Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 71, Indianapolis, Marion County, 1 August 1930 — Page 6

PAGE 6

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Action, Not Words Some comfort may be had from statements of the members of the highway commission that they are “unalterably opposed” to the practice of'some contractors in reducing wages of workers to below’ living levels. It sounds pleasant. But it means nothing, especially to the jobless men w’ho are forced to take this work and accept reductions of wages because of an overstocked labor market. The commission has standards for everything else except treatment of human beings. It buys cement. If an attempt were made to short weight, the commission, could, if so disposed, force justice. If crushed stone or gravel are below standards, vendors could be forced to furnish the right kinds. The contracts for state roads are based on estimates of cost by state engineers. In the compilation.of these costs, the wages of labor is the largest item. On every contract for which funds are now being borrowed from reserves, the labor cost was based on a figure far above the 20 or even 30 cents an hour being paid by some. The people have definite rights in this matter. They have the right of seeing their money spent decently. They have the right to labor scales in accorcance with the estimates upon which bids were made and awarded. That the state, even indirectly, should join in any movement to treat labor as a commodity and to take advantage of a bad market for toil is a vicious public policy. The commission could remedy the situation, if it had any real desire to do so. If any contractor were discovered to be consistently starving his horses the commission would hardly consider him a reliable bidder in the future. If he underfed his animals, public sentiment would compel the commission to bar him from public work. The humane society would put him in jail. A simple notice to those who obtain public contracts that the commission will tolerate no anti-social practices would suffice. That other public bodies are permitting similar wage cuts is no excuse for the state. The situation demands action, not words. Peonage, under whatever name it may appear, should not be tolerated nor should the greed of a few who have power be allowed to menace in any manner a return of general prosperity. The greatest deterrent to prosperity would be the reduction of the wage scales of labor to slave standards of living. Maryland and California The picture of two young Baltimore Brahmins of the bar, Charles Ruzicka and Hilary Gans, paying their own and John MacDonald’s way from Maryland to California to bring their “client’’ to the scene of his perjury and allow him to confess is an unusual and an inspiring one. The two youthful lawyers are reported to have known little of the Mooney-Billings “frame-up,” but to have become progressively more amazed and outraged as they read the shameful story en route to California. Their mission, quite simply, was not a crusade, but one, as they said, “to uphold the tradition of the American bar” and see that the truth be told. At first blush it seems almost bizarre that Baltimore lawyers should be shocked while California lawyers—even its supreme court—view the fourteen-year-old scandal of Mooney and Billings unmoved. Yet it isn’t so strange. Law and respect for law thrive only in ripened civilizations. Maryland’s is such a civilization; California with all its amazing growth and traditionsmashing innovations, still is a frontier state. There are men in San Francisco today who lived through the Vigilante days, who recall the Lynch Law of Hangtown, who remember the Terry-Broderick duel, the hair-trigger justice of the Argonauts. Does this explain, in part, how California supreme Justices, Governor, and pardon board react emotionally to the Mooney-Billings case? If this case serves to teach California a lesson in law and its dignity, the martyrdom of Mooney and Billings will not have been altogether in vain. California, too, must grow up. The Mooney-Billings scandal is one of its growing pains. The R-100 Another dirigible has flown safely across the ocean. The passage of the R-100 from Cardington, England, to Montreal brings aviation one step nearer a regular transoceanic dirigible service. Never has a lighter-than-air craft which started across the ocean been lost at sea. The result is a public confidence in overwater transportation by dirigibles which the airplane lacks. Dirigibles at present are the logical vehicles for the superswift transoceanic commerce. Some day the airplane may fit in, but just now the risk is too great. Great Britain deserves much credit for building this leviathan of the skies, and for patience in delaying the ocean flight until she was sure of her ship. The result was a success, and a brilliant contribution to the sane and steady growth of aeronautics as a twentieth century transportation medium that will not be ignored. With Germany, England and the United States all building and experimenting with bigger and faster dirigibles, the era of regular two-day air service between Europe and America can not be far away. We wish the R-100 an equally pleasant voyage on her homeward trip. Two Perjurers vs. Two Clocks The virtual retrial of Warren K. Billings before the California supreme Judges, sitting as a factfinding advisory pardon body, is grinding out new perjury evidence In startling fashion. As the matter stands the justices have the testimony of two confessed perjurers against the silent evidence of two street clocks on market street. The former are John MacDonald, whose early perjuries hfm been multiplied by his newest tales, andJPsteUe Smith, surprise witness put on the stand td&y to

The Indianapolis Times (A SCHIPPS-HOWABD XIWSPAPEB) Owned and pnblisbed daily (except Sunday) by The Indlanapolia Time* Publiahlng Cos., 214-220 Weat Maryland Street, Indlanapolia, Ind. Price in Marion County, 2 cents a copy; elsewhere, 3 centa— delivered by carrier, 12 centa a week. BOYD GURLJCY. BOY W. HOWiKf), FRANK G. MORRISON. Editor President Bnalneea Manager PHONE—Riley 6681 FRIDAY. AUO. 1.,1930 ; _ Member of DnUed Preaa, Serippa-Howard Newapaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newapaper Information Service and Audit Burean of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

seek to protect the officers of the law in 1916 from charges of Improper Identifications. The latter are the two clocks that tell the irrefutable story of where Tom Mooney and his wife were and where Billings was not. Like all the unfortunate human beings who emerge from the half-world on the occasion of every great crime where a reward is offered, MacDonald and Estelle Smith have overtalked themselves. MacDonald has told the judges he was at Steuart and Market streets, and there saw Billings, or someone he says now was not Billings, plant the lethal suitcase about 1:50 or 2 o'clock. Estelle Smith on Wednesday said that at that time she was at 721 Market street, nearly a mile away, and saw Billings leaving that place to meet the Mooneys. She sets the time as when the head of the Preparedness parade was passing her office, from which she leaned out to wave a towel to Mayor Rolph. Aside from the fact that Billings could not have been at both places, and that hence the judges must choose as between two perjurers’ stories, the clocks will tell the real truth. The clock in front of the dental office where Estelle Smith worked showed the time when Rolph passed at 1:51. Os course Billings could not have oeen there, as she says, and at the same time have oeen nearly a mile away, planting a suitcase, where MacDonald "seen him” at the same time. The other clock presents a perfect alibi for the Mooneys. Here on top of the Eiler building, 6,000 feet from the explosion scene, the two plainly are shown by three pictures also showing a street deck below, the last one pointing the time as 2:01, only five minutes before the explosion occurred. One by one the sorry witnesses have come upon the stage end gone. Oxman, Crowley, the Edeaus, MacDonald and now Estelle Smith, with her absurd curtain call—Estelle Smith, who a year ago swore she was “a morphine addict” and never was sure it was Billings she saw, and who now would implicate Billings. Which will the supreme judges believe, the two confessed perjurers or the two clocks? Another Dry Pledge No one is apt to get very excited over the latest plan for prohibition enforcement, announced by Federal Director Woodcock. Long and arduous experiment has proved rather conclusively that this law can not be enforced strictly. There is nothing surprising about that. It always is true of laws that lack the respect and moral support of a large part of the population. Only those laws which are voluntarily and freely accepted and obeyed by an overwhelming majority of citizens can be forced upon the minority. Basically, prohibition enforcement had failed because the law itself has failed to hold or win the consent of a sufficiently large majority. In addition, the methods of enforcement in themselves have alienated increasing numbers of citizens from respect for the law. This is recognized by Woodcock. “I think much of the criticism of prohibition in the United States is due to blunders and misconduct of agents and investigators,” he says. So Woodcock proposes that the federal machine be greased and the personnel be trained to eliminate the sensational and lawless methods used in the past. That, certainly, is all to the good. The violations of constitutional rights limiting search and seizure, and the murder of innocent motorists by prohibition agents, has become a national menace. There would be more enthusiasm for the new reform pledges, perhaps, if they really were new. They are not. Periodically, under the Coolidge administration, and even more frequently under the Hoover administration, such promises have been made, without results. Therefore, the public, while wishing Woodcock luck in his latest revival of reform plans, can not be blamed If it reserves its cheers for something more effective than easy promises. In any case, there is no reason to believe that the most perfect enforcement system possible would stop the steady swing of American public opinion to prohibition repeal. In considering a means of ending this tree-sittihg craze, it would seem best first to get at the root of the matter. “It would do no harm,” said Ruth Bryan Owen, “if Uncle Sam had a wife.” Chances are, however, that Secretary Mellon would prefer a surplus in the treasury.

REASON bv F “ CK

Tins papers tell how Secretary Stimson and Secretary Adams to goJorth gayly to play tennis on the White House courts, but if Mr. Hoover wishes to retain his counselors he should tell them to play golf or pitch horseshoes. Tennis is a runaway for the heart and gentlemen over 50 can not play it without flirting with the undertaker. n n n Speaking of horseshoe pitching, it’s a delight to find that this fine sport is finding favor with the white collar boys. The city fellows used to make great sport of us in former days because we did it. n n n SIR HENRY GOUVAIN, eminent English physician, says that excessive sun-tan treatment has the same effect as too much champagne. This is likely to impress America as an inspiration, rather than a warning, for to those who yearn for a bun, it’s much cheaper and safer than the bootleg route. nun Unusually large numbers of American tourists are going to South America this summer, which is encouraging, for if we can keep them away from Europe and in this hemisphere, we may in time be able to induce them to see their own country. n ,# n Dr. Ewell Neil, Nashville (Tenn.) dentist, has glad tidings for flappers in the frivolous fifties. He announces that false teeth now can be made to provide the coy veteran with a baby lisp. Her map may be changed also; if she has a profile like Norway and Sweden, it can be changed to resemble Spain and Portugal. n n n "fTTENNA now plans to become the worlds center V of music. Probably she got the idea from paying the fiddler these last twelve years after dancing with the former kaiser from 1914 to 1918. m n n The ladies of the Philippines serve their country by sitting on duck eggs to hatch them out. What a great opportunity for the Vice-President of the United States. n u There are hundreds of kids now sitting in trees all over the country, but if the idea had struck us back in the days of the old wood pit, the response would have been unanimous.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

SCIENCE

BY DAVID DIETZ Observation of Sun Spots Gave Scientists the Knowledge That the Sun Rotates on Its Axis. THE study of sun spots has revealed many interesting facts, many of which still are awaiting satisfactory explanation. In general, astronomers feel that sun spots merely are V. ■{ surface manifestation of some sort of disturbance deep wit ‘n the interior of the sun and that a complete understanding of sun spoti would unravel many mysteries about the nature of the sun. The fi;ct that the sun rotates upon its ixis first was learned from observation of the sun spots, for if the sun is watched from day to day, the spots can be seen moving steadily across the face of the sun. But, in addition, study has, revealed that the spots are themselves drifting on the surface of the sun. Recent studies show that there does not seem to be any general direction of drift, but that spots anywhere on the sun are likely to drift in any direction. In general, however, the amount of drift east or west is likely to be double the amount of drift north or south. Akesson computes that the average daily drift in longitude to be about 43 minutes and that in latitude about 24 minutes. This corresponds to distances on the sun’s surface of 5,400 and 3,000 miles, respectively. He also finds that small spots move faster than large ones. tt tt tt i Activity * WHEN it is recalled that sun spots range in diameter from 500 to 50,000 miles, the amount of activity on the sun’s surface can be realized from the fact that these spots move thousands of miles in a single day. In this connection, it should be remembered that the sun does not have a solid surface, but a great seething gaseous surface at a temperature of 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The sun spots then are great disturbances moving across this gaseous Surface, disturbances, which as previously indicated, arise deep down in the sun and make their way to the surface. Sir Frank Dyson, astronomer royal of Great Britain, and Professor E. W. Maunder state that the speed and direction of the motion of a sun spot usually changes daily. The result of this is, they say, that at the end of one revolution of the sun, the spot has not moved very far from its original position. The sun takes approximately twenty-five days to rotate on its axis. During that time, according to Dyson and Maunder, the average motion of a spot is about 4 degrees in longtitude and 1.2 degrees in latitude. Sun spots usually form in groups, the large regular spots at the head of the stream and the large spot at the end persisting, while the smaller ones between the two disappear. Dyson and Maunder state, “Regular spots usually form at the head of a stream, and, during the early days of the development of the stream, move rapidly forward in longtitude. After the stream has attained its greatest dimensions and begun to diminish again, it is the following portion of the group that disappears first, and the regular spot which was the original leader often remains alone. 1 * In this stage of the history of the group there is a strong tendency for the regular spot to move back again toward the longtitude where it originally was formed.” n a Belts PRACTICALLY all sun spots occur in one of two belts. These belts start on either side of the equator in latitudes 5 degrees north and south, respectively. The northern belt extends to latitude 40 degrees north. The southern belt extends to latitude 40 degrees south. Sun spots vary in number in a cycle. At the time of sun spot maximum, a few spots occur near the equator. Russell states that a few small and short-lived spots have, on occasion, been observed in latitudes as high as 65 degrees and even 72 degrees. Generally about the same number of spots occur in the northern belt as in the southern belt. But sometimes there will be a period of years in which one belt will have more spots than the riher. An interesting bit of history is connected with this fact. From 1672 to 1704 not a single spot occurred in the northern belt. The result was that when a few did appear there in 1705, they caused great excitement among astronomers and were reported to the French Academy of Science as an unusual occurrence. Russell states that during the last fifty years there have been about one-fifth more spots in the southern belt than in the northern one. As is the case with so many details of sun spot behavior, no reason for this state of affairs has been advanced.

±Sle

LAMMAS DAY August 1 ON Aug. 1, Lammas day, an old English holiday, was celebrated in commemoration of the harvest. Loaves of bread from the first ripe grain were consecrated at mass as an offering of the frst fruits or new bread. In Italy, landowners were in the custom of bringing lambs to mass on this occasion and this is how Lammas day is believed to have derived its name. Lammas day is full of antique survivals, but the one great custom which marks it as a link with the very remote past is the removal of the fences f.o.i many lands throughout the country and the throwing open to common pasturage of privately owned property. “Wherever we find Lammas customs in England,” says a writer of that country, “we may take it for granted that it is the last remaining link of whole group of customs which logether make up the history of the primitive village community-**

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Nervous Dyspeptic Needs Mind Cure

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor, Journal of the American Medical Association, and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. A MONG the most common of disturbances of the stomach and the digestive system are the nervous dyspepsias. This does not mean that there is an actual degeneration or inflammation of the nervous system. It means instead that no actual change can be found in the digestive tract or nervous system, but that the symptoms of digestive trouble develop because of something wrong with the mental machinery in back of the digestion. The symptoms are due to abnormal excitability of the nerves that may be involved. Thus one of the most important observations in connection with nervous dyspepsias is the fact that the symptoms are not very constant. The person with this type of digestive trouble is likely to complain of loss of appetite, headache, dizziness, anxfcty, worry, inability to concentrate, and that he ge's tired easily. In addition to these general symptoms, he has burning over the stomach, nausea, fullness and dis-

IT SEEMS TO ME by ™od

SEYMOUR LOWMAN, assistant secretary of the treasury, seems to take the attitude that we are too proud to trade. I haven’t the slightest idea whether the recently banned cargoes from Russia are the product of convict labor, and Mr. Lowman is in "no position to know much more. It seems safe to say that the pulpwood is being kept out because of the pleas of American manufacturers who fear competition. But it is well to remember that we can not expec 1 , to sell to Russia and takq nothing in exchange. I can not see what the complexion of the Soviet republic has to do with the matter in hand. Surely a trade relationship does not imply the presence of a profound admiration on either side. In the past we have sold our goods, with all good-will, to peoples ruled by emperors, sultans, rajahs and mikados. Surely we are not going to begin now to maintain that no bale of goods shall come in unless accompanied by a letter from the local pastor. n u n Common Sense IN fact, a little less posturing and more common sense would do a great deal to lessen the friction between the Soviet republic and us. Surely it was not necessary to appoint a congressional committee to ascertain the admitted fact that the Russians do not like our government or our economic structure. It is not even news that the powers which be in Moscow would like to see a proletarian revolution over here. To this you may answer that the men of Moscow would do well to mind their own business and quit meddling in our affairs. Their own experiment might well occupy their

Questions and Answers

What are the barking sands of Hawaii? The so-called barking sands of Hawaii, and many other places, are varieties of sand known as musical sand. These exhibit remarkable sonorous qualities when struck or subjected to friction. The sand must consist of rounded and polished grains of tolerably uniform size and must be clean. The sounds emitted are often decidedly musical, and distinct notes can be produced, high or low, according to the nature of the friction and the quantity of the sand operated upon. There is nothing in its appearance to distinguish it from mute sand—sonorous and non-sonordus sand of precisely similar aspect lie side by side on the same beach. No satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon been given. Is there a tribe of people In the Philippines called Ita? In some parts of the Philippines the Negrito tribes are called Ita. It is a local term. Is Jockey Earl Sande married? He is a widower, his wife, Marion Casey Sande., having died Sept. 2 ; 1927, at SSgatoga Springs, New York. She was a niece of Mrs. Sim-

Another Victim of the Heat!

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

comfort, difficulty of swallowing, distaste for food and possibly an idea that the heart is palpitating. The person with nervous dyspepsia usually begins to attribute his difficulties to one food after another that he thinks is responsible. He begins to narrow down the list of things that he thinks he can eat comfortably and soon he becomes a general nuisance around the home. Because of his phobias for various types of food, he begins to lose weight rapidly. On the other hand, in a certain number of cases the nervous dyspeptic gets the idea that the way to overcome his condition is to force his unwilling organs and he begin., to overeat, particularly of indigestible foods. The result is havoc and disaster in the interior department. Obviously a person with nervous dyspepsia makes a very difficult patient for any physician. In the first place the doctor has to make certain that the condition is wholly a nervous disorder and not related to any actual degeneration or Inflammation of the organs involved. Then when the diagnosis is certainly made, the doctor is confronted with the problem of making the patient realize that the mental siK uation is at fault.

entire attention. That is good counsel. The Russians would do well to heed it. But it is not counsel which comes with particularly good grace from American officials. We have not been scrupulous in keeping hands off. We have refused recognition and during the war even went to the length of carrying on a minor campaign against the Russian revolutionists around Arch* angel. tt tt Overdue Collapse FOR years in public and private the fiction has been maintained that Soviet rule was about to totter. It is silly to go on with that fairy tale any longer. Every competent observer who has been to Russia agrees upon the solidity of the Soviet republic. It is fair to say that the Russians themselves have done much to foster the idea that their experiment still is in the powder mill stage. Soviet leaders forever are discovering counter-revolutionists within their borders and they have used that old device of acquiring prestige at home by proclaiming that foreign lands are about to leap upon them. The truth is that at the moment no government in the world is in position to wage war against Russia. Our own profound ignorance of Russian conditions is matched, or overmatched, by theirs about, us. American tourists are forever encountering good Communists in Moscow who ask in all seeming sincerity: “Just when do you think you will have your revolution?” This notion of a United States teetering on the brink of a proletarian dictatorship is a part of the wish

uel Hildreth, wife of the late Samuel C. Hildreth, noted trainer of the famous RancOcas stables of Harry F. Sinclair. In what poem does the line “The best is yet to be,” occur? Robert Browning’s poem, “Ben Ezra.” Is Rudyard Kipling living? Yes. What is the value of an Ericsson memorial issue, 5-cent gray, lilac stamp of 1926? It is cataloged at 12 cents if uncanceled and 10 cents if canceled. Who holds the women's outdoor record for running high jump? The record is 5 feet % inch, made by Catherine Maguire, Eureka, CaL, Sept. 3, 1927.

Daily Thought

The wicked man travaileth with pain all bis days.—Job 13-20. Was ever any wicked man free from the stings of a| guilty conscience ?—Tillotsoa. I

He must find out the particular worry or anxiety or fear that is at the bottom of the difficulty, make the patient realize that fact, and perhaps encourages a complete change in the social relationships of the patient to bring about relief. This is not an easy task and quite frequently fails, so that these patients are seen touring from one physician to another; they are found in the large clinics over the country; in sanitariums and in various medical institutions; and their cure, indeed, they are always carrying around with them in their own brains. Here is a problem that taxes the finest qualities of the physician, who applies not only the science of medicine, but what is known particularly as the art of medicine. Most important is the confidence which the patient must have in his doctor. Given that confidence the physician can, by a system, of education, training, proper diet, diversion and proper hygiene start the patient on the road to recovery. * But let the circumstances persist or develop again which brought about the downfall and the patient promptly relapses.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America's* most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

fulfillment of Russian leaders. This all serves to divert criticism from blunders made at home. But I think it would be an excellent idea if Americans and Russians knew more about each other. a u tt We Can Stand It OF course, there does exist a gap between what the Russians think they are doing or trying to do and what actually has been accomplished. But, rest assured, even when described. in the most glowing terms, there still will be enough about the Soviet idea to alienate support of most Americans. There is no getting away from the fact that our economic systems seem diametrically opposed. But even this difference may be greater on the surface than Ir essence. Being mutually stiff-necked has not helped much. The Russians, like all recent converts, are fired with a fanatic zeal to evangelize the whole world. It is a land abounding in millions of nascent Billy Sundays. Anything which isn’t Communism to them is depraved and evil. Yet, are we wholly innocent of a somewhat similar sort of thinking? Isn’t there a disposition here to look upon the Soviet republic as a monster because it is so unlike our own? Maybe Communism is good for Russia. At any rate, its choice in flavors is no business of ours. This good rule works both ways. Even if both sides insist on making faces at each other, I can’t for the life of me understand why that should stop all trade. < QopVright. 1330. bv The Times!

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AUG. I, 193d

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

We Have So Many Law i That Our Officials Don’t, Live Long Enough to Read j Them Through. SOVIET Russia should not be alarmed. This decision to ban pulpwood is not the result of a deep dark plot. The American genius for law enforcement merely is to go to bat ten years late. No doubt the genius would have gotten around earlier if someone had thought to set the alarm clock. Then again, it might not have gotten around at all. It is a badly overworked genius, confronted with three times as much as it can do, and not knowing where to turn next. Too much should not be expected of it. tt a It’s Mere Coincidence IF Soviet Russia only knew the number of laws our officials have to keep in mind, she would be quick to pardon them for forgetting this one so long, and if she realized how enthusiastic we- get whenever someone digs up an old one, she would understand what all the shooting is about. It is unfortunate, of course, that this particular statute should have been brought to light so soon after the Fish committee got to work, bat that should be put down as mere coincidence. Only the most suspicious minds will think that the .ow over Amtorg and Mr. Whalen’s documents had anything to do with the discovery that convicts were loading pulpwood at Archangel and that there was a law by which its entry could be stopped on that account. So. too. only the most suspicious minds will associate the threatened embargo with political bias. You Know It’s the Law THOUGH repugnance toward Communism might inspire us to bust up a street parade now and then, or burn a cartload of pamphlets, we never would think of letting it hurt trade,' especially with a nation which buys more than it sells. We are a legally-minded folk, if you please, ready to immolate ourselves for a statute whenever someone reminds us that it is on the books, but quite as ready Jto let things rock along if no one calls our attention. Excusable as it may be to forget a law, we regard it as a deadly sin to ignore one that has been exhumed. That is why we are so excited about Russian pulpwood now, though we have remained indifferent toward it for a decade. a u it One Virtue at a Time OUTSIDERS, and especially Russians, should understand that the United States has become the greatest law-producing machine on earth, and that though we drive four times as many automobiles as all other nations put together, there is nothing in which we excel so completely as in the multitude, variety, and inconsistence of our statutes. We have so many that our officials don’t live long enough to read them through, much less execute them. The job of enforcement has to be taken piecemeal. Like Benjamin Franklin, we find it necessary to live up to our virtues one at a time. a Arrest Everybody BUT we are making headway in what seems to have become the great American objective of a statute to cover every conceivable situation, and while it is necessary to lay 95 per cent of them on the shelf some of the time, or all of them on the shelf 95 per cent of the time, we still are chasing the rainbow of honest, impartial and complete enforcement. Tlie only question that bothers us right now is whether we can build prisons fast enough and get a sufficient number of peace officers on the public pay roll, but the way arrests are increasing offers much encouragement. According to a report covering eighty-eights of our principal cities, just issued by the Travelers’ Insurance Company, no less than 2,000,000 people ran afoul cf the law last year, though the total population was only 25,000,000. One in twelve, counting women and children who generally behave themselves properly, and an increase of nearly 150 per cent within ten years! Arrests for theft and kL ired offenses more than doubled, those for intoxications more than trebled, and those for traffic violations more than quadrupled. What rank in the army are noncommissioned officers? They are officers below the rank of second lieutenant, holding office, by virtue of warrants instead of commissions.