Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 305, Indianapolis, Marion County, 2 May 1930 — Page 8

PAGE 8

11 *ian j-m ow a*d

Examine the Slates From now until Tuesday citizens will be bombarded with all sorts of printed slates of candidates for nomination in the primary. Groups of various kinds with special purposes have their favorites. Most of these groups have some selfish objects. They believe the candidates they support will best serve what they want from government. That is the reason they go to the trouble and expense of preparing slates. The length of the ballot confuses the voter and tends to destroy self government. There are too many elective all important. It makes a wise decision practically impossible for those who want decent and honesty and efficiency. It is this length of ballot and confusion that permits the selfish to edge into power. It is this confusion that permitted the system known as Coffinism to grow and thrive. It is this same confusion that will permit other equally selfish groups to raise the cry of Coffinism in behalf of candidates who would be no better than officials that came out of the discredited regime. It will be wise to remember that not all those who shout their opposition to the dethroned boss have any higher or different ideals than those of the old machine. Something more than mere opposition to Coffinism is demanded. There must be a positive desire to give real and uncontrolled service to the public. There should be not only a “new deal,” but a square deal. Every citizen should vote in the primary, if he has any partisan affiliations. The independent voter will have only the chance to take a choice in the tall. That bad condition will exist as long as local officials are elected under the national party system. One guide to right voting will be to examine every slate and then ask for the names of the men who wrote it. When you know this and the purpose of the groups, you will have some guide. A large vote is the best safeguard against poor government. Let all the selfish groups, no matter from what source they spring, know you have an interest in your government. The new deal will then arrive. It will be your deal. And remember to cut the cards. The Safety Valve Right of assemblage and free speech become important only when denied. When they exist, all other democratic institutions are safe. In comparison with the tactics of red baiting and suppression in other communities and here in other days, the action of Mayor Sullivan in promptly giving the May day demonstrators the use of Tomlinson haU and a police escort, instead of a police clubbing, stands out as wise and refreshing. The only safety valve for sentiments of discontent, revolt and desperation is talk. England has long known this. It has never found it necessary to curb or gag. In Hyde Park any one may say what he pleases about his government. And that government .endures. There is little fear of Communism spreading in this country as long as this country remains true to its democratic traditions, and the strongest of these traditions is the right of assemblage and free discussion of public problems. In contrast with the treatment accorded the Communist speakers here, citizens have only to remember what would have happened in Russia had a group of those who believe in democracy attempted to speak in behalf of that doctrine and theory of government. Free speech under Communism does not exist. Its absence will one day destroy Commur m. This nation will endure as long as it has ihe courage to examine and study any proposals of change, in its system of government and rests its fate on the Judgment and patriotism of its voters. The best way to meet any menace of Communism Is to give full opportunity to examine and discuss it. The city owes a debt to Mayor Sulhvan for his prompt action. Probably the most disappointed persons were the leaders who had hoped for suppression. They understand the value of martyrdom.

Poll Shapes Sentiment While the Literary Digest poll on prohibition was entirely impartial and fact-finding, it has had a powerful influence in giving organized direction to public sentiment. In the early returns those opposed to prohibition were divided between modification and repeal As published returns showed in a general way more for repeal than for modification, the modification votes dwindled and the repeal vote grew. One reassuring feature of the poll has been the large vote for repeal, for it indicated that large part of ths voters didn't favor a subterfuge, such as light wines and beer, but wanted the police ordinance taken out of the Constitution and their liberty restored. The poll also bares the bluff of the Anti-Saloon League lobby and allied professional prohibitionists. They had the politicians buffaloed into believing that prohibition sentiment was much stronger than it really was; and the result was a much dryer preponderance In congress and state legislatures than the will of the people justified. By keeping the politicians, and many newspapers, scared speechless and thoughtless, both parties nominated drys and there was no place for liberals to go. That may explain why such a large percentage of eligible voters didn’t vote at all—there was nobody in either party to vote for with any degree of satisfaction. It was a choice between two reactionary drys in most cases. In short, the professional prohibition preachers put over the most gigantic bluff in the history of American or any other politics, and by fooling the majority put a vociferous and fanatical minority in control of the government and three moral and political cowards in the white House. There IS .great significance, too, in the polls of the eonef Istomina™* anti-nrohlhitipnists

The Indianapolis Times (A SCBIPPB-HOWARO .NEWSPAPER) Owned B od published dally (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos., 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, Ind. Price In Marlon County, 2 cents a ropy : elsewhere. 3 cents- delivered by carrier. 12 cents I week. ” BOYD GURLEY ROY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON, Editor President Business Manager PHONE —Riley SSSI FRIDAY. MAY 2. 1930. Member of United Press, Scrlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Andlt Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People WilF Find Their Own Way”

indicates that the leaders in business and professional life in coming years will be liberal. It will take time to get rid of cowards in public office, but liberalism is on its way to victory. Mamie’s Hat In the past when the tariff racketeers shook down the country, they didn't bother much with the poor pickings. Take working girls. Many of them make only sl2 or sls a week. By the time they pay their board bill and get the bare necessities, they haven’t much money left—only a few dimes for fake finery. Os course they can go without lunch for a week or so and buy a cheap hat with the savings. At least they can now. But wait till the Grundy tariff bill passes. The old guard has been sitting up nights in committee meetings concocting a surprise for the daughters and wives of working men. When Mamie and her mother go downtown to buy that $5 hat, they are going to find it marked up to $6. They probably will not have that extra dollar to spend. So they will walk out, mad. And the merchant is going to be madder still, because he is losing business and being blamed for trying to cheat his customers, when it is not his fault at all. It will be just Grundy’s surprise for the public. He and the rest of the old guard have slipped into their billion-dollar tariff bill an increase on cheap quality felt hats of the kind worn by working women. The present 56 per cent ad valorem has been raised to 71 per cent. Even if the wholesalers and retailers do a minimum of pyramiding on the manufacturing increase, the present $5 hat will go up a dollar. Well, what does a woman’s hat amount to, anyway. That is the attitude of the high tariff senators and congressmen. Being husbands and fathers, one would think they might have learned long ago. Maybe they will learn yet, when the women go to the polls. Give the Sermon on the Mount a Chance Shall individual convictions or the dictates of the general staff rule the minds of Americans? Should one be more loyal to the spirit of the Prussian “goosestep" than to the Sermon on the Mount? This is the core of the issue raised by the action of the courts in denying citizenship to those who refuse to give an unqualified promise to bear arms against potential enemies of this country. Beginning with the case of the estimable Rosika Schwimmer, citizenship has been denied to other sincere pacifists, such as Prof. Douglas C. Macintosh of Yale university; Mrs. Margaret Dorland Webb, member of the Society of Friends; Miss Martha Graber, a Mennonite nurse; Herman Enns, another Mennonite; the Rev. T. F. King, a Methodist minister; M. Tapolscanyi, a Communist, and Jacob Becker, a Chicago citizen who declared that he would not kill human beings. Commenting on the Schwimmer case, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said in his dissenting opinion; "I would suggest that the Quakers have done their share to make the country what it is, that many citizens agree with the applicant’s belief and that I had not supposed that we regretted our inability to expel them because they believe more than some of us do in the teachings of the Sermon on the Mount." A bill has been introduced in the house of representatives by Congressman Anthony J. Griffin of New York which will end this disgraceful situation. This would amend the present naturalization law by the proviso; “That no person mentally, morally, and otherwise qualified shall be debarred from citizenship by reason of his c" her religious views or philosophical opinions with respect to the lawfulness of war as a means of settling international disputes.” Will congress still permit an American to have a conscience? Will it allow a private citizen to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy” in accordance with the words of the Kellogg pact? A law in New York holds that a man can not be arrested for driving while under the influence of liquor if he drives a horse. All they’re interested in there, it seems, is auto-intoxication. Cloak and suit manufacturers are to establish a chair in a large eastern university to prepare young men for pos'tions. The matter of style should come easy to students who know so much about cuts.

REASON By FR S CK

THE overcrowding of all these prisons is a horrible thing, but think how they would bulge out if to their striped contents Were added all those whose crimes entitle them to admittance, but who have been saved by foxiness of criminal lawyers and the clumsiness of criminal procedure! * a a The Easter egg rolling on the White House lawn has been followed by the tariff log rolling up on Capitol Hill. a tt a Different places are now voting for and against davlight saving time and soon one will have to carry a time schedule of different towns as the old-time business man carried a financial guide in the days of wildcat money to determine the value of bank notes from week to week, tt n a A RECENT temperance paper blames the breakdown in prohibition enforcement on Harding's administration, which is inaccurat#, as the greatest handicap to enforcement was the disbanding of the army of education which converted the country and put the eighteenth amendment over. a a a In accordance with a compact made years ago by the comrades of his old company, Charles Lockwood, the last survivor, will on July 21 drink from a bottle of old Burgundy a toast to his departed comrades. This is in all probability the only bottle of honest joy water in the whole United States. a a a This feu.d between Foch and Clemenceau is but another chapter in the long story of the jealousy of leaders in time of war While the poor devils in the front line trenches are getting their red tickets the leaders are in the rear, scrapping over the glory. a a a THESE two brothers who fatally fought each other down in southern Indiana over the ownership of a brush pile reminds one of the old litigants who used to fill our courthouses with law suits over utterly worthless things. a a a One of the Vanderbilt girls was married the other day. It’s been almost a month since any of the family have been di‘ orced or married, unusual stagnation for this particular group. Mf,.Carl von Frisch of- j Vfcees know colors, but very few up* |ges

THE INDIAN. . jLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

Whatever Else May Be Said of Radicalism, It Is in Earnest; We Can *Not Laugh Off Its Sincerity. IT is curious, though not illogical, that May day, once set aside for revelry, should have been adopted by radicalism. It requires no great stretch of the imagination to see a connection between the two, especially as they have been forced to make common cause by Puritanical inhibitions. The folk of Merry Mount, who played ball on Sunday, and danced around the maypole, probably were regarded by their stern neighbors of Plymouth as both frivolous and revolutionary. Because restraint has played such a part in religion and statecraft, unrestrained joy has often been identified with the spirit of rebellion. nan To a certain extent, the red flags of today and the white hawthorn flowers with which English youths and maidens formerly adorned themselves stand for the same thing —an effort to get away from the thraldom of a work-day world. Unable to devise a system which promised anything like permanent relief, our ancestors sought to forget their woes and worries by a few hours of play. Inspired by the tricks men have been able to perform with steam and steel, our modern doctrinnaires promise humanity an enduring respite through a mechanical system of morals and politics. n n n Radicals in Earnest THE old style of celebrating May day have held out little hope after sunset, but it left no bad taste the morning after. Sometimes you wonder whether a few gay hours now and then are not better than this tense, strained agitation which would provide a millennium, but not without uprooting everything. Os course, the new style of celebrating May day has not reached a point that justifies alarm, but if it keeps on growing during the next 100, or even fifty years, as fast as it has during the last ten, it will amount to more than an interesting topic of conversation. Whatever else may be said of radicalism, it is in earnest. Smile as we may at its extravagant claims and obvious blunders, we can not laugh off its sincerity. When you find an idea that can make people go through what 150,000,000 Russians are going through, and like it, you have found a force to be reckoned with. As an agency of disturbance within our midst, we may have taken Communism too seriously, but as an agency which already has changed the social and political order in one of the greatest nations on earth, and that rapidly is gaining influence throughout the Orient, we are underestimating its significance. a a a Spreads Rapidly COMMUNISM, with all the allied and associated movements rallyto its support, represents not only the most novel movement in the present day world, but one of the most novel in history. More than that, it can claim such a rapidity of growth as finds few parallels. ~ If Karl Marx can be described justly as its father, it was conceived less than I#o years ago, and if the October revolution can be described as its birth, it is only 13 years of age. In that short space of time, Communism only has not established complete control of Russia, but has made millions of converts throughout eastern and southern Asia. Though Christian missionaries have been hard at work in that section for more than a century, it is doubtful if they can count as many recruits as the red gospellers have enlisted within a decade. nan Too Much at Stake PROSPERITY has immunized Americans to such radical doctrines as Communism. We have too much at stake to make the change. But that is not true of countries where men work for 8 and 10 cents a day and often are compelled to sell their children to avoid starvation. By and large, the congested Orient has nothing to lose. No imaginable form of government could make conditions worse than they are. Under such circumstances, Communism has an appeal which it does not enjoy in America, or even Europe, and which we should not underestimate. Admitting that Communism means little to us as a factor of domestic politics, there are indications that it may mean a great deal as a factor of foreign politics, and that is a condition for which we ought to be preparing ourselves, mentally, at least.

Wow WellDoYoul § FIVE QUESTIONS A DAY" K ON FAMILIAR PASSAGES K

1. W T here was the burning bush? 2. Who was Mordecai? 3. Who was referred to as “a man after his own heart”? 4. How does the ‘ love chapter” of the Bible begin? 5. Who was the first person in Europe to become a Christian? Answers to Yesterday’s Questions: 1. ‘‘All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them.” —Matthew 7:12. 2. John the Baptist. John the disciple, and John Mark, usually called Mark. 3. To take care of the temple.— Numbers 8:23-26. 4. I Thessalonians 1:3. 5. “Are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace.”—lsaiah 52:7,

Daily Thought

For ye suffer fools gladly, seeIn* ye yourselves are wise.—ll Corinthians 11:19, The fool doth think he is wise. -

—DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Proper Parental Care Is Vital

This is the second of four articles by Dr. Morris Fishbeln discussing the advance of medical science in connection with childbirth. BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. ONE of the greatest developments of modern medical care has been the establishing of scientific routine care of mothers previous to childbirth. This prenatal work involves first of all a careful examination of the mother, to make certain that she does not suffer from any preventable or curable disease. It is important to know the condition of her heart, her lungs, her kidneys, her digestion, and to see to it that organs that are deficient are not forced to bear too great a strain in the process. It. is important to establish a good routine of hygiene for the pa-

IT SEEMS-TO ME, H g£T

Major maurice Campbell, who led the dry disturbers in their sudden raid on the diners at the Hollywood restaurant, was for many years a theatrical press agent along Broadway, and in his activities as prohibition administrator for New York City he seems to have an eager eye for stunts likely to win himself a place in the headlines. It can hardly be said that the seizure of a few small flasks will do much to promote universal aridity in America. I wish I could say that our great government seems disposed to strain after gnats and swallow camels. Apparently the camel-swallowing act must be postponed until after the next election. But, obviously, the Campbell raid was a publicity drive rather than an effort to promote prohibition. Criticism of Major Campbell and his capacity and fitness for his job ought to come not from any wet like the conductor of this column, but from the friends of the eighteenth amendment. Major Campbell seems intent on making the law unpopular and ridiculous. And I wish him more power and a greater opportunity for monkey-shines. a a a Good Fellow I~F he deserves no other title, let it not be forgotten that he is at the very least, “Campbell, the columnists’ friend.” Only a few such are left to us any more. Mr. Bryan and Dr. Straton are gone, and Senator Heflin’s in eclipse. The business of turning out commentary paragraphs on the news of the day grows more difficult. If Volstead could only draw a tiny royalty on every prohibition paragraph that has appeared in the -American press within the last ten ears, he would be rich beyond the dreams of Henry Ford. What the custom of other columnists may be I do not know, but I have made it a practice in my evening prayers never to omit the request that special blessings be bestowed on the author of the enforcement act. The eighteenth amendment and its attendant legislation have comforted me on many trying afternoons. They have been times, as you may have gathered,,when not ,the ghost of an idea flirted with tire keys of this rapacious typewriter. In such moments of weakness I have been tempted gravely to look in the drawer where some of the old clippings lie. Fortunately, it will be quite impossible for me ever to go round the complete circuit of past utterances. because the files are imperfect and very much has been lost. If posterity intends to take any interest in a complete arid unabridged edition of my works, it certainly will have its job cut out for it. ana Tempted BUT in these times of haste and pressure, with deadlines clanking to the right and left of me, old scraps and half-remembered columns float before my eyes as devilish sirens are said to dance in the hot haze around the doors of devoted saints sojourning in the desert. And like those anchorites I have been close to downfall on many an occasion. The voice of the tempter

‘Me and My Shadow’

tient, including particularly plenty of sunlight and fresh air, large amounts of rest, and sufficient exercise to keep the muscles in proper tone. More attention has been paid in the last fifteen years to diet than to any of the other factors. The diet is important not only for the good of the mother, but also for the good of the child. Os special importance in the diet are adequate quantities of mineral salts and vitamins. Calcium and phosphorus are essential for the building of bone; iron for the building of blood and all other metallic elements for the special functions that they have in the human body. Particularly important is a sufficient amount of vitamin D, which is concerned with the mobilization of calcium and phosphorus after they are placed in the body. Recent discoveries in England tend to the view that vitamin A has

wheedling fashion, “Why not that joke about the doughboy and the four mules? You haven’t used that for a long time.” Fortunately the battle which rages round the head of any mortal sore afflicted is never wholly one-sided. Angels of light rush in as well as imps of darkness. Finding Satan in possession of my right ear, one of

- -r q o Ayr isjTHe - * rciSr

CATHARINE’S BIRTH Ma y 2 ON May 2, 1829, Catharine the Great, empress of Russia and regarded as one of the most remarkable rulers of modern times, was born at Stettin. A forceful character and shrewd politician, Catharine came to the throne in 1762, following the murder of her husband, Peter 111, and ruled for thirty-four years. One of her first official acts was to summon to Moscow representatives of all the provinces to discuss the reforming of the administration of justice. Asa result of this meeting the laws of the empire were reorganized. Determined to transform her country into one of the most powerful in Europe, she encouraged immigration, re-established schools in cities and towns and sent scholars to other countries to bring back the best in foreign culture. She also secured for Russia great portions of land from Poland and Turkey. Toward the end of her career her intrigues with lovers and the corruption of her court brought her into discredit in Russia as well as among the rulers of Europe, y She died in 1796.

Times Readers Voice Views

Editor Times—ls the inheritance tax a just tax? Have not the ones who accumulated property, in most cases, done so by unselfishly denying themselves many pleaseures of life that they might be able to accumulate sufficient funds to maintain themselves without being a burden to others in their old age and to help keep their children from enduring the hardships that they had to endure? Have they not gone through life paying their share of the expenses of maintaining the government? Can it be just to deprive them of their just and inalieahle right to such accumulation or their heirs, to whom they have •- right to give it? At present the court costs, inheritance tax, lawyer fees and administrator fees, if he charges any, take about one-third of the estate- Is this not an exorbitant charge for a few hours’ work that it takes fifteen to twenty years of the accumulations of others to pay? MR. ROBINSON.

a special function in resistance to infection. Professor Mellanby is convinced that the feeding of adequate amounts of vitamin A to the prospective mother is equally important in the prevention of infection during childbirth with any of the other procedures that may be adopted. He emphasizes particularly the danger of giving too much vitamin D without a sufficient amount of vitamin A; in other words, of creating what is called vitamin imbalance. For this reason physicians are more and more inclined to urge that the mother take, during this period, not the special concentrates of vitamin D that are known as viosterol or irradiated ergosterol, but instead cod liver oil, to which viosterol has been added, in order to raise its quantity of vitamin D. Cod liver oil is the richest substance known in vitamin A content.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paoer.—The Editor.

these bright creatures bustles around to the other side to whisper sibilantly, “Shakespeare never repeated.” “The poker game begins promptly at 5!” screams the demon. “Your duty to your readers never ends!” shouts the most efficient of the seraphs. No, I didn’t say sheriffs. an a The Argument BY this time the din is terrific with angels and demons shouting on every hand and some few taking a punch at each other. And at this dramatic moment there strides through the ether an apparition taller than the rest of the cherubim, and with a gray mustache. It is a good angel made up to resemble, as closely as possible, Andrew J. Volstead. His voice drowns out the rest. He says, “Don’t give them any old, stale stuff. Write something new. Give them a column on prohibition.” . Then demons, realizing that the jig is up, begin to retreat while I pursue them in righteous curses. “Out driver and ration wagon and all your four mules!” I cry. “Be gone and get you back to the frog pond, infamous farmer who once lived near the town of Sevill and was very anxious to go there because he had never been.” Reaching for the typewriter keys in front of me, I tap out with incredible rapidity: “Major Campbell, who led the dry disturbers in their sudden raid on the diners at the Hollywood restaurant, was for many years a press agent intent on publicity, no matter what means he had to take to break into the headlines. His latest exploit is merely the half-pint fling of a half-pint^our-fiusher.” (Copyright, 1930, by The Times!

e our ( 4^vears OF TAILORING in Indianapolis .. . with a price to KAH N -TAII^RINSSecond Floor, Kahn Building—Washington ’at Meridian Gentlemen’B Fine Clothes —Custom Tailored to Measure ■—iniim- ■

MAY 2, 1930

SCIENCE —BY DAVID DIETZ

Four Eclipses on This Years Solar Schedule; Two Pasts Two Others Due in October , THE eclipse of the sun on April 28 was one of four eclipses which occur during the year of 1930. The first eclipse of the year, a partial eclipse of the moon, took place on April 13. This was followed, on April 28, by the eclipse of the sun. The third eclipse of the year will be another partial eclipse of the moon on Oct. 7. The United States, however, will miss this spectacle, as it will be visible over Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian ocean and Australia. This will be followed by the last eclipse of the year, a total eclipse of the sun on Oct, 21. This likewise will be missed by the American continent. The path of totality for this last eclipse stretches across the southern Pacific from a point north of New Guinea to the tip of South America. The eclipse will be visible as a partial eclipse in eastern Australia and New Zealand. A British expedition, under direction of Dr. C. E. Adams, government astronomer for the dominion of New' Zealand, will observe the eclipse. The Island of Muafou or Good Hope, midway between Fiji and Samoa, has been chosen for the observing station. This island fortunately lies In the center of the eclipse track. tt u a Average THE year 1930 is an average year as eclipses go. Four is the average number of eclipses to occur in any year. The minimum number which can occur in any year is two, both of the sun. The maximum number is seven, either five of the sun and two of the moon, or four of the sun and three of the moon. The reason for this is to be found in the motions of the earth and moon. The earth revolves around the sun while the moon, in turn, revolves around the earth. Both the earth and moon cast great cone-shaped shadows into space. When the earth is between the sun and the moon, the moon is immersed in the earth’s shadow and there is an eclipse of the moon. When the moon is between the sun and the earth, the moon’s shadow falls on the earth and a total eclipse of the sun is visible within the track of the moon's shadow. There would be an eclipse of the sun at every new moon and an eclipse of the moon at every full moon, if the moon’s orbit was in the same plane as the earth’s. However, the moon’s orbit Is tiltted at an angle of five degrees to the earth’s orbit. The two points where the moon’s orbit crosses the earth’s orbit are known as the nodes. An eclipse can only occur if new or full moon takes place when the moon is at one of the nodes. Due to certain irregularities in the lunar motions, the nodes are constantly westward. This is one of the reasons why the number of eclipses in any one year are not necessarily the same as in the previous year. n n n Disheartening A LUNAR eclipse is visible from an entire hemisphere of the earth. A solar eclipse is visible as a total eclipse, however, only in the narrow track upon which the moon's shad r w fails. Any given spot on the earth’s surface will experience a total eclipse of the sun about once in 360 years. It is disheartening to astronomers the way the major portion of an eclipse track usually lies over the ocean. The eclipse of Oct. 21 is a good example of this. The track is almost entirely over the Atlantic ocean, touching only two land masses. In 1908 an eclipse track 8,000 miles long missed all land with the exception of a few small islands. Occasionally, just the opposite Is true. The eclipse track of 1925 passed across the United States, going directly across New York City. Asa result, more people saw that eclipse than any eclipse of the sun in the history of the world. Eclipses of the sun for the next twenty years, with the exception of those of very short duration or visible only in the polar regions, are as follows: Aug. 31, 1932, visible in New England and Canada. Feb. 14, 1934, visible in Borneo. June 19, 1936, visible in Greece, central Asia and Japan. June 8, 1937, visible in Peru. Oct. 1, 1940, South America and South Africa. Sept. 21, 1941, Central Asia and China. Feb. 4. 1943, China and Alaska. May 20, 1947, South America. Nov. 1, 1948, Central Africa, Persia and Siberia.