Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 208, Indianapolis, Marion County, 8 January 1931 — Page 4

PAGE 4

SCItIPP t • HOW AjtO

The Next Step The city government having turned down the proposal of the Insull interests to take °ver the street car system, should now press forward toward ultimate’ public ownership of the transportation system. The Insull organization is probably the best in the utility field. It is not more avaricious or greedy than other similar groups. It is possible that it is even less greedy than some of the others whose holding companies are mere fences for their loot. It would seem that the one alternative to Insull domination is public ownership and the way should be cleared for that objective. There should be an insistent demand for legislation which will permit this city to take over the present system and then plan for real transportation. One of the obstacles to growth in this city has been the character of the transportation service rendered in the past. The tracks are rough and not cared for. The cars, according to the lawyers for bondholders, are on their way to the junk yards. Private ownership, mixing with and into bad politics, has been a failure and the rights of the people to decent transportation have been disregarded. Public ownership could do no worse. It might do better. George Marott, veteran merchant, has suggested a practical plan of financing of a city-owned system. The community clubs demanding public ownership. If the change could be made quickly, it would do much to relieve the unemployment situation. The first step is the passage of a law giving the city power to run its own system. It should provide for a nonpolitical board of trustees similar to that created for the gas company or perhaps the same board. There can be no objection on the part of the rest of the state to such legislation in behalf of this city. If there is, the time to find out why is at the beginning of the session, not after it has ended. The city must grow. To grow it must be free from inefficiency and incapacity and greed in its utilities. ' Co-operation Pays Old school employers well might tear a leal from the. experiences of those concerns that have quit battling the workers who help make t.heir wealth and have invited labor to participate in management. A movement, called for want of a. less - clumsy designation “Union Management Co-Operation,” has gained considerable momentum. It® aim is to make industry a co-operative adventure, with the management and the workers sharing responsibility for production and distribution. Otto S. Beyer, consulting engineer, in an article.inthe Electrical Workers Journal, shows that every company that has adopted this plan is. weathering the depression better than its competitors of the old school " Beyer proves his point-by concrete figures. For instance. the Baltimore & Ohio, whose shops work under the co-operation plan, showed losses of-Only. 12.8 per cent in freight revenue as compared with a 16.4 per cent loss suffered by its rival, the Pennsylvania Other concerns, tire Canadian National Railways; Yeomans Brothers Company of 'Chicago, ‘Rocky Mountain Fuel Company, Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company of Salem, Mass., report the same sgrt. of comparative prosperity. The good will engendered among consumers, most of whom are working people, elimination of waste due to lack of loyalty of employes; priceless free advertising by the workers—these and other factors are showing results in dollars. Who Saved Paris in 1914? The death of Marshal Joffre affords a good opportunity for looking into the actual facts behind the great German withdrawal which saved Paris in September. 1914. These facts prove that if the kaiser did 1 not start the war, at least he lost it, Wilhelm lost the war because of his loyalty to a. man and a name rather than to the principles of sound military statesmanship. The German chief of staff was Helmuth von Moltke, nephew of the hero of the Franco-Prussian war. He was a nice fellow, but no military strategist of a high order. He had no real or enthusiasm for a. European war. In the summer of 1914, he was a very sick man Three times that year he had taken the cure at Carlsbad. Admiral von Tirpitz once said that during one of the important conferences late in July, 1914, Moltke was unable to stand alone. But the kaiser remained loyal to hie friend and to the name of Von Moltke He refused to remove Moltke and replace him with an aggressive military leader. Such was the man intrusted with the execution of the gigantic and challenging plan of campaign drawn up by General von Schlieffen, probably the greatest military genius Europe has known since Napoleon, not even excepting the elder Moltke. It involved war on two fronts—first striking down France on the west before Russia could get her massive army thoroughly in motion and then turning back and destroying the Russian forces. In the west the plan of campaign was to close in on the French and British armies like the jaws of a pincer. It was to be Hannibal's tactics at Cannae on a vast scale. At the outset, the plan worked perfectly. On Aug. 22 the scene was set for the enveloping mover rnent which would have meant the capture or annihilation of the French army, and possibly the English as well. But the commander at a crucial point was General von Bulow, an old line strategist without tion of Von Schlieffen. Disobeying orders, he made a frontal attack which disrupted the whole program. Evpn so. a smashing victory was won, though absolute triumph was denied. Tire Germans, with proper direction, might have occupied the channel ports and marched triumphantly into Paris. The French resistance was broken and orders had been given to re-embark the British army and move it to a safe place on the west coast of France- If the Germans had possessed an aggressive leader, nothing could have saved Paris. L But Moltke was ck and out of touch wi thrivents

The Indianapolis Times (A SORIPFS-HOWAKD NEWSPAPER) Owned and published dally except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos., 214*220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis, Ind.* Price in Marlon County. 2 cents a copy: elsewhere. 3 cents—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. BOTD GURLEY. ROY W. HOWARD. PRANK G, MORRISON. Editor ■ i'realdcpt . Business Manager SflSl - * THURSDAY. JAN. 8. JB3l. Member of United Press, Scrlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

or the far distant front. Von Kluck's advance had been so rapid and spectacular that it alarmed him. He itent out an inexperienced aid, Lieutenant-Colonel Hentsch, to observe and report. Hentsch went to the front, was shocked by the sight of the dead and wounded—a spectacle he never had witnessed—and advised ordering a retreat. Moltke followed Hentsch's advice and gave the order to withdraw when nothing remained except ! to walk triumphantly into Paris. The retreat was in process before the much talked of French offensive had begun. The latter was nothing more than a following up of the retiring Germans. It never could have saved Paris if Moltke had been well advised. There is not the shadow of a doubt that if Mackensen, Falkenhayn, Hoffman or Ludendorff had been in Moltke’s shoes the war would have been won by Oct. 1, 1914. .Hinderiburg..already had (Aug. 27) annihilated the Russian army -at Tannenburg without interrupting the German offensive in the west—a stroke of good fortune not in the German program. It is probably futile to speculate on whether the world would have been better today as the result of a quick German victory like this. It would have saved thh four years of horror which followed' But it would have strengthened enormously the military clique in Germany, and probably would have made Germany after 1314 something like what we were taught to believe she was before that date. Economically; Europe ani the world would have been far better-off today, buc peace hardly would have been assured. The other nations, chafing under German domination, would hrve been more restless than they are today under the French military dictatorship in Europe. - All‘we know only serves to emphasize the fact that only one statesmanlike utterance came forth during the World war. That was Woodrow Wilson’s proclamation that any constructive peace must be a peace without victory A Labor Injunction While congress is groping about for ways by which it may relieve and prevent unemployment, it should not overlook legislation that has been waiting many years in its committees and on,its calendars, for attention. This is the anti-injunction bill. There were reasons enough, even before the depression began, for its passage. Now there are additional ahd Stronger reasons. As more thought is being given than ever before to the problems of industry and its workers, more and more; people are realizing that to workers the right to band together is essential to' their security and livelihood. 1 The courts have recognized this right;.-yet. they continue to issue injunctions which make a mockery of them. • Last spring, with the senate’s' debate on Judge Parker and the yellow dog contract still echoing,- a .federal court in lowa issued an injunction which forbade strikers at Ft. Dodge to tell any one, directly or indirectly, verbally or In' writing, that a strike was in progress, that the mill in question, was considered unfair to organized labor, and that it required its workers to sign a yellov dog contract. Labor's guaranteed right.. to organize , and to strike were about as useful to Ft, Dodge st rikers in that case as if they had been slaves in manacles. Their strike was doomed from the beginning, So was their liberty of contract and the decent livelihoods they had hoped to gain . , ‘ , Now we are discovering by bitter experience what happens when American workers have not money enough to buy the goods the factories make. We must have money first,' from congress; to . stop immediate suffering. Then let us have this'antiinjunction bill as one step toward blotting .-suffering from the ‘future. ...A figlit crowd is funny, observes the office sage. They’ll razz a fighter’s bathrobe, but go wild-over his socks .; ••• ” ' ' '• i' These are the days when a college grad just as soon, would have something else on his stomach than a fraternity key, Tlje times are such, indeed, that many s. man worth his salt finds himself in a tight pinch.

j REASON bv f ™ ck

PRESIDENT HOOVER is said to favor calling an extra session during hot weather,'confident that Washington's soggy heat will bring congress, to terms. The environment has a lot to do with, action, the adoption of the ..Declaration of. Independence .haying been hurried by the fact that the flies from a nearby livery stable bit the statesmen through their- silk stockings. a tr a - '• - ... • > The papers say that the great-granddaughter of John Adams, second President, danced in the East room of the White House the other evening. Wonder if she thought of the old days when her great-grandmother used to hang the family washing there? * 9 tt Coolidge gives out a little article every day and A1 Smith is going to give out a big article every" week. The columnist who never ran for President is badly handicapped these, days, C>.. The syndicates are going in for celebrities, and ’tis said, furnishing the ghost writers when necessary a a tt - ‘ THE way the commercialization of tame is going on it will be only a short time until dramas, grand operas, oil paintings and statues will be placed on the market bearing the name of-ex-politicians, but-really executed by some talented unknown. nan Bryan used to be in favor of a law compelling every man who wrote an editorial to sign his name to it, but the need of our day is a law compelling every celebrity who signs an article to make an affidavit that he wrote it. h .. . ■“* a * a a . Instead of appropriating four million dollars for anew cellhouse at Michigan-City, as_‘Warden Daly said would have to be done, Indiana should take a Ist of her prisoners out and build roads with them. Tliis would not cut down the employment of free labor;'it would simply let us build more roads than otherwise. tt tt tt EINSTEIN says he may stay here permanently if'the. Fascists get control of Germany. Well, we will be .glad to have him; he may be too deep for us, but we need a little profundity to offset the frivolity of the period. a a a Twelve hundred children of the Bolsheviks hissed and jeered Santa Clause in Moscow, and we’d say they would grow up to be very sentimental. Russia has taken away the Lord and Santa Claus, but it lets the children look at the mummy of Lenin, which is about, the largest gold brick ever handed the rising generation. Lenin didn’t win any beauty prizes whep he was alive, and now he can’t be what you’d call particularly soothing to the optic nerve.#*

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

1 M. E. Tracy SAYS: ...

Pig-Headednessin the Palace, Rather Than Sloth in the Pit, Is What Has Drenched This World With Blood, EL PASO; Tex., Jan. B.—The magazine Liberty, which always !is interesting and generally right, I takes Admiral Pratt to task for expresisng the opinion that “this country never will start an aggressive war.” Falling back on history, it proves ; —to its own satisfaction, at least—that not only do we Americans owe our national existence to aggressive war, but that many aggressive wars have been good and that, whether they have or not, they will continue to occur. Well, you can prove a lot of things by history. You can take history, foi instance, and prove that the leper recently discovered in El Paso should be given a gray gown and a clapper and t-old to come no nearer than three miles of any human habitation. You can take history, and prove that the yam about those Italian .airplanes flying across the Atlantic just can t be so. Or, going a little farther back, you can take history and prove that there isn’t anything at all.on this side of the Atlantic; that the earth is flat, and that what we call science is merely witchcraft, designed by Satan to trick the faithful. What you can, or can not, prove by history depends on. where you stop, but history itself never stops. tt u a Lepers. Can Be Cured AS: to that leper, he has been sent to the splendid government hospital at Carrville, La.; and the chances are that he will come out with the dread malady arrested within a few years, which is something men looked upon as impossible even as late as ten years ago. As to those Italian airplanes, who supposes they have spoken the last word in trans-ocean flying, great.,as i is their feat? s The significance of the past does not lie in what has been finished, but in what has been left unfinished, in the suggestiveness of its achievements. He who would be a prophet must read the record, not as a guide to completed trails, but as a prospectus of unexplored realms, and as the most convincing proof we possess of man’s ability to grow. tt tt tt Ignorance Still Thrives - GREAT areas of savagery, superstition and ignorance remain. Vast multitudes of people still flounder along in a comparatively backward state, according to our viewpoint. Civilization can not sidestep the necessity of trading with them, which means that it can not,sidestep the necessity of insisting on a certain degree of order. But dees that necessarily imply that civilization is going about the job the way it did 400 years aigo, that it has failed utterly to learn something from all its "bitter experience. , There is as much difference between the way Africa is being handled today and the way America was handled during the sixteenth and seventeenth century as there is between tile Leviathan and Henry Hudson’s Half Moon. And the best part of.it is, there will be more as time goes on.

Pig-Headadness in Palace THERE are those who simply can’t see any significance in the Kellogg pact, the league of nations, or the world court, just as there, were ‘ those who couldn't see any significance in the formation of this republic 142 years ago. There are those,-indeed, who can quote history by ' the volume,without etver suspecting, much less- appreciating, its most. vital lesson, which is continuous' evolution, and eternal change, ■ • „ : v. y '-. > One of the greatest; handicaps to orderly progress is that- men,-es-pecially those occupying positions of authority and'prestige, seldom recognize a really important event until long after it has occurred. As Woodrow Wilson said, “Revolution generally occurs in the cellar,” but humanity would be afflicted with far less revolution if its leaders were a little more tolerant toward "the relentless force of evolution. Such fighting as has been necessary to clear the way for an honest advance of civilization amounts to very little compared to that forced on humanity by an upper crust that wanted not only to stay put, but grow thicker, ~ Pig-headedness in the palace', rather than sloth in the pit, is what has drenched this world in blood. You can cure the sloth with education, as we are beginning to understand, but not the pig-headed-ness. You can make a savage see the . advantages of civilized life, .if given time enough, but not the respectable exploiter, who has made money or acquired power by keeping him savage.

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS January 8 ON Jan. 8, 1815, the last battle of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain was fought at Chalmette, near New Orleans. • * ~ - After failing to batter down the American lines by a cannonade, the British, under Major-General Sir Edward Pakenham, decided to try an assault, which was made the morning of Jan. 8. The British attacked with spirit, but were met with such a heavy cannonade and with such storm of bullets- from the rifles of American troops, mainly backwoodsmen from Tennessee and Kentucky, commanded by General Andrew Jackson, that in less than half an hour 2,000 men, including Pakenham, were shot down, and the assault failed. The American loss was but eight killed and thirteen wounded. What is the status of the Irving Webster case? Under two to fourteen years’ sentence, Irving Webster is at liberty on bond pending appeal to the Indiana supreme court.

——-———DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Climate Has Great Influence on Life

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor. Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hyteia, the Health , Magazine, IT long has been recognized that temperature, humidity, the amount of wind and rain, and all other factors associated with climate have a definite influence on human life. Tiffs influence acts to modify the nature of the blood; the rate of the heart, the amount of. perspiration, the amount of excretions, and the quantity of the secretion of the various glands. Almost every one knows that the oncoming of bad weather is reflected by pain in injured and inflamed joints, and that in various other ways the physical conditions of life affect the constitution of the human being. It occurred to Dr. C. A. Mills to find out whether there’ was any direct relationship between climate and the number of births occurring in any section of the world at any given time. To settle the point in which he was interested, the birth statistics of different cities, states and countries were obtained and the number of births ineach month for a number of years recorded. Twelve months then were equalized to a *hi?ty-one-day basis for

IT SEEMS TO ME by h ™ d

nnHE engagement In which eight marines were killed in Nicaragua may fairly .be referred to as a battle- Our losses in several encounters during the Spanish-Ameri-can war were po greater. But at that ' time, whether inadvisedly or not, we. were frankly conducting'a war. The declaration of hostilities was sanctioned by congress. But against whom are we fighting along the isthmus now? If it is said that the band which waylaid.-our men was an aggregation of bandits, the mystifying part of the whole proceeding will grow no less. After all, these are not our bandits. Here, within the borders of the United States, there is ample opportunity to carry on machine .gun warfare with outlaws. Not so long ago we were told that our only plan and purpose in Nicaragua was to insure the holding of a lawful and peaceful election But that Dlebiscite already has been held. It was supervised by United States marines. Now it becomes obvious that not all the people in the small and distressed republic were satisfied with the results. a a a Not Our Quarrel r* may even be that if "dur forces were withdrawn armed revolution and turmoil would follow. Yet,! even so, it seems to me that we should bring our soldiers home. , Surely the United States is not going to attempt to maintain order and the status quo in every Central and South American country by force of arms. We did not interfere actively in the clashes which, occurred in several of the larger republics. Argentine settled its problems without benefit of our detachments. I can not see why Nicaragua should not be accorded the same privilege. From the beginning we have been participating in a bootleg war. It is not part of our function to police Nicaragua. A government which can not maintain itself there has no right to call upon us for assistance. In fact, if Nicaragua wants government by revolution instead of by election, that is not our; business, either. Much; has been said about dollar diplomacy, and throughout South America our proceedings along the isthmus are looked upon as an imperialistic venture. Yet it is possible to find holes even in this theory. The stake of American business in Nicaragua is tiny. The notion that we must preserve carder there against some future building of a canal is ridiculous. After all,' no such task is imminent, and we are hardly promoting ultimate peace and order by supporting one factioh against another, a a a Self-Government MARINES have many virtues, but they never have been noted as proficient instructors in the art of self-govermrent. It seems to me

comparison. Correction also was made for changes in population and allowance made for the time necessary- for the prenatal development of the child. It then was found that the conception rate in Montreal is rather depressed in the late winter, rises steadily to a June peak, and then declines gradually to late winter, A little farther south, where the temperature for July and August rises above 70 degrees Fahrenheit, there is : a depressive influence on the conception of children. In Boston, with July and August average temperature of 71 degrees Fahrenheit, there is a 6 per cent reduction in the rate, and in Chir cago a definite late winter depression and a mild summer, heat effect. In Wichita, Kan., when the temperature during July and August rises to 78 degrees Fahrenheit, there is a 14 per cent reduction in the rate. In Charleston, S. C., and in-Tam-' pa, Fla., where there is an average temperature of 82 degrees and 83 degrees Fahrenheit in July and August, there are corresponding depressioxis of 27 to 31 per cent in.the fates of conception. On the Pacific coast, where the mean temperature - is- more stable and does not arise above 70 degrees Fahrenheit during . the summer,

that the chief cause of our illogical policy is more pig-headedness. In the beginning, there may have been a sincere belief that the whole trouble could be cleared in a short time. Even if-this was a war, it was such a little one that nobody would notice. The American public has been fed upon official lies worthy of a world war. Sandino and his lieutenants have been dispersed, annihilated, driven into the sea a dozen times, and now we read that eight of our men are dead, and in the papers the headlines scream, “Marines Hunt Nicaraguans to Avenue Their Slain! ,? When will there be an end of this? Probably our detachments will strike some band of native inblcod, and- after that the men of the isthmus will,feel that they must square accounts again. a a a Bad Routine SO it has gone on for years. There must be no stopping point. It hardly will be feasible to maintain activities until every disaffected Nicaraguan is dead. Even today babies are being born in little villages who will grow up to hate the alien soldier who strides through their streets. People are like that. It is irrelevant to say that American advisers, properly flanked by rifles, might give the small republic a better government than it ever could generate under Its own steam. Even if it is demonstrable that the choice for the natives lies between freedom and chaos on the one hand and on the other prosperity and American occupation, we can not blame them if they choose freedom in spite of dire consequences. It is the temper of mankind to prefer autogenous agony rather than a compulsive betterment. You would make the same decision, and so would I. The lives of eight Americans is too big a price to pay for official stubbornness against the face of facts. The life of one is far too much. Suppose a father or a mother went to Washington and buttonholed an official, saying: “My son is dead near Ocotal. Why did he die? For what purpose? Who sent him there and to what good?’ * I don’t see how the official could answer that. We have spread too much blood along these jungle paths. The time has come to stop. If our devotion to peace is anything out a screen and a sham, we should take it first of all to Nicaragua. It is not our fight and never was. Certain aspects of the war in Nicaragua peculiarly are dangerous. There never has been any pretense that some great and noble cause was Involved. In fact, I assume that most of us had pretty completely forgotten this : private vestpocket conflict;. ' r The list of dead includes men from Colorado, New-i York, Mis-

there is no depression of the rate in the summer period. In order to show that variations in the rate are not necessarily associated with the rate of marriages, the figures were studied for Belgium and Switzerland, where there are peaks in the marriage rate in June and in the fall. It was found that there is a similar peak in conception in June, but that the fall marriage peak is not accompanied by such rise. In Japan, the spring months of April, May, and early June are almost perfect so far as temperature is concerned, but from the middle of June to early September the humidity is constantly high, day and night, while the average temperature rises to 99 degrees Fahrenheit. There is a 50 per cent fall in the conception rate during the tropical summer period. It is the opinion of the investigators that heat and high humidity definitely affect tire likelihood of conception. Therefore, human fertility is highest in temperatures at about 65 degrees Fahrenheit. It is reduced greatly in low temperatures during the winter, and during increases in temperatures above 70 degrees Fahrenheit during the summer.

Ideals and optnions expressed in this column are those ol one of America's most inter* estinsr writers and are presented without reeard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

souri, Indiana, Alabama, Pennsylvania. It’s a long way to Pennsylvania. It’s a long way to Ocotal. The best practical step which we can take now as an indication of our sincere regard for peace is to take our troops away and to resolve that not again will we assume responsibility for intervention beyond our borders (CoDrriirht. 1931. by The Times)

Daily Thought I

Prove all things; hold fast that which is good.—l Thessalonians 5.2 L

Seek for good, but expect evil.— Cervantes.

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JAN. ,8, 1931

SCIENCE

BY DAVID DIETZ Einstein's Idea That, Space Is Curved Has Met General Acceptance Among Scientists. THE universe became more mysterious than ever as a result of advances in astronomy during 1930 For one of the important events of the year was the confirmation of the suggestion of Professor Albert Eir stein that space is curved. The other two important astronomical events of the year were the discovery of the planet Pluto and the confirmation of the cosmic cloud, the extremely thin cloud of gaseous matter occupying interstellar space. Lord Kelvin once said that to call a thing mysterious meant only that, one did not understand it. On this basis, the average layman would be quite willing to admit that both the Einstein theory and its implications concerning the structure of the universe were most mysterious. Many scientists would be willing to admit the same thing. But they would not be willing to stop with that admission. It has been pointed out, for example, that a creature aware only of two dimensions might be upon a roadway when it started to rain. The creature would be aware only of the sudden and unpredictable appearance of drops of water in his two-dimensiona 1 world - u a a Like a Sphere CERTAIN phenomena observed by the astronomer seem as hard to explain as the raindrops would be to the creature in the two-dimen-sional world. These have led during the last year to the acceptance of Einstein’s idea of curved space. It is extremely difficult—some authorities say impossible—to visualize what is meant by curved space. Its effect, however, would be to bring an individual back to his starting point if he traveled long enough in any one direction Every one understands the nature of the surface of a sphere. It has no boundaries. One may travel over its surface forever without meeting a boundary. Yet its surface is finite and if one travels long enough in any direction he finds himself back at his starting point. In similar fashion, says Einstein, space is unbounded, but finite,' and the object which traveled long enough in one direction would get back to its starting point. But while the theory of Einstein in general has been confirmed, the nature of space is thought at present to be more like that suggested by a Dutch scientist, De Sitter, from a study of the Einstein theory, than like that suggested by Einstein himself. The work on the structure of space during 1930 represents a Joint venture of the Mt. Wilson observatory and the California Institute of Technology. a u Work Divided THE Mt. Wilson astronomers made the observations. The work was done by Drs. Edwin P. Hubble, Francis G. Pease, and Milton Humason. According to Einstein's views, the amount of space in existence is determined by the amount of matter in the universe. On the assumptoon that the distribution of stars and nebulae beyond the reach of our present telescopes Is essentially the same as within their reach, Hubble has arrived at a figure for the average density of space. From this, the mathematicians have calculated the size of the universe, if it is an Einstein universe. These calculations give space a radius of 84,000,000,000 light-years. A light year is 6,000,000,000,000 miles. But while there Is no direct observational method of checking the Einstein universe, there is a check on the De Sitter universe. It requires a shifting of the lines of the spectrum toward the red. This shift should become greater and greater for more distant objects Such a shift to the red, however, is also a consequence of motion and it is difficult therefore to say how much of the observed shift is due to the curvature of space and how much to motion. The radius of the universe is believed to lie somewhere betwee: 80,000,000 light-years, a minimum figure for the De Sitter universe and the 84,000,000,000 light-years set by the Einstein universe: