Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 304, Indianapolis, Marion County, 1 May 1930 — Page 4

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Sr*l*PJ- H OW A M It

The Parker Defense The defense of John J. Parker s nomination for the United States supreme court now is indicated pretty clearly. It takes two lines, one is to excuse his yellow dog injunction decision on the ground that he merely followed earlier decisions of the supreme court. The other is to charge that Parker's opposition is due to •■socialism" and "partisan politics. Along the first line, no spokesman and not even Parker himself, has said a word in defense of the yellow dog contract as such. As for his obligation to follow a binding precedent of the supreme court, that claim has been answered by some of the best lawyers In the senate. They have made clear that there was no necessary relation between the Hitchman decision and Parker s Red Jacket decision; that Parker ignored the tri-city and later supreme court decisions which could ha>e furnished him with precedents; and that he went far beyond other courts in enjoining labor s legal and constitutional right of peaceful persuasion. As for political partisanship, there doubtless is a certain amount among some persons on both sides. The prize exhibit, in this connection, is the letter produced in the senate yesterday, from Joseph Dixon, assistant secretary of the interior, to Walter Newton, the President's political secretary. In this Dixon urged Parker’s appointment as a "major political stroke” to hold North Carolina for the Republican party. Finally—"socialism.” This is the cry that usually goes up in the absence of real argument. It is not strange that it is being heard now. Supreme Court Justices ißy Theodore Roosevelt In The Outlook, Nov. 5. 1910 1 Under our form of government no other body of men occupies a position of such far-reaching importance as the justices of the supreme court . . . Power so great is, of course, because of its very greatness, equally capable of working harm and of working good; and exactly as he is no true patriot who fails to uphold the judge who is a far-seeing and fearless public servant, so he is no true patriot who hesitates to point out the facts when the judge does not serve the people. Ours is a government of the people, and no man has a right to be in public life who is not in a high and true sense the servant of the people; and the doctrine that there shall be no honest, fearless and temperate criticism of any judge is not only unworthy of being held by any free man who respects himself, but is a betrayal of the cause of good government; for only thus can there be proper discrimination in the public mind between the wise judge who serves the people and his equally honest brother who, because he lacks statesman-like qualities or clings to outworn (that is, fossilized) political theories, does damage to the people ... We are entering on a period when the vast and complex growth of modern industrialism renders it of vital interest to our people that the court shall apply the old essential underlying principles of our government to the new and totally different conditions in such fashion that the spirit of the Constitution shall In very fact be preserved and not sacrificed to a narrow construction of the letter. Maybe You Like Beans When the Irish people were too poor to afford anything else to eat, they always could live on potatoes. Quite a few Americans are like that since unemployment set in. But they would better fill up on potatoes while they can. Pretty soon they won’t be able to buy potatoes—not if the Grundy bilHon-dollar tariff bill passes. The potato tariff will be raised 50 per cent. The people with little money for food then can go on a bean diet. Beans always have been cheap. That is why they are fed to section hands and soldiers. Beans for breakfast, beans for dinner, beans for supper. Not much of a meai—beans. But you can live on them, if you have to. And, if you can get them. The Grundy tariff bill almost doubles the rate on beans. Well, if a poor family can not afford to buy potatoes or beans, what can it live on? Doubtless the tariff-makers will have a chance to answer when the voters tighten up their belts and start for the polls in November. Deficit Alarm A short time ago President Hoover predicted a surplus of $40,000,000 in the federal treasury at the end of the next fiscal year. Now. however, he fears there may be a deficit of S2O 000.000 or $30,000,000, and has warned congress to this effect. More than 125 acts, either passed by the senate or house or favorably reported by committees. would authorize an additional expenditure of $300,000,000 or $350,000,000, according to the President, He believes there is cause for "real alarm” in the situation. Congress should curtail unnecessary expenditures. So far the regular appropriations have been kept withm the budget estimate of $3,830,000,000. Uncertainty in calculations exists because it is not known just what effect the tax reduction, tariff revision. the stock market crash and the business recession will have on revenues. First quarter payments of 1930 income taxes were up to expectations. Another quarterly payment will fall in the current fiscal year. Two quarterly payments in the next fiscal year will be 1931 taxes, based on 1930 income, which may show a decline. Congress may have to permit the 1 per cent income tax reduction to lapse after this year. The President did not mention specific measures calling for increased expenditures. However, legislation liberalizing veterans' benefits now is being debated in the house. One plan would add $100,000,000 to the half billion already appropriated for the veterans' bureau. Another would add $400,000,000. A deficit of $20,000,000 or $30,000,000 would not be a large percentage of the government's entire outlay. but any deficit is too big. The cost of government has been mounting yearly. Heavier expenditures by congress and declining revenues inevitably mean increased taxes. An Ounce of Prevention It is well to keep hammering away at the savagery of our criminal courts and the barbarism of our prison methods. The most elementary consideration of humanity would dictate this. But he who would prevent crime will center his attention upon the children who feed the ranks of adult delinquents, Few persons turn to crime in the midst of a law-abiding career. Moreover few ever are reformed fully ‘ ~ '• X - - >m.

The Indianapolis Times (A BCBIPPB-HOWARD NEWSPAPER) f)wnxl and published daily (except Sunday) by Tbe Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos., 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, Jnd. Price in Marion County, 2 cents a copy: elsewhere. 3 cents—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. __ BOYD GURLEY. BOY W. HOWARD, FRANK G. MORRISON, Editor President Business Manager THURSDAY, MAY 1, 1930. Member of United Press, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Andlt Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way”

tendent of prisons in Maryland, recently went to the core of the matter. Dr. Thayer advocated that the department df education assign to the various schools psychiatrists and sociologists who would make a careful study of the problems of each child to prevent the formation of anti-social habits. Such scheme would be an advance over sole reliance upon juvenile courts and child guidance clinics to straighten out criminally inclined children. It is easier to deal with a juvenile delinquent than with an adult criminal. But it is much simpler to take the kinks out of a problem child before he elbows his way into the ranks of delinquents. Parents may object to such procedure at first. But they can be taught quickly that it is better to have an erratic child scientifically treated in youth than to look at him through bars fifteen years later. The repression of crime is, after all, more directly a problem for the department of education than for the department of correction. The latter gets only tne junk heap. Educators have the raw material to work on. The Yellow Dog Contract Can the Yellow Dog contract be forced upon the working people of America? Is the Yellow Dog decree of the United States supreme court in 1917 sacred against the natural evolution of law? These questions are presented by the administration's decision to force a vote on the nomination of Judge John J. Parker for the supreme court. The only argument advanced in support of Judge Parker’s decision m the now celebrated Red Jacket injunction decision is that he followed the precedent of the supreme court. Actually he went farther than the supreme court had gone, but had he followed the letter of the earlier decision that fact would offer no testimony to his judicial competence. Any dumbbell could have done the same. But in the ten years that elapsed between the two decisions, the principle of the Yellow Dog contract had been repudiated by intelligent public opinion. And the very notion of slavishly following judicial precedent has fallen into disrepute in the law. The courts themselves talk of the gradual evolution of legal doctrine through court decisions. In cases affecting property rights there has been continual evidence of this evolution. The whole theory of utility rates, for irstance, still is being evolved. Indeed, the vast injunction powers being exercised by the courts have come into being in just that way. The courts have taken one step after another, farther and farther away from basic principles in the matter of labor injunctions. Parker was not bound to continue this destructive march, but he elected to do so. The Yellow Dog contract, in effect, deprives the worker of the right to organize for his own protection in his dealings with organized wealth. No instrument ever devised so viciously attacks this fundamental right. Regardless of what the supreme court has done in the matter, the United States senate must not lend its sanction to the principle of the Yellow Dog contract. It must declare emphatically its opposition to this form of labor enslavement. The most emphatic declaration it can make will be to vote against the confirmation of Judge Parker. “Backward Regions” Senator Grundy derisively has designated the western states—the grazing area of the sons of wild jackasses—as “backward regions.” This got a rise out of Senator Nye of North Dakota, who called attention to a certain evidence of backwardness in Joe's own Keystone state. Now on a report on "the immigrant woman and her jobs,” issued by the women’s bureau of the department of labor, plagues Grundy with more evidence of retarded social development in his bailiwick, the Lehigh valley. Out of a representative sample of 836 women studied, 10 per cent received under $lO a week, 23 per cent received between $lO and sls; 37 per cent received between sls and S2O, and 29 per cent received S2O and up. The average wage was $16.75. In hours of labor the situation is hardly modem. It is reminiscent of the days of the factory acts in pre-Victorian England. Only 8 per cent work under nine hours, 43 per cent from nine to ten hours, and 37 per cent more than ten hours. The majority of the women were married. The report states that large numbers of the children were "inadequately cared for while the mother was at work.” It might be in order to remind Grundy about the beam and the mote. One also could recall to this Horatius of the protective tariff that one of the classic arguments of tariff partisans has been that a tariff protects the highly paid workers of America against the wage slaves of darkest Europe.

REASON

'T' HIS country has opened an office in Vienna to A give a physical examination to all Austrian emigrants, headed in this direction, but it would be better to shut out all emigrants from all foreign lands until every man in the United States has a job. non Unemployment is caused by three things, the advent of labor-saving machinery, the entrance of women into industry and the influx of immigration. We can not stop the first two causes, but we can stop the third, and it is nonsense not to do it. a e u BUT we have reached the time when foreign groups tell us what to do in immigration matters and with the added congressional power given the cities by this present census. Europe will exert a greater influence in our national legislation. It will not be long until the European tail shall wag the American dog. an n When the World war came we took the hide off the hyphenated American, but today there are more hyphenates than ever before, and they send men to Washington to make American laws with a foreign flavor, while up from the Rio Grande come Mexicans m an unrestricted and unending stream. nan We fight our political battles about the tariff and when the two parties send their statesmen to Washington they are all alike; they are all for protection, yet we pay no attention whatever to immigration as a political issue, when it's the leading problem in America. m m a Blp employers are the great immigration abusers; fchey favor letting the immigration bars down so they toay have cheap labor, no matter what ultimate penal v it inflicts cm the welfare of States.

p v FREDERICK LANDIS

THE INDIAN: FOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy

SAYS:

Two Women Judges in Turkey! That's Enough to Make Mohammed Turn Over in His Grave. Ratification of the naval treaty, which President Hoover plans to submit tc the senate within the next few days, is conceded, though not until we have been treated to what some of the boys describe as “a debunking debate.” Just why such debate is necessary, or on which side mast of the bunk lies, is not quite clear. It is perfectly clear, however, that certain senators are afflicted with the usual urge to talk. a tt tt Just to show what she thinks of the naval treaty, Italy orders the construction of twenty-nine warships. They will include one cruiser, two scoutships, four destroyers and twenty-two submarines. The preponderance of submarines comes as a sardonic comment on English and American efforts to have them abolished. tt tt a Mussolini Answers IT takes money to build warships, especially if a government must pay debts at the same time. Looking around for anew source of revenue, Mussolini decides that tobacco is it. Because of their free and easy disposition, smokers can be depended on not to make a fuss. More important still, they will multiply since women and girls took up the habit. By increasing the tobacco tax from 10 to 33 per cent, 11 Duce hopes to realize more than $26,000,000 a year, and that, too, without raising a political row. tt it u The emancipation of woman not only manifests itself in varied and peculiar ways, but is spreading throughout the world with amazing rapidity. Two women judges—one in Angora and one in Constantinople—just have been appointed by the Turkish government. It is enough to make Mohammed turn over in his grave. Twenty years ago, the average Turkish female hardly dared to say her soul was her own. Asa matter of fact, the prevailing religious belief denied her a soul. Now she not only walks the streets unveiled, but plays an important part in politics. u a it Turkey Surprises Us OF all the post-war leaders, none has tackled a hard job, or done it better than Mustapha Kemal Pasha. Within ten years, he has changed Turkey from a fourteenth century despotism into a twentieth century republic, and he has done it without getting a swelled head or raising a general disturbance. Those of us brought up on the idea that one of the primary objects of western civilization was to "save the Armenian from the unspeakable Turk” are finding it necessary to revise our opinion. Whether we overrated the hardships of the former, we certainly underrated the character and intelligence of the latter, it a a Say what you will, but prejudice and provincialism are withering before the improved methods of travel and communication. The people of one country can no longer tickle their pride by misrepresenting the people of another the way they used to. Tire press with its far-flung wire connections, the reproduction of important events on the screen, and the modern nomad have forced them to be careful of what they say. it tt u Planes for League THE effect of machinery on politics is illustrated by the proposal that the League of Nations buy, or borrow, some airplanes. They would be of great importance, we are told, in getting the council of the league together, in case of sudden emergency, or of expediting negotiations if war were imminent. In arguing the case, Lord Cecil points out how airplanes would facilitate the power of peace to combat the power of war. "Whereas 1914 saw European chancelleries exchanging notes, wdth some arriving too late,” he explains, “the future may see a fleet of airplanes bearing the insignia of the league roaring into Geneva, bringing council members to a hastily summoned meeting to deal with the crisis, and similar airplanes roaring out of Geneva bearing league officials on extraordinary missions.”

-1 doAkiißiTHe' 5 - mi i

MAY DAY May 1

MAY DAY, the survival of an ancient festival observed by the Romans in honor of Flora, the goddess of flowers, is celebrated the first of May by the crowning of a May queen and the dancing about a Maypole. In medieval times the day was celebrated with much pomp and ceremony. It w r as the custom in early England for boys and girls to go out on May day, gather hawthorn or “May” along the country lanes, find the fairest maiden and crown her “Queen o’ the May.” They then set up the Maypole and danced throughout the day. This same custom survives in country districts, and attempts are being made to revive it in schools in England as a general celebration. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, various labor organizations in Europe adopted May day as the occasion of annual demonstrations. In some countries the day frequently was marked by clashes between workers and government troops. What is the size of the largest American specrs of. pelican?

Nature Often Needs Physician’s Help

This is the first of four articles by Dr. Morris Fishbein telling: of modern medical practices in connection with childbirth. BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hyireia, the Health Masrarlne. BECAUSE children have been born under all sorts of conditions since the beginning of human history, with mother and child both surviving, the general attitude developed that childbirth is a natural process and that it needs little, if any, scientific attention. However, the world has changed greatly in the thousands of years of which we have record. Conditions of modern civilization with changing diet, changing exerdise, and changes in the nature of the body structure have brought into the situation hazards which did not previously exist. Moreover, modern living condi-

Readers of the Times Voice Views

Editor Times—Mr. George Tinkham, representative in congress from Massachusetts, has attacked the Board of Temperance Prohibition and Public Morals of the Methodist Episcopal church before a subcommittee of the senate committee on the judiciary, alleging that it is a “lobby” and that its activities are “pernicious,” and hence demands an investigation of its affairs. Be it therefore Resolved, First, that we aga'in express our confidence in our Board of Temperance, Prohibition and Public Morals, because its conduct has been eminently correct. It has been well advised as to its rights and never carelesss as to its propriety in exercise of them. It long ago has offered to the senate judiciary committee full access to its records, and it has not the slightest fear of embarrassment because of the fullest possible examination of its accounts or its activities. The board has not been summoned before the committee, nor have its books been asked for. The board again and again has stated that it will voluntarily appear at any time to reply to Mr. Tinkham. It desires that the committee examine its accounts and records of all kinds in order that the statements of the board may be verified, the sources of its receipts and the nature of its expenditures known. Be it Resolved, Second, that we deem the statements made by Mr. Tinkham in his attack on the Board of Temperance, Prohibition and Public Morals of the Methodist Episcopal church as unfair, and evidently made for political purposes. He makes no demand for investigation of the activities of the anti-pro-hibition organizations in Washington. Be it Resolved, Third, that we as Methodist preachers stand by the issue. What is the issue? That we can not be muzzled and our pulpits padlocked in order to facilitate the return of a legalized liquor traffic. THE INDIANAPOLIS METHODIST MINISTERS ASSOCIATION. By the President and Secretary. Editor Times—l would like to say a few words in regard to your editorial “Yellow Dog” of April 8. Every word of it is exactly the truth, and there are far too many workmen here in our own city who do not know the meaning of a “Yellow Dog Contract.” There is a certain firm here in our “No Mean City” which employs some 3.000 people and forces its employes to sign a "Yellow Dog Contract.” Any one who joins the union is discharged as soon as the fact becomes known to the management. Last November this firm fired some twenty-six or so of us men, because we committed the unpardonable sin of joining a trade union. This firm boasts that it makes no difference how good a workman may be, he will be fired if he Joins that union. Among the men fired in November, fourteen are married, some have little children, yet that made no difference to this firm. Your editorial is right. The "Yellow Dog” says to the man who is out of a job and whose wife and children are hungry: You shall not work nor eat until >ou sell your liberty.” But this firmhere has gon4 much farther' than tWjswith

Backgrounds!

■ DAILY HEALTH SERVICE •

tions, crowding of people together in habitations in which the bacteria of one are transferred to others encourage dissemination of infection in a way not previously possible. Finally, there are few, if any, accurate statistics as to the deaths of mothers in childbirth in primitive times and indeed much doubt is expressed now as to the accuracy of the figures concerning modern peonies. Even today there are numerous specialists in childbirth who encourage a policy of delay in assistance to the prospective mother and who urge as little interference as possible. The idea that nature must be given every chance to carry out the process unaided dominates the situation, rather than the policy of aiding nature wherever her efforts seem to require facilitation. Certainly the expert who has studied the construction of the patient, who has carefully measured the passages’, who has seme knowl-

ployment here in this city. Two of these men left here seeking employment in another city, out of the state. The firm found out w'here they were going and wired ahead of them to another firm, telling-them not to hire these men, as they were union men, and they were not hired. Is there no justice in this city for the man who works? Will this city ever gain its million population when firms such as this treat employes as this one continues to do? Conditions inside of this firm are nothing short of slavery and we men know, because we were kicked out when we undertook to better our conditions. The wages paid are 50 per cent under the prices paid in union plants and yet this firm continues to boast of its fairness to its employes. Did we men and our kiddies have a good Christmas and New Year’s and did we enjoy Easter? Ask the man who kicked us out, who says he is just like a father to his employes. No doubt he can answer this. AN EX-EMPLOYE. Editor Times —Chairman Legg of the farm board is urging farmers to restrict their production of wheat to the needs of this country, so the tariff on wheat will become effective. Suppose they do this, and then from the .esult learn to limit the production of all crops to what can be consumed in this country, then who will maintain the balance of trade? It now seems probable that as European manufacturers come back more and more into production and thus lower world prices, our manufacturers, to maintain their prices at the world price plus the tariff, will limit their production to the needs of this country by operating their factories only four or five hours a day. Then if the farmers do the same thing, how* will we pay for the fruits, silk, rubber and other things we now get from abroad? But perhaps we need not fear. It is probable that the farmers will continue to work twelve to fourteen hours a day to produce surplus enough for export, that will pay for all our imports; what the city people use as well as the farmers,

Eith r Tf> 'eirDoTou | 'faurßible?. I ST lONS A DAY" K LIAR PASSAGES K. vcwnnvnm

1. Give the exact wording of the Golden Rule. 2. Who were the three noted Johns of the New Testament? 3. What was the duty of the Levites? 4. What is the source of the phrase, "A Labor of Love?” 5. Complete the sentence of Isaiah beginning, "How beautiful upon the mountains ...” Answers to Yesterday’s Questions 1. Ecclesiastes 12:12. 2. Wise men from the east, who came to find the infant Jesus. (Matthew 2:1.) 3. In the Book of Proverbs, 6:6-8. 4. Joash, King of Israel; II Kings 13: 14-19.

edge of the size of the infant, who understands the technic of aiding by turning and twisting of the body that may be necessary to shorten the process can do much to aid the progress of the case. Os particular importance is the prevention of infection. The establishing of perfect cleanliness throughout the procedure is necessary. By perfect cleanliness is not meant merely freedom from visible dirt, but the kind of cleanliness of which the surgeon insists in the operating room. In the prevention of infection two factors are of great importance; (1) the virulence of the germ; (2) the resistance of the patient. Over the virulence of the germs which may possibly invade, the physician and the patient have but little control. They merely can do everything possible to eliminate such germs from the surroundings. Over the care of the patient and the building up of resistance there is possible considerable control.

while the factory workers work only four or five hours. If the farmers follow the example that probably will be set by the manufacturers, the people of this country will be given an object lesson on the effect of a high tariff that will be convincing. H. M. CHADWICK. Morristown. Editor Times—l notice in your paper recently that Daniel Kidney wrote an article about a forest fire in Morgan Qounty. I should like to correct his statement to the effect that only one man in the county was interested in the fire. As there ars about half a dozen large commercial orchards in this section of the county their owners, as well as most other land owners, were much interested in fighting this fire. The “hill folk,” as Mr. Kidney rather derisively labels us, were in fact glad to receive the aid of the state firemen. May I also point out the fact that our federal government is carrying on a fire prevention campaign and asks tourists and campers to be very careful about extinguishing camp fires and cigaret stubs? Perhaps this fire will be a reminder to some of our campers that fires may be dangerous here as well as in some of our western states. I hope The Times will make some correction of this statement, as a paper with as large a circulation as yours hardly can afford to give a mistaken impression of any section of the country. MRS. EARL R. SHIELDS. Mooresville, Ind. In the game of pinochle what score is given for four kings and four queens. It is called a “round trip” and counts 240 points.

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MAY I, 1930

SCIENCE

BY DAVID DIETZ -

Another Test Given Einstein Theory in Eclipse ; Others Will Be Made in Future. THE Einstein theory again underwent a test when the eclipse of the sun occurred April 28. At every eclipse of the sun the Einstein theory is weighed in the balance. It was a solar eclipse which brought the Einstein theory Into its world-wide fame. This is a fact sometimes lost sight of. Many people think of the Einstein theory as a postwar phenomenon. Some who feel that the whole world went to pieces with the war. blame the havoc which Einstein's relativity works on old-fashioned notions of space and time upon the World war. But the truth of the matter is that relativity was well known to scientists long before the war. It was discussed at scientific meetings. There were even books written about it. But these books were written in technical vein and bristled with mathematical symbols. Dr. Slosson had not yet written his "Easy Lessons in Einstein” nor had Bertrand Russell turned out the "ABC of Relativity.” It was in 1905 that Professor Albert Einstein first launched what was known as the special theory of relativity, u tt m War THE outbreak of the World war in 1914 found Einstein still hard at work upon his study of the universe. In 1915 he completed his general theory of relativity. This theory contained certain ideas about the nature of the universe which could be tested at an eclipse of the sun. But no such tests could be made while the war was in progress. The tests were made after the armistice. Two British expeditions set out to observe the solar eclipse of 1919. They were sent by the Greenwich observatory and the Cambridge observatory. One expedition went to Brazil, the other to Africa—for the eclipse track cut across both South America and Africa. The African expedition was troubled by clouds, but the Brazil expedition obtained very good pictures in spite of instrumental difficulties. Einstein had predicted that If careful measurements were made of the positions of star images on the eclipse plates, they would be found shifted out of position. It will be recalled that when the dark disc of the moon obscures the sun, the brighter stars become visible. Einstein said that the images of these stars would be shifted away from the sun. He said that this was due to the fact that space in the neighborhood of the sun was warped by the sun’s gravitational field so that the rays of light from the stars were bent in toward the sun as they passed it. This bending would make the star images appear to be shifted outward on the plate. When the 1919 eclipse plates were measured, they showed the Einstein shift. And as a result, the whole world began to talk about relativity. tt * tt Campbell THE Einstein theory was tested again at the eclipse of 1922. The expedition sent to Australia by the Lick observatory of California made excellent photos which were measured by Dr. W. W. Campbell, then the observatory director, and his associates. Dr. Campbell, one of the world’s greatest authorities upon eclipses, is now president of the University of California. The 1922 Lick expedition centered a great part of its attention upon the relativity problem. Special instruments were designed and constructed to obtain photos best suited for testing the Einstein shift.. Observations made at the same eclipse by Australian and Canadian observers also checked with those of the Lick expedition. It should be stated, however, that a number of eminent scientists, including Dr. Charles Lane Poor, professor of celestial mechanics at Columbia university, still are unwilling to accept the eclipse measurements as conclusive. Dr. Henry Norris Russell of Princeton university, Dr. Harlow Shapley of Harvard and many other famous astronomers, on the other hand, feel that the 1922 measurements are conclusive. It is advisable, nevertheless, that tests of the Einstein shift be made at coming eclipses for the next decade or so. Other astronomical evidence for the Einstein theory is to be found in the motions of the planet Mercury and in a shift of the lines of the solar spectrum toward the red.