Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 51, Indianapolis, Marion County, 9 July 1930 — Page 4

PAGE 4

CRIPPS-HOWARD

H' k to Unmake a Martyr Thom’is J. Mooney, In San Quentin prison, was informed yesterday that the Governor Anally had refused to grant him a pardon. So he made a statement. The case of himself and Warren K. Billings, he said, immediately will assume an international aspect and it will not down until both of them are free. ‘ Again I repeat,"’ said Mooney, “fate once more has smiled upon me kindly. I feel highly honored in the greater service to which I have been called for the establishment of the principles involved in our case.” In other words, Mooney feels that now he is a martyr and. like most martyrs, he is happy in his martyrdom, which would not be important if there were not, in this country and other countries, millions of men and women who will share his view, who also will look upon him as a martyr. Martyrs have made much trouble for the world, rightly or wrongly. Whether a Joan of Arc burning at the stake, a John Brown mouldering in his grave, or a Mahatma Gandhi jailed in India. A martyr is not to be reckoned with lightly. Tom Mooney, grown gray and gentle behind prison bars, seems to know that and is happy. The Governor of California seems not to know it. • Nor does the California supreme court, the state pardon board or the strongly intrenched interests who first started Mooney on his road to martyrdom. Fourteen years ago Tom Mooney was just a hardboiled labor agitator, a two-fisted fighting man with a penchant for getting into trouble. He was an American Federation of Labor man, not an I. W. W., not an anarchist, not a Communist. There is no evidence that he knew or cared anything about Communism—then. But as a labor agitator, he was capable of bothering certain California employers to the point of throwing them completely off balance. The result was that he and his colleague, Billings, found themselves in prison for life on the charge that they had planted the bomb that killed ten persons and injured forty more during San Francisco s Preparedness day parade. It happens that few persons who have studied the record of their trial and who have knowledge of revelations since that trial, believe in the least that Mooney and Billings planted the bomb. The labored statement of the Governor yesterday, of the pardon board the day before, and of the state supreme court last week did nothing to change the widespread opinion that the men are imprisoned for a crime they did not commit. Indeed, the state supreme court w-ent far to convince some not previously convinced, that Mooney end Billings are innocent. The supreme court said, in effect: Maybe these men were not guilty of the crime charged, but if they were not, then probably they were guilty of something else and should be in prison anyhow'. Listen to this language of the court: “It is fairly inferable from his past and present affiliations that Warren K. Billings was familiar with plots and plans of this group of his most intimate associates, and this being so it was an almost irresistible conclusion that if Warren K. Billings did not himself prepare and plant the deadly bomb of the Preparedness day disaster, he and his intimate associates and co-defendant knew, and always have, both before and since occurrence of the tragedy, known who did prepare and plant that bomb and the deadly purpose for which it w f as prepared and planted.” There is no use in arguing with the state of mind revealed by the court in that amazing paragraph. No use recalling that one witness after another has come forward to confess that his testimony, helping to convict Mooney and Billings, was false. No use to take up the evidences of perjury and the evidences of a deliberate frameup. No use to call attention to the fact that the judge who presided over the two trials and nine of the ten living jurors who brought in the verdict have, in the light of later evidence, joined in asking that Mooney be pardoned. The court, the pardon board, and now the Governor have chosen to ignore all this. They have chosen to make martyrs of these two men instead. With all the wild alarms about radicals and reds being heard from one corner and another of this country, these California officials apparently see no danger in the thing they've done. They don't understand that they have made sure that two radicals now will grow where one grew’ before. They don't understand that in the steadily developing conflict between Communism and democracy for control of the world, they have struck a blow for Communism. They have done their part to make millions of discontented people, here and in other lands, believe that democracy does not safeguard justice. They have wrought a grave injury, not merely to California, but to the whole Union of states. They have done something that must be undone. The martyrs they have made must be unmade. Surely California possesses a man big enough to understand what is going on in the world. Surely the state can provide itself with a Governor intelligent enough to know that innocent men are more dangerous in prison than they are out of prison. It is time California set about doing this.

Civil Liberties The American Civil Liberties union is celebrating the tenth anniversary of its foundation. The achievements of this organization warrant the enthusiasm of its members, but the occasion should be one of profound thought for the nation. What could be more humiliating than to have to admit that a nation, • conceived in liberty," must depend upon a handful of men and small voluntary subscriptions to defend the liberties for which the fathers fought and died? Even worse. These few who have some active regard for our constitutional liberties are denounced continually as common enemies of mankind. They are derided as -anarchists" and "bolsheviks.” The Chicago Tribune charged that the union's funds came from Moscow—words that the Tribune later swallowed. Some even have demanded deportation—a humorous suggestion as applied to Roger Baldwin, descended on both sides from Mayflower stock. Thus have we slumped. But we may be thankful that we have even a corporals guard interested in safeguarding the Bill of Rights. The significance of the work of the union best may be appreciated by briefly listing some of the battles for liberty which it has carried on in the last decade. It fought the espionage laws and the deportation delirium and secured a condemnation of At-torney-General Palmer's action by a group of distinguished lawyers. It headed the Mocney-BUlings defense committee and has kept alive the struggle to get Mooney and Billings out of prison. It has worked for a rets cent settlement of the Centralia disgrace. It has fought consistently the un-American criminal syndi-

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPPS-HOWARD NEWSPAPER) Owned and published daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Co.. 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis. Ind. Price in Marlon County. 2 cents a copy; elsewhere, 3 cents—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY, ROY W. HOWARD, FRANK G. MORRISON, Editor President business Manager PHONE -Riley 5551 WEDNESDAY, JULY 9, 1930. Member of United Press, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way.”

cal ism laws from the case of Anita Whitney in California to those in Ohio and Pennsylvania today. It opposed the silly state department bans on Saklatvala, Count Karolyi and Alexandra Kollantai. It won a victory in the case of Karolyi. It organized and financed the Scopes trial in 1925, which put a crimp in the efforts to legislate science out of public schools and collides. It won the victory in the fight against compulsory Bible readir g in South Dakota. It fought to the end against the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti. It organized the defense of Mary Ware Dennett and pushed the case until a victory was won on appeal to the higher federal court. It has kept up the fight against the slavery of the coal and iron police in Pennsylvania. It secured the release of the political prisoners convicted for expressing their opinions during the World war iind has waged an unsuccessful fight to get their fitizenship restored. During the last year It has sought to obtain some semblance cf a fair deal for the textile workers in Gastonia, Marion and Elizabethton. It headed the defense of the accused workers and endeavored to secure the conviction of the murderers of strikers. To prove Its devotion to liberty rather than class, It may be pointed out that the union has defended the civil rights of the Ku-Klux Klan, the Catholic church. Fascists and Czarist Russians. For what there is left of the Bill of Rights in 1930 we owe much to the American Civil Liberties Union. A Code of Ethics A code of ethics which does it credit has been written by the American Association of University Professors as a result of disclosures by the federal trade commission that power companies have financed a great deal of the research work being done by colleges and college professors. The code provides that a professor must not accept compensation from any private corporation for research work if the subject of the research concerns questions of controversial public policy. Likewise, it provides that a university must not accept research funds under these conditions. If it seems that the professors were a little dull about grasping the ethical point involved until the trade commission directed attention toward it, it must be remembered that they frankly and promptly have taken steps to correct their oversight. Not all of those involved in the pov.er company propaganda investigation have been so frank and so ready to mend their ways. It will be interesting to note the attitude of the great institutions of learning toward this new code. Many of them will have to ignore it or dispense with power money they have been receiving in the past. Harvard, Northwestern, Ohio State, University of Pennsylvania, Stanford all were involved in the investigation. The code gives them opportunity to clear their names of all suspicion. The Reporter’s Responsibility The name of Alfred Lingle probably will exist in public memory for a long time. Not because he was murdered by a Chicago gangster—the list of men who share that distinction is too long for memory—but because he was unfaithful to his trust as a newspaper reporter. The reporter occupies a peculiar position. He works hard, he occasionally is poorly paid, and he is now and then thrust up against temptations against his integrity; and through it all there rests on him a binding, if unwritten, obligation—to serve the public although he is not a public servant, by telling it the exact truth, as far as lies within his power, about what is going on in the world. It is a tribute to the class of men who work for American newspapers that so very, very few of them are faithless to this trust. Lingle was one of the exceptions. He will be remembered as a man who was so ill-advised as to take money from the underworld that he was hired to report. An Ohio girl arrested in an alleged “badger game” in which wealthy retired men were victimized says she’s a reforpier, not a gold digger. In other words, she’s just in love with her job.

REASON

P RESIDENT HOOVER was up against it the other day when he spoke at the unveiling of James Buchanan's monument, for he had to say. something complimentary about his vacillating predecessor, but few will agree with his declaration that Buchanan earned the gratitude of his country. a a a He sat in the presidential chair from ’57 until ’6l and during all that time permitted treason to put its feet upon the mantlepiece, while secession spies ran around his chair like rats and he never threw one single club at them in four long years. a a a And after the rebellion was in full swing and the government at Washington was on fire and the roof about fall in, Buchanan addressed that farewell message to congress in which he skinned the cat, saying that while no state had a right to secede, the government had no power to bring it back if it did secede. a a a HAD Jackson, Lincoln. Cleveland or Roosevelt been President in Buchanan's time, any of the sturdy four would have hit secession where Nellie wore the beads and the war might have been avoided. a a a It was necessary to blindfold the south and kick it into that rebellion, for Virginia voted against secession at first and the seutiment in Georgia against disunion was great, Alexander Stephens and Ben Hill making a gallant struggle against their state’s going aut. a a a And down in Alabama, those who lived in the northern end of the state were opposed so bitterly to leaving the old Union that they sent word to the secessionists of the southern end that if they came to them with their doctrine they would meet them with rifles. a a a UP until Ft. Sumter was fired upon there was a probability that the whole thing jvould collapse, for Senator Wigfall of Texas rushed to the confederate capitol and declared that unless blood was sprinkled in the faces of the southern people they would be back in the Union in sixty days. m a a During that precious time Buchanan backed and started, censuring first one side and then the other. Had there been in the White House a man of iron and a man of sturdy common sense, the story might have been different. a a a It is a striking coincidence that while Buchanan, a member of the Lancaster (Pa.) bar, was the most vacillating tool of secession, another member of that same bar, Thad Stevens, was secession s most unrelenting foe. Naturally bitter, Stevens was made more so by the fact that Lee's army burned tvis iron foundry at Chambersburg, 1

FREDERICK By LANDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

! SCIENCE BY DAVID DIETZ ! New York’s Regional Plan Committee Expects Population to Double in Next Thirty-Five Years. THE regional plan committee of New York is making plans for a population of 20 000,000 in 1965. In other words, the committee exi pects the population of the New j York region to double itself in the I next thirty-five years, for there are i now 10,000,000 people in the region. The committee, which has been at work for the last seven years, wisely decided that any adequate ! plan must extend beyond the political limits of New York City to include all that territory in which people's ways of living and working are affected directly by the presence of the metropolis. Consequently, tnc committee has planned for a region 5,528 square miles, a region including 420 municipalities scattered over twenty counties in three states. How the committee is making i;s plans is told in Interesting fashicn by R. L. Duffus in "Mastering a Metropolis,” a popular • summary of the committee's ten volumes of technical surveys. (The book was published recently by Harper & Bros.) Speaking of the committee’s plans, Duffus writes: “Unless all talk of human progress is nonsense, we must make it possible for the 20,000,000 inhabitants of the region in 1965 to be happier, healthier, and more comfortable than the 10,000,000 are now. “We must ao this democratically. Our new regional pattern must come out of the willing co-operation of more than 400 communities, large and small.” n n Automobile THE nearest approach to the attempt now going on at city planning in New York was the undertaking of Chicago in 1907, the plan worked out by Burnham. But as Duffus points out, there were vast differences. "Chicago,” he writes, "had to plan for less than 200 square miles, as against our regional 5,528. She had one political unit to deal with, instead of hundreds scattered through portions of three states. "Moreover, though it is a little hard to realize it, the great city or urban region of 1930 is a thing far different from that of 1907. The automobile has changed almost every urban problem. “In 1907 there were registered in the United States exactly 142,000 motor vehicles. For every such vehicle in use then, there now are approximately 200. This has not merely increased traffic congestion in city streets. It also has spread the influence of the city over a wider area. “Measured by ease and quickness of transportation, and by the economic and recreational relations which quick and easy transportation encourages, the 5,528 square miles of the New York region are far more a unit than was Manhattan Island a century ago. The late Charles D. Norton, “father” of the New York regional plan, was guided by more than a desire to make New York beautiful, Duffus tells. Norton realized, Duffus continues, “that in the arrangement of a city beauty was not simply something that one looked at—it was something that worked. “It does not do much good to impose beautiful buildings upon a city which is ill-arranged, congested and inefficient. We do not benefit very much by spots of beauty In a sea of ugliness and tawdriness. “In short, the loteliness of a modern city, if it is to have any, must be more than skin deep.”

Set-Back NEW YORK’S new pyramid-like skyscrapers, built on the socalled setback principle, are now the talk of the world. Many authorities consider these buildings the most beautiful ever built in a modern city. But as Duffus says, they were the result of “a very practical city ordinance requiring builders to set back their upper stories to let in a certain amount of sunlight. Health, not beauty, was the primary object of the ordinance.” ‘‘ln planning our region, therefore," says Duffus, ‘‘we shall go back to the beginning and decide what we can do to make it more livable. “We have an abundance of land of different qualities—some high, some low, some flat, some uneven in surface, some near the water, some distant from it, some on natural lines of communication, some apart from them. “We must see if we can put any of this land to better use than that to which it now is devoted, and what are likely to be the best uses as the city’s population and the region’s population increases. Some of it will be found best adapted to manufacture, some to retail or wholesale selling, some to residences, some to parks, some to large private estates. “We must consider carefully the relation of these uses to one another and try to avoid unnecessary carrying and hauling which are the greatest causes of congestion in the streets and on the transportation systems. “Then we must see if we can improve and add to our streets, highways, railways of all kinds, and finally even our airways, so that we can have ourselves and our goods carried from ' * to place most cc-ifortably, with the least possible friction, in the shortest possible space of time.” DAILY THOUGHT There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour. This also I saw, that it was from the hand of God.—Ecclesiastes 2:24. Labor is the law of happiness.-* Abel Stevens. What is the nationality and meaning of the name Lola? It is a Spanish girl’s name, derived from the Teutonic and means ■man.” What was the date of the battle of Jutland? May 31, 1916. Is there a prison in the Statue of Liberty? * NOt ' ' *' \

“Curfew Shall Not Ring!”

NAVAL PACT OPPOSITION THE SENATE PUBLIC SENTIMENT

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE New Medical Knowledge Is Aired

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN, Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. THE scientific sessions of the American Medical Association held recently brought to light some extremely interesting facts concerning new knowledge in qiedicine. It was revealed (hat the product called atophan or cinchophen is sold unrestrictedly under various names and sometimes bought by people without medical advice. Some of the preparations are toxic and produce serious changes in the liver. The drug is a powerful one and should be used only under medical control. The problem of heart disease continues to be one of the most important before the medical profession, causing twice as many deaths, as shown by the mortality rates, as the next most frequent cause. Many of the cases are associated with general systemic diseases, such as hardening of the arteries, diabetes and kidney disease. The chief conditions leading to heart disease are high blood pressure, rheumatic fever and syphilis. Certainly the last condition can be adequately treated according to modern knowledge and much may

IT SEEMS TO ME

IN Boston the authorities have come across an ancient law which sets a curious penalty against gambling. This statute dates back to 1740, but the courts of Massachusetts have decided that silliness and weight of years are not enough to render an ordinance invalid. The judges hardly could have decided otherwise, for, of late, much propaganda has been set out by our national leaders contending that if a single provision of any code is neglected, our whole structure of constitutional liberties will come down upon our head. In these quarters, “it is the law,” is deemed sufficient answer to the query, “what sense is there in this?” After 190 years, some research man has found that the great and general court of Massachusetts almost t'jvo centuries ago decreed that the winner of more than $5 in a card game shall, upon conviction, forfeit double his winnings. And this quaint legal conceit has been invoked against a poor unfortunate poker player, living in the city of Boston. He took away no less than $650 from a game and probably preened himself upon his luck and skill. Just who it was who furnished the information is not mentioned in the news story which I saw\ Two courts have passed upon the case and both hold that the statute passed in 1740 still is binding, no matter what changes may have aeeniyessia. A*f]p THE” HOWE’S BIRTH July 9 ON July 9, 1819, Elias Howe, inventor of the sewing machine, was bom in Spencer, Mass. After working for his father, who was a miller, Howe went to Lowell to wr-rk in a cotton machinery manufactory. Two years later he lost hie job on account of the financial panic, but got another in a machine shop in Boston. In 1845 he produced his sewing machine, but, despite its obvious advantages, met with bitter opposition. For the next nine years he was desperately poor. He made a trip to England in the hope of being able to interest capitalists. He was unsuccessful, being obligated to sell the English rights to the machine for 250 pounds. When he returned to this country he found that his patent had been infringed and that many sewing machines already were in use. He therefore began action to establish his patent. After five years of litigation he won his case and thereafter was one of the leading manufacturers in the United States. He shortly became a millionaire. in ,1867 he received the gold medal and the cross of the Legion of Honor at Paris.

be done for the other two conditions if they are seen early. An experience of nine years with the use of the ketogenic diet in epilepsy reveals that about 30 per cent of the patients can be freed from their attacks 20 per cent improved by this method, but that the remaining 50 per cent are not affected favorably. In the attempt to control high blood pressure by various methods of treatment, the available facts indicate that the use of proper hygiene and the judicious use of suitable drugs will yield favorable results in many cases. The problems of mental hygiene were discussed in a special symposium and it was revealed that the the mental question is tending to become one of the greatest that concerns the American people from the point of view of health. The epidemics which occurred in this country during the last year of parrot fever and of trichinosis, caused by a parasite in pork, revealed the manner in which the health of man may be menaced by diseases of animals, and the importance of coincident study of veterinary problems with medical problems. The attack on cancer is being

HEYWOOD BROUN

taken place in the temper of the times. a a a Punishment THE Puritan tinge of this law is quite evident. Obviously the statute was aimed less at the sin of gambling that at the pleasure of winning. No punishment is established for those who draw two inside straights, three-card flushes and other combinations which make it very certain that they will not be victors at the end of the evening. Only upon skill and judgment has a penalty been placed. Repeal undoubtedly will be difficult, for even now there is that within the ordinance which may endear it to the many. For instance, it is a piece of legislation designed to discourage the Lenzes and the Whiteheads, and feed the ego of the folk who can not tell whether the proper bid is grand slam m spades or one diamond. Though contract bridge had not been devised in 1740 is no reason why the ancient law should not apply to it as well as poker. It is not likely, then, that duffers at the game lightly will surrender the advantage which the law confers upon them. Not that the rule provides for the excess tax being paid over to the losers. The fines inflicted, I assume, will serve to alleviate the condition of the poor and destitute. Even though the easy marks profit only indirectly by the arrangement, spiritual satisfaction will flow their way whenever they see an opponent complete a flagrant finesse or take a large pot down with audacity and two small pair. tt a a Treason IN spite of the harshness of the legislation, I do not expect to see Massachusetts turn away at once from games of chance and go in universally for parchesi. Poker, in particular, is a game which fosters gallantry and I hope to see the stalwarts of the pastime continue as before. Asa matter of fact, I expect to bring the matter up at the next session of the Thanatopsis Inside Straight and Pleasure Club. I shall suggest that we owe it to the fair name of poker to make still another test of the statute and play next time under arc lights in the middle of Boston Common. And I hope that at some time during the game it wil be my privilege to throw down a hand and cry: “Four aces—if that be treason make the most of it.” Or, with a steel cold voice I purpose to call out to the dealer so that all about me hear, “Give me a small club to complete this flush or give me death.” Some painful scenes may be enacted when men of feeble character yield to this new temptation. I can well imagine a luckless eight with a pair of sevens exclaim, “You lie, you sharper, when you say my hand • '

made in many ways, but principally through surgery, through the use of radium and the X-ray. By these methods improvement has been brought about in a vast number of cases, so that it now is possible to promise clinical cure of 40 per cent of cases seen early, as compared with 10 per cent of cases in which such a promise be made forty years ago. Clinical cure means that a patient who has been treated properly is living and without complications at least five years after the cancer has been removed. Not only may pernicious anemia be treated by extract of liver, but also by extract of the hog’s stomach, which stimulates the formation of the red blood cells. Special emphasis was placed on the fact that human beings must be treated as a whole and not as isolated organs or tissues, and that when medicine and surgery work coincidentally they can accomplish many things for the benefit of mankind. In addition to the points here mentioned, almost 100 papers were read dealing with exceedingly technical conditions in which the public’s interest can be only casual.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

is good. I saw you slip three aces up your sleeve. Take the pot, you rogue, before I drill you full of holes.” And another curious but, inevitable situation will come up on account of the anti-winner statute. The clock in the Old North church has struck 12, which was the hour agreed upon for quitting, and yet one of the players eyes his fellows crossly and insists upon continuation. “Just one more round.” “You’re a fine bunch of pikers,” he cries. “Get me S4OO winner and then insist upon stopping. Why? won’t you play another half an hour, and give a fellow a chance to get himself a loser?” (Copyright, 1930. by The Times)

Questions and Answers

What is the area and population of Korea? It has an area of 85,231 square miles and a population of 19,103,900. Is the former kaiser of Germany a Mason? Yes. Who said, “Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be right, but right or wrong, our country”? It is attributed to Stephen Decatur.

...the Ability plus the Desire to Serve all our Customers. Washington Bank and Trust Company Washington Street at Senate

JULY 9, 1930

M. E. Tracy SAYS: Mussolini Tells Briand That Disarmament Is the First Requisite of a United States of Europe, and It Is. WHY all the rumpus over art? Have we been suffering from a stifled culture complex, or did we get tired of talking about hooch, the tariff and peace treaties? Professor Boring seems to have started the debate with his call for a school of fine arts in New York. He had to prove that it was needed, of course, and how could he do that without implying that this was a backward age in the more refined aspects of civilization? Paderewski, who won fame and fortune under the old order, says Boring is right. George Gershwin and Raymond Hood, who have won fame and fortune under the new order, say he is wrong. u u a Socrateo Is Needed ATHENS is brought into the discussion by the proposal of certain American legionnaires of Greek descent to erect a sixteen-story skyscraper, One crowd declares that the world’s cradle of art is no place for such an abomination. Another crowd is equally sure that Athens needs nothing so much as a skyscraper to prove that it still is the world’s cradle of art. Too bad old Socrates Is not alive to get them all by the ears with his punchful quizzing. a u a Disarmament First HOWEVER the machine age may have mistreated art, it certainly has done well by discussion. You can start an argument about anything, anywhere, and at any time. If you don’t, someone else will. The news fairly groans with provocative suggestions. Mrs. Edison advises women to quit careering and do something to rescue the home. Secretary of Agriculture Hyde says the farmers have no way out but to stop over-production. Mussolini telts Briand *that disarmament is the first requisite of a United States of Europe, and it is. an * Briand Starts Something HOW can nations co-operate if they continue to make faces at each other across fortified frontiers? a How can they pool interests or act for the common good if they persist in barricading themselves against each other with tariff walls? Or, getting right down to brass tacks, how can they hope to dwell in peace if they go on preparing for war? A United States of Europe means the end of diplomatic intrigue and aimed rivalry, or it means nothing. Briand either has provided a little whoopee for the greater glorification of France, or he ha* started a revolution in European politics. n * n Industry in Saddle MEANWHILE, George Bernard Shaw, who has been voted the brainiest man in England, says that industry gradually is taking command of human affairs, and that the place ince occupied by statesmen is being pre-empted by leaders of commerce and finance. No one can observe the drift of events without suspecting that he is right. The existing political system is essentially national. Patriotism, as defined by the traditions of war and conflict, is its chief stock in trade. It is the byproduct of an imperialistic era. n n a No Flag Rules THE existing industrial system labors under no such restraint. It cannot survive on local or provincial concepts. Whether willingly or not, it must be international. Neither its raw materials nor its markets are controlled by any flag. When brought to bay by tariff boosts, it merely establishes branch houses; when barred out as alien, it organizes subsidiary corporations, and when threatened by government control of certain commodities, it calls on science to find or produce a new supply. England thought she had a stranglehold on rubber until Harvey Firestone bought up half of Liberia, Ford established a plantation in Brazil, and Edison began to experiment with goldenrod. If we should undertake to cram a surplus of wheat down the world's throat at too high a price, the world only would look elsewhere. How much is the public debt of the United States? The total gross public debt June 30, 1929, amounted $16,931,088,484.