Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 183, Indianapolis, Marion County, 10 December 1930 — Page 4

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The Car Muddle Before this city is delivered into the hands of the Insull interests, as far as transportation is concerned, the public should at least consider the possibility of municipal ownership. When George J. Marott suggested that the city junk the street car lines and substi■c, lute busses as a means of carrying citizens to their work, he called attention to the fact that the people who now ride cars ma> not forever be wholly dependent upon the present system. His plan may need some revision in details, but both Marott and Insull were agreed on one point. They both believe in public ownership. The Insull interests ofTei it in the distant future at a price which may be . questioned. Marott wants it now on terms that are favorable to the city. The activity of bankers, brokers and i lawyers in behalf of the proposed franchise S for a monopoly of street transportation sugZ gests that the people will do well to proceed i with some caution and a great deal of invests ligation. I The present system is in the hands ot a Z receiver. Its owners admit they have tailed | to operate successfully. There are all breeds i of securities standing against the property, j There are first mortgage bonds and sec- = ond mortgages and preferred stock, the total *j of whose face value is eighteen or twenty • millions. * 3 The proposal of these bondholders is that r they sacrifice some of the face value, trade i m their bonds for new ones to be issued, and | let the Insull interests try to earn dividends • for them. r If the receivership followed the regular legal course, the lines would be sold at auction and the first cash would go to the hold--4 ers of first mortgages. ; The owners of the other issues would probably receive little or nothing. , That is the reason why the owners of the 1 secondary issues are quite interested in the • franchise. Any claim of these holders is moral, •* rather than legal. For it may be conceded , that. a stupid and perhaps vengeful public ‘-service commission during war years forced 4 unfair conditions upon the company and con itributed to the eventual bankruptcy of the • company. The people may owe a moral obligation to these secondary bondholdeis. "f. Rut upon a business basis, the people *’ ought not to pay under municipal ownership ' or private operation, on a greater value than .at present exists. It is conceded that at auc- • tion block the price will be much less than ? the proposed eleven millions capitalization. History of street car lines suggests that 'electric lines will not always be the best ; means of city transportation. In the past 'decade, fifteen cities above 25,000 population 'have discarded electric lines, ■ The Marott plan may be the solution. Cer- ' tainly his* suggestion of municipal ownership now has the right sound. As long as the peo- : pie must pay the bills, why not give them 'any possible profits? Not So Petty Party leaders in the senate pulled a fast one on the ' third day of the new session, when every one was busy t organization work. They called up and passed, without a record vote, one of the numerous half- . baked law enforcement measures of the administration. which is much more dangerous than it looks. . This bill, now before the President for signature, : defines as petty offenses those carrying a maximum punishment of SSOO and six months in jail without ‘ hard labor. When the house passed this bill last June • its purpose was said to be to lay the foundation for ' the companion measure, the juryless trial bill for so--called petty offenses. If the purpose of the enacted bill is to define the •' class of cases for jurylcss trials, then it is bad legislation. For it covers offenses some of which can be tried only by jury if the defendant demands a jury. Tire law on this question is made by the United States supreme court, construing the United States Constitution's provision for trial by jury. This court Ljnade some law on this very subject on Nov. 24, which • fpe senate overlooked in railroading the bill through ‘ nine days later. The supreme court's decision was in the case of . District of Columbia against william H. Colts, arrested lor speeding. Under the district law a man can de- , nia nd a jury if the possible punishment exceeds ninety •days and $300; and in any case in which he is guarf an teed a trial by the Constitution, he is to have a \ * jury unless he waives it. 1 colts demanded a jury; but his demand was re- . fused, and he was tried without a jury. The United . States supreme court decided this was all wrong, that the offense was a grave one, and that he was entitled ** to jury trial. 4 It will be noted that the maximum punishment 1 in the Colts case was even less than in the bill passed _ by the senate defining a petty offense. The supreme court appears to have decided that - the test of whether an offense is petty or grave is not f in the amount of punishment that can be imposed, but in the nature of the offense itself. The bill belore the President tries to define petty offenses not by the nature of the offense, but by the maximum of ; punishment The President should refuse to sign the bill. And congress should refuse to be rushed into passing any • more half-baked enforcement legislation, especially ; the piecemeal measures turned out with so little • thought or data by the political minds in the Wickereham commission. Suppressing History The state department presents a sorry spectacle in • permitting itself to be bulldozed into suppressing (Colonel House's invaluable diary containing his con- ; venations with entente leaders during 1917. Great V A ' ‘

The Indianapolis Times (A kCRim-HOWAKU XEHSPAPEK) uitned and publicised daily lexeept Sunday) by The Indianapolis Tiroes Publishing Cos.. 214-220 West Maryland Street. iDdianapolis. lod. Price in Marion County, 2 cents a copy: elsewhere. 3 cents—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY, ROY W. HOWARD, FRANK G. MORRISON. Editor i rcaldcnt Business Manager I’HONE— Riley 5551 WEDNESDAY. DEC. 10. 1930. Member of United Press. Scilpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Newsifiper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service aod Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

Britain, France and Italy objected to publication of this document In the volumes on foreign relations now being produced by the state department covering the period of the World war. This unwillingness to bring diplomatic material out into the light of. day inevitably gives the impression that there is something worth hiding. It provokes suspicions which are frequently worse than the facts. France and Jtaly long have been under a cloud of suspicion because of their delay in publishing their documents on the crisis of 1914. The attitude of the entente powers and the United States contrasts strongly with that taken by Germany after 1918. The latter country published in full every document dealing with the 1914 crisis, even reproducing the kaiser’s marginal notes on the documents. Still further, it went back and published the documents on Germany’s foreign policy from 1870 to 1914. This example ultimately forced Great Britain to throw open part of her archives, though never quite so freely as Germany. The entente powers tried for a decade to intimidate Austria and prevent her from publishing her secret documents on the period from 1908 to 1914. They feared it might reflect on the pre-war diplomacy of Russia and the Balkans. Finally, under g. ;at difficulties, the Austrians published eight volumes of these documents about a year ago. If little Austria could defy the ban, the United States ought to be big enough to do the same. “Politics!” The President wishes to hasten aid for the unemployed. His notion of how to accomplish this is to Arc a broadside charge of “politics!” at all members of congress whose ideas on the subject differ from his. We can think of nothing better calculated to cause delay than the printed outburst handed to the press by the President Tuesday. For, naturally the congressmen now will take time to answer the President —time that might be used in doing the things he wants done. That this will happen seems inevitable. But we hope it doesn't. We hope the congressmen may overlook the President's ill-advised attack —even his outrageous misuse ot figures. By that we refer to his assertion that measures already introduced in congress would inefease his recommendations for the fiscal year by $4,500,000,000. t This is a meaningless figure that can be obtained only by adding together all bills that ask for appropriations. The President, of course, knows that when a dozen bills, each calling for $100,000,000, are introduced by a dozen different members to accomplish the same thing, that only one such bill is going to get through. The net threat to the treasury is only $100,000,000— not twelve times that amount, Yet it is a figure obtained by the latter false assumption that the President uses when he talks about $4,500,000,000. Still we trust congress will not be upset by the President’s petulance and that the business of taking care of the present emergency may go forward speedily. An Appeal to Employers A corollary to the “buy now” campaign, important enough to deserve republication all over the country, is issued by the welfare council's co-ordinating committee on unemployment in New York, This committee, In a recent statement, urges upon all business and industrial enterprises “the desirability of lifting a great weight from the minds and hearts of our people by public assurance to employes that their jobs are secure.” The committee continues. "While such assurances may not be possible in certain instances, some employers already have made them and others contemplate doing so. Such action, wherever possible, not only is a humane measure to take, but it will mean that workers who are freed of the terror ci poverty will render happier and more efficient service. “Moreover, business will be benefited, because employes sure of their jobs can spe* i their money in the normal ways instead of hoarding it against an impending disaster.” The logic tof that is self-evident. It is commended to the attention of all employers. Anew treatment for indigestion, a news item says, is iced oxygen. Now a doctor can tell a patient to take the air with no hard feelings.

REASON

THE other day we read in the paper where a letter written by Thomas Jefferson sold for $25,000 and this struck us as being about as tragic a proposition as we had encountered in many a year's reading and we will tell you why. b b b Thomas Jefferson spent his last years in poverty, poverty visited upon him by others in various ways. When he left the White House he was worth something like $200,000 and he retired to his beloved Monticello to live, as he thought, in peace. tt n n But the people would not let him live in peace. They stormed his doors every day of the year; they came from every class in America and from every country under the sun. They were an unending multitude and they came to eat and sleep—and stare at Jefferson. bub HIS establishment soon turned into one of the greatest lodging houses west of the Allegheny mountains, and frequently there were fifty beds full of visiting grafters, and Thomas Jefferson stood for all this, because his was a boundless hospitality. b u a Not only did they eat everything Jefferson raised on his estate; they ate more than the place would produce, and so Jefferson had to go out and buy food for the wolves who came in endless line. And they bothered him so that when he wanted peace he had to go away to a distant farm. a tt tt Jefferson fed more people than any other American citizen up to the time that Mr. Hoover served refreshments to the Eelgians at the outbreak of the World war, but there was this difference—Jefferson paid for his party, while Mr. Hoover’s party was on US. tt tt a VOU cant, by the wildest stretch of the imagination, picture a band of hungry and admiring compatriots going to that estate just outside of Northampton, Mass., and handing to your Uncle Calvin Coolidge anything like the gold brick which his time and generation handed Thomas Jefferson. B B B Well, it broke-Mr. Jefferson, this feeding of the multitude, and the fact that he signed a friend's note for $20,000, also the fact that he had to pay a debt ,on his wife's property. And then he sold his library, the books he loved, for s24.ooo—less than this one letter of his sold for the other day.' _ * That’s why we thought it a tragic proposition.

FREDERICK LANDIS

. THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

Worship of Mechanics Has Led This Nation to . Neglect | of Morals. of the most alarming aspects of this depression is the business crookedness and corrupt politics j brought to light. One hardly can pick up a paper these days without reading about i some new scandal which hard times made it impossible to conceal longer. The cash now going for probes j and prosecutions would add a tidy i sum for relief work. That shattered confidence about i which we hear so much is not at- j tributable wholly to financial woes or worries. Too many trusted leaders gone wrong, too many public officials charged with misconduct, too many state and city administrations under fire. n bo Rotten Thread in Fabric BY no stretch of the imagination can the pickle in which we find ourselves be dismissed as a pure case of hard luck. Making every allowance for the part played by drought, reduced foreign trade, overproduction and all the ether circumstances over which wo poor mortals are supposed to exercise no control, a rotten thread of fake, fraud,'' and racketeering still runs through the fabric. Most people are familiar with what gambling did in Wall Street, and what gang rule still is doing in Chicago, but they fail to realize that the complex exemplified by both lias reached nation-wide proportions and done a lot to make the depression worse. Eastern Tennessee, where one bahk failure led to another, until more than 150 were closed, or suspended, and where millions of dollars in public funds have been tied up, if not lost, furnishes a vivid illustration of the case in point. a a Politicians involved r_ pHE worst of it is that you hardX ly can look behind the scenes without discovering some politician skulking around, either as a catspaw’ or wire-puller. More often than not the politician is an office holder. Naturally enough, the public is at a loss to know whether crocked business has done more to corrupt politics, or corrupt politics has done more to make business crooked. It is at an equal loss to know it can trust constituted authority with the job of finding out. Over in Asheville, N. C„ a citizens’ committee has asked all of the officials of Buncombe county to resign, while several volunteer organizations are being formed in Tennessee to make sure that the mess is investigated thoroughly and the guilty punished. nan Honesty Is Lacking NO one can review what has occurred in these United States during the last few years without suspecting that lack of common honesty is responsible for much of the trouble. For one reason or another, we seem to have developed a passion for everything except the development of human character. The idea that mechanical systems could be substituted for personal responsibility has swept us off our feet. Cash registers to prevent clerks from stealing, bonds to keep bank tellers straight, sealed scales to protect the public against short weight, specially made checks to stop forgery, with success as measured in dollars and cents as the all-important objective. ana Morals Neglected YOU can build any kind of a mechanism you like, but you can’t run it without a man in control, and you can’t keep it straight unless that man is straight. We have been paying less attention to the part played by that man than to anything else. •Worship of mechanics has led to a neglect of morals. In many instances, we have mistaken mechanics for morals, the eighteenth amendment being only one. Gang rule in the underworld comes as a logical reaction to gang rule in the upper world. If a power trust, why not a bootlegging monopoly if it is right to disobey one law because you don’t believe in it, why not another?

Questions and Answers

Where is the continent known as Lemuria? It is a hypothetical continent in the Indian ocean, supposed to belong to a former geologic age, and postulated by certain zoogeographers to account for the ethnological unity of the human family. The name was derived from the fact that Madagascar and the islands of the Indian ocean were included, which is the home of a genus of mammals known as lemurs. Can a fur coat bought in Canada be brought back to the United States free of duty? If a tourist buys a coat in Canada valued at no more than SIOO, the amount of the exemption allowed, it may be brought into the United States free of duty. Are there any spit-ball pitchers in the major baseball leagues now? Those remaining are Burleigh Grimes of St. Louis Cardinals, Quinn of the Philadelphia Athletics, Urban Faber of the Chicago White Sox and Clarence Mitchell of the New York Giants. Is my sister’s, husband my husband’s brother-in-law? Your sister’s husband is your brother-in-law but not of your husband, except by courtesy. When did Gabby Street, manager of the St. Louis National baseball team, catch a baseball dropped from the Washington monument? In 1908.

Daily Thought

The first great law is to ofcey. - Schiller. Shun profane and vain babblings.—ll Timothy 2:16. HI deeds are doubled with an evil word. —Shakesspeare.

Come On, Do Your Stuff!

Heart Tests for Insurance Severe

This is the first of four articles by Dr. Fishbein on health requirements in insurance examinations. BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor. Journal of the American Medical Association ar.d of Hyccla, the Health Magazine. WHEN a man comes to be examined for life insurance, the examiner nowadays pays a large part of his attention to the condition of tlie heart and the blood vessels. A failure by the examiner to appraise correctly the state of these tissues may cause the life insurance companuy to pay out a large claim long before the man has completed even a few payments of premiums. Dr. Theodore Thompson, chief medical officer of a half dozen important British insurance companies, points out that in both Great Britain and the United States heart disease is the outstanding cause of death * and the’ mortality from diseases of the heart and

IT SEEMS TO ME

A FRIEND took me last week to a dinner at _ which all the speakers were captains of industry. I used to be an after dinner speaker myself, and it was pleasant to sit back in the serene security of not being called upon to say even a few words. The captains and the kings of finance talked extremely well, and yet there was not one who did not circle around certain points of public policy. Later a few gathered at a souse, where they conversed under less restraint, and I found that I was right in assuming that most public men are hampered by reservations through which they dare not break if there is even the slightest possibility of newspaper report and general attention. Indeed, one front page gentleman explained, “Os course, I would have gone on to develop my point along more radical lines if it had not been a public dinner.” n tt o Seal of Secrecy AND thereupon he began to elucidate beliefs which would have caused editorial commotion if they had been spoken under benefit of publication. For a long time I have felt that many liberal and radical leaders err in their conception that their chief foes are the “malefactors of great wealth.” In the political jargon of America “Wall Street” is used as a synonym for the most inveterate conservatism. Vet this is hardly true. Far more

This Is Golden Rule Week! Aid a Needy Child

BY CHARLES STELZEL Os the Golden Rule Foundation IT doesn’t matter what form a calamity may take—whether it’s war, famine, pestilence, or unemployment—it’s usually the children who suffer most. They always are so helpless. They can’t understand what it’s all about. And because their capacity for suffering is so limited, the burden which the full-grown man lightly throws off becomes a crushing weight to a child. To one who understands, there is nothing that touches the heart so deeply as a child’s sob in the silence. And a child’s cry has no “foreign” accent. It doesn’t matter where it lives or who its parents are,„its cry is the call of all childhood. Just now many of the children in this' city are being deprived of the barest necessities of life because their fathers are out of work. The best way to supply their needs is to find jobs for their fathers, so that the family life again may be normal. This will lift the burden that now rests upon the slender shoulders of the children of the unemployed. This is Golden Role week. If you were out of a job, what would you have some other man do for you?

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

blood vessels is more than the combined total from tuberculosis and cancer. The life insurance examiner is ver.y careful to find out whether the person who wishes insurance has suffered previously from rheumatic fever, syphilis, gout, or any of the infectious diseases. The reason is, of course, that rheumatic fever is one of the commonest causes of diseases of the heart. If the person affected in childhood has been five to seven years without any symptoms and his heart appears normal at the examination, he is likely to be passed as a first-class risk, because those who have rheumatic fever in childhood and survive them seem less likely to contract the disease after passing the age of 25. If tlie person concerned has had rheumatic fever, the examiner will give mere than the usual amount of attention to the examination of the heart.

cv HEYWOOD bY BROUN

ready reception for new ideas will be found among the captains of industry than in the ranks of the corporals. The belief that America is run to suit “big business” is less than accurate. Our government caters to the mass of middle-class manufacturers. To be specific, I might point out that the present tariff is not and never was attractive to the heads of giant corporations. Among the “fifty-nine rulers of America” few could be found to favor any such prohibitive scale of schedules. In theory, at least, many of the outstanding capitalists would be free traders and exponents of a world relation founded upon the unchecked movement of men and goods. a a a Sops for Soviets THE Russian experiment in Communism has drawn more kindly words from the great, industrialists than from the little fellows. But these front page financiers, for all their power, suffer greatly from timidity. Many of them share the Communist belief that very little of importance can be expected from legislative action. Politics and economics they see in terms of parallel lines, and they pray that their meeting place in infinity may be long postponed. But this contention surely gives

Views of Times Readers

Editor Times—l can not be at the street car meeting tonight, but as an old subscriber and admirer of The Times, I beg leave to say a few words through your columns. The automobiles broke up the street car business, they also broke up the business cf the blacksmiths. The blacksmith loses his equipment and his work and no refund is made to him. His horse-shoeing trade just died before new inventions, his equipment is junked, and he is out of work. But it can not be helped. Now, then, there is but one way of treating the street car pronerty. The city must offer a charter for a definite time, specifying the car fare, possibly with a revision after five years, then all the assets, including the buildings and grounds of the car company must be sold to the highest bidder, and ,if the city can bid, it ought, by all means. The bidder knows what fares he can charge. Why should the citizens of Indianapolis pay the interest of eleven plus nine million dollars, out of consideration for the bondholders of Mr. Insull? When business with the car company was good, they made many millions of dollars, and pyramided preferred stocks, bonds, etc., in all kinds of consolidations and schemes. They were welcome to it then, but now, when business is bad, they want to get pay for those bonds away above their value, and want the city to guarantee and eventually buy the plant at fictitious values. It always is a bad tiling to lose money and I am sorry for the losers, but I don't see why the citizens, with their fares, should shoulder the losses of the street car

Syphilis and gout also are likely to affect the heart as well as severe attacks of influenza and diphtheria. The person* who suffers from speels. If he is very young, the person who is applying for life insurance may fain because of fright, or a nervous disorder, but a man past 40 years of age who faints is perhaps to be consicered a bad risk on the possibility of heart disease. If the person becomes short of breath on slight exertion, he must be studied carefully, but the examiner always remembers that mid-dle-aged people who do not lead outdoor lives are likely to be out of breat following severe exertion. Pain in the chest following exertion is a serious symptom. The belief of the person that his heart palpitates at night is not considered an important symptom, because of its close association with various nervous manifestations.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreemenl with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

great aid and comfort to all radical philosophers and economists who feel that political democracy is gravely limited as long as industrial democracy remains a, thing apart. a a a Soap Box IN other words, the soap box orator and the man of affairs, in his counting house, have much in common if they ever get a chance to sit down and talk with entire frankness. Almost all politicians rend their vocal cords in defense of fierce and free competition. Trust busting still is a popular sport. But the soap boxer, out of his emotions, and the captain of industry, through his experience, know competition as a wasteful warfare. Each in his own way bridles at the endless reduplication and the loss of energy. ■ It is not strange that experts of high degree have been enlisted as agents in Russia’s five-year plan, fui the opportunity for large scale operation without threat of Clayton acts or Sherman laws is almost the precise dream of bliss which animates the visions of the expert. He may have a distinct hostility to Russian leadership and Russian objectives, but he can hardly resist the temptation to play and mold and lead such colossal forces. (Copyright. 1930. by The Times)

company, wholly or in part, while they don’t reimburse the blacksmith! I am positive a full sale of all assets is the only way, but it takes people better acquainted than I am with the street car business* to decide on kind of charter, car fares, whether street cars or busses, whether the city can bid, etc. I hope The Times will do its share to help saving the people of our city from losses and obligations and not let the Insull interests make millions at their expense. H. W. | Editor Times—On Thanksgiving morning, about 10 o’clock, I boarded a Central avenue street car at Thirty-fourth street. I didn’t get to obtain the operator’s number, but the car number was 813. I was overjoyed at the way the operator gave courtesy and advice to patrons to be careful of the ice and snow. He also showed service by waiting for passengers who had difficulty in boarding the car. In one case he waited for a man j at Twenty-eighth street to come from the comer drug store to the center of the street. This man praised him highly and said he was one employe the company should be proud of. Some time ago an Ohioan wrote about Indianaoplis street car men being so dirty and “bum" looking. Well, he should understand that one can’t go dressed to top always, but go the best one can. I think* it is more to the public to have service and courtesy than looks in employes. M. M’CARTY. Cleveland, O*.

:DEC. 10, 1930

SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ-

Fascinating StoKi/ of Discovery of Diamonds in South Africa Told by Dr. G. F. . Kunz. ■pvIAMONDS figure in the literature of romance and adventure. Stirring tales, some true and some legendary, have grown up around famous historical diamonds. There also is a voluminous scientific literature concerning diamonds, for their origin is an interesting scientific problem. One of the most important contributions to the scientific literature was made a few months ago by Alpheus F. Williams with the publication of ’’Diamond-Bearing Alluvial Gravels of the Union of South America,” a publication of some 160 pages, containing many maps and illustrations. Williams, a graduate of the University of California, is general manager of the De Beers Consolidated Mines. He is the son of the late Gardner F. Williams, famous engineer, who followed Cecil Rhodes in the diamond field. An excellent review of Williams’ monograph is given by Dr. George Frederick Kunz of New York, one of America’s most distinguished authorities upon the subject of precious stones. Dr. Kunz’ review appears in the current number of Science, official weekly of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. “Ever since their discovery, the orig nos the alluvial diamonds and the methods by which they were transported from their source to their final location have been subjects for speculation and debate,” Dr. Kunz writes. a a a The First Diamond THE first alluvial diamond in South Africa was found in the early spring of 1867 near the junction of the Orange and Vaal rivers among the bright pebbles picked up by a farmer’s children. These diamonds get their name from the fact that they are found in strata of earth which was deposited by the flow of rivers. Such deposits are known in geology as alluvial deposits. Speaking of the discovery of the first diamond, Dr. Kunz goes on to say, “How many others had been picked up in this way and then lost or discarded no one will ever know, but fortunately this particular pebble caught the mother’s eye, because of its brightness, and she brought it to the attention of a neighbor, who became interested, and out of curiosity and in the face of considerable difficulty tried to find out what it was and Its value. “Naturally, gem experts were not plentiful in this remote district and though n 0 definite information at first was obtained, the prevailing opinion was that the stone was a topaz. However, when one of these amateur mineralogists discovered that the crystal would scratch glass, he expressed the opinion that it might be a diamond. “The leading topaz advocate took exception to this, and the ensuing argument resulted in-a wager of a new hat. “This brought things to a point where the uncertainty must be settled, and the stone was submitted to mineralogist resident at Grahamstown, who pronounced it a diamond of 2114 carats, and valued it at 500 pounds. “And thus, through a series of fortuitous circumstances, the diamond industry of South Africa was brought into existence.” ana Vaal River Basin ten months later a secO ond stone turned up, more than thirty miles lower down the Orange river,” says Dr. Kunz. “During 1868 several more were picked up by natives along the Vaal river. “After this beginning, for four years the alluvial diamond industry of the world centered around the gravels of the Vaal river basin, rapidly supplanting India and Brazil and the other less important producing districts. “Up to this time, alluvial deposits of this kind were the sole source of supply, and the only diamonds known were ‘river’ stones. “Late in 1870 and early in 1871 diamonds were discovered in ‘dry’ diggings in several localities in the neighborhood of what now is Kimberley. “In each case these deposits proved to be very restricted in area, of rounded or elliptical shape, not more than a few hundred feet in dimensions and of considerable depth, instead of broad and shallow as were the river diggings. “Furthermore, these dry diggings, after working to a considerable depth, changed in character, and the friable ‘yellow ground’ of the top layers gradually gave way to a soft blue green called ‘blue ground,’ and for the first time in history diamonds were found in their original matrix, of yellow, soft blue, and then hard blue.”

-He qAtTjp'TTHe-

FALL OF JERUSALEM Dec. 10 ON Dec. 10, 1917, the British, under Field Marshal Edmund Allenby, captured Jerusalem from the Turks in what is called one of the masterpieces of military history. It marked the first time since the days of the Crusaders that Jerusalem was in the hands of Christian troops. Allenby had been sent from France, where he was doing valiant work against the Germans, to take charge of the forces in Egypt and Palestine. He arrived there in the autumn and immediately prepared to take the aggressive. By skillful preliminary maneuvers, Allenby seized the poit of Jaffa, and so outwitted the Turks that they were unable even to block the narrow mountain passes. Despite the success of this brief but brilliant campaign, Allenby was promoted to field marshal and raised to the peerage. He also received a grant of £50,000. In 1919 he was appointed British high commissioner in Egypt and held the post until 1925.