink boll worm, Mediterranean fly, caterpillar, canker worm, gypsy moth and so on have cost the American people more money than last year’s stock market crash and last summer’s drought put together. Worse still, they are going to cost the American people a great deal more, chiefly because so little has been done to prevent their invasion and spread. The strangest part of our conversation complex is what at overlooks. Half the fields of Maine have been taken over and destroyed by that pretty weed known as the devil’s paint brush; the forests and orchards of Long Island slowly are being eaten up by caterpillars and worms; Massachusetts has spent a king’s ransom trying to save her trees from gypsy and browntail moths; the chestnut groves practically have disappeared in north Atlantic statec, not to mention what has happened to cotton and corn on innumerable occasions. a a Up on Their Toes YOU’VE simply got to hand It to Californians. They’re on their toes, even if they do like to talk about it, and showing older sections of the country how to do a lot of things. You can feel the pull and pressure of the California spirit the mmqynt you cross the Colorado river, or en ter the state anywhere else. Though it’s a desert road, with not an average of one house to five jqq And it wide, well kept, and neatly railed at all dangerous places. I am not advising easterners to come here, or buy real estate, but they could learn and adopt wxwiy California methods with profit. Other parts of the country *•*>* seem to visualize a reasonably goodsized town without Just so many fifteen, twenty or even thirty-story buildings, but here is Los Angeles well on toward her second wiipym and still forbidding structures of more than twelve. Other parts of the country ■nn are sold on tenements and apartments as essential to urban life, but here in California they run to single houses, preferably bungalows, on large lots. More inspiring than that, there is color and variety to the architecture, even to the most modest homes, and a resultant neatness which cannot help having a profound effect on the character of the next generation. On what principle is the exchange rate for the United States dollar determined? It depends upon the demand for dollar exchange In various foreign countries, and also upon the value of foreign currency measured by the standard of gold reserves and coinage.