Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 258, Indianapolis, Marion County, 8 March 1930 — Page 4

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Twelve Peers Ella May Wiggins is dead. Her murderers are free. She was a striker. It is hard to convict men who murder strikers in North Carolina. It is easy to convict strikers on flimsy evidence. So the feeling is growing that there are two kinds of justice in North Carolina^—one for the textile companies and their agents, and another for labor unions and sympathizers. But. despite the disgraceful record of prejudicial courts in that state in dealing out injustice to labor organize" and winking at lawlessness of hundred percenters, the Wiggins murder trial, which ended in Charlotte Thursday, can not be classed with the other unfair labor trials. For it appears that the authorities—under condemnation by the rest of the country for past miscarriage of justice—did try to convict the five textile company men charged with the murder. Tire atmosphere was different irom that in the same courtroom last summer, when labor organizers were "railroaded for the murder of Police Chief Aderholt of Gastonia. In the Aderholt, trial the state prostituted the proceeding'. by convicting men for what they believed rather than for what they did. But in the Wiggins case. Judge Clement repeatedly overruled at'.empts of the company lawyers for the defense to poison the evidence. The state's case was placed by the Governor in the hands of the at-torney-general, who worked vigorously for conviction. Almost fifty witnesses were presented by the state. The defense alibis were absurdly weak. The issue was admirably summed up for the jury by the attorney-general, who pleaded: "Gentlemen, you are not trying the morals of Ella May Wiggins, you are not trying the social order of the day, the industrial system, nor the beliefs or doctrines of the dead woman or of the state’s witnesses. You are trying these five men for the death of Mrs. Elia May Wiggins." Then why have the leaders of the death mob been acquitted? Because, apparently, of the failure of the jury system. As in the acquittal verdicts in the oil scandal trials in Washington and in other notorious cases, the prejudices of the jury seemed stronger than the evidence. Prosperity: For How Many? The United States stands ahead of all other countries in prosperity and material well-being. Our institutions are held to be vindicated because they have brought to us this unique degree of wealth. So runs the current rhetoric of spokesmen for things as they are. In his "Republic," Plato suggested that a society which had achieved only material well-being was far from the top of the ladder of social and cultural development. He was harsh enough to suggest that pigs would be satisfied with material comforts. Those who honestly believe us to be prosperous usually have based their generalizations on bank and corporate earnings, on the number of skyscrapers erected, on the number of automobiles manufactured, on the increase of millionaires and the emergence of billionaires. These are* all significant symptoms, to be sure, but no assessment of prosperity well can ignore the state of the mass of the people. The February issue of "Facts for Workers," published by the labor bureau of New York City, gives us some cogent material bearing on the question. It computes a "minimum of health and decency budget," with the cost of living based on December, 1929, prices. The budget involves only a level of expenditure "below which a family can not go without danger of physical and moral deterioration." It is estimated that such budget for a family of five would run to *2,069.09. The budget which would embrace a minimum of comforts runs from $2,500 to $3,500. How capable are the workers of attaining these itandards by virtue of their income? According to the latest figures—l92B—the average yearly wage was $1,898. This figure includes, however. many high-salaried professional men and employes. In manufactures in 1927. the average yearly income was only $1,300. That is only little more than half the minimum of the health and decency budget. , Several millions are out of work and earning nothing. Even many skilled workers do not attain income sufficient to meet this minimum of a health budget, and few indeed can enjoy the minimum of a comfort budget. The lot of the small farmer throughout the nation has been notoriously bad since deflation of wartime prices. Proiessor W. E. Dodd of the University of Chicago fears our fanners may sink to the level of a senile European peasantry. We are blaming no one, nor are we suggesting any remedies. We are confronting a fact, not a theory. American prosperity can not be evaluated solely in terms of Bar Harbor. Miami, the New York skyline or headlines about the income tax receipts. W.e must picture the common man as well. He seems a trifle down at the heels. The Rijiht to Pray The right of any or all churches to pray for relief of their co-religionists in Russia and for religious liberty and freedom of worship according to their belief—whatever it may be—can not be questioned by friends of the Russian government. Why friends of the Soviet republic in this or any other country should protest against prayer is not understood easily. If the prayer was offered up ro President Hoover, who is a civil and human ruler of a secular government. and he werp asked to employ the army and the navy to coerce the Russian government, there would be reason for protest. But none of the church organizations ask anything like that. The prayer of the Roman Catholic church, the Church of England and other Protestant Christian thurches is offered up to God, with full faith that His will will prevail. In designating March 2 as a day of special prayer by the 81.000.000 Lutherans of the world in behalf of the Russian Christians. Dr. John A. Moorhead, president of the Lutheran World Convention, says: "In wisdom and power Almighty God directs the course ox history for the accomplishment of His loving and just purposes. Ultimately the righteousness of His universal government will appear. Those who trust Him are entitled to call upon Him always, and especially in the day of the fiery trial of His church. The trials and afflictions our fellow believers there in Russia) have to endure for whatever cause awaken the profound sympathy of true Christians every-

The Indianapolis Times <A 6CBIPPS-HOWARD SEWt-PAPEKI ivl published dally Sunday) by The Indianapolis Time* PnfclliblDg Cos., 214-220 Weat Maryland Street, Indianapolis, Ind. Price la Marion County. 2 rent* a copy: cl-wh*re, 3 cenra delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY ROY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON. Editor President Buslnectt Manager 2’ HON K— HI ley SMI SATURDAY, MARCH t. 1930, M* riiber us United Press, Serlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations, “Give Lij?ht and the People Will Find Their Own Way”

where, as well as the earnest desire to give to them the helpful ministrations of brotherly love. But the first resource of the Christian is intercessory prayer to God, who has infinite power to work His gracious will in His own way in the fullness of time. It seems to me that this course, in which practically ail church organizations are united, is so much more logical than any effort of human governments to butt into the internal affairs of the Russian government, that even friends of Russia who swear by the Bolshevik government should have enough common sense not to protest." There is something admirable In the faith of Dr. Moorhead and some who belong to no church at all will join in the general prayer that the solution of the Russian problem be left to the loving kindness and to the infinite wisdom of God rather than to the brutal ignorance of human armies and navies directed by bungling men. Ontario's Example Interior Secretary Wilbur and others in his department who seem to be preparing to let govern-ment-generated power at Boulder Dam slip into private hands will do well to consider figures on the operation of the Ontario Public Hydroelectric system, recently announced. During 1928, the state-owned system supplied power to domestic consumers at 1.71 cents per kilowatt hour. The average rate for domestic consumers in this country is more than three times that figure. It Is expected 1929 Ontario figures, when available, will make an even more favorable showing. Some 600 towns and cities are supplied by the system, in addition to many farms. Last year 1,150 miles of rural transmission lines were built. New extensions are planned for this year. A comparable development at Boulder Dam will be Impossible if private concerns are permitted to gobble up the power from the project being built with public funds. Toll Bridges Congress continues to authorize private toll bridges. More than a dozen such projects were approved by the house last week. Toll bridges are valuable only because they are on public highways, which should be free. The vast road-building program of state and federal governments In recent years enable the promoters to profit as a result of public expenditures. Figures are available showing the enormous profits that have been made. The United States bureau of public roads repeatedly has urged against toll bridge franchises. There are numerous other examples of publicly built bridges which have been rapidly paying off the cost of their construction. It is to be hoped the senate will give consideration to the whole question when the house bills come before it. A Princeton professor breaks into the. news with the statement: "Today's moving pictures will look crude twenty-five years from now.” But what we’re interested in is how they’ll sound then. Now that a cow has been milked while riding in an airplane over St. Louis, we suppose a vogue will be started in that city for plane milk shakes. A bridegroom in Kentucky tried to get married with a dog's license. But maybe that was the kind of a life he expected to lead. A Scotchman was held up in Chicago the other day. Those Chicago gunmen won’t even stop at murder. J. Hamilton Lewis is going to run again for senator from Illinois. If Mr. Hughes can get by with whiskers like that, so can J. Ham.

REASON

IT was impressive when that small group of country people assembled on the hillside down in Spencer county. Indiana, to celebrate the departure of the Lincoln family from that community for Illinois 100 years before. There was grief back in 1830 when the Lincolns turned their faces westward, for young Abe, just turned 21, had endeared himself to the whole community. a m u He was a character even then, for he had written several essays which had been printed in the papers, essays on temperance, cruelty to animals and the necessity of preserving the federal Constitution. He had attracted attention also by his story-tell-ing, his ambition to learn and his ability to mount a stump and mimic the speaker who came to the community. n n m HE was the strongest boy in the wilderness and could sink an ax deeper into a tree than anybody else and even then he had earned the title of Honest Abe and for his recognized fairness he was in demand as an umpire at all kinds of athletic contests, and in addition to his fairness he had the muscle to enforce respect for his decisions. It is interesting, of course, to speculate just how much the removal of the family from Indiana to Illinois had to do with his fame and one may arrive at any conclusion, for in the field of speculation there are no limitations whatever, but from a glance at Lincoln one would conclude that his upward march would have been about the same had he remained a Hoosier. man He was well organized mentally when he left Indiana at 21. In fact, he had announced his attitude toward slavery and the necessity of preserving the Union, and the community into which he drifted at New Salem. 111., was not one bit different from the community he left down in southern Indiana. man IN either case he would have been a clerk, storekeeper, surveyor, postmaster, philosopher, debater, lawyer, candidate for the legislature and later for congress, etc. He would not have gone to the Black Hawk war, had he stayed in Indiana, but that made no difference in his life. a a a Os course, he would not have debated with Douglas. had he stayed in Indiana and Indiana had no political gladiator at the time of Douglas’s greatness, so in this respect it was a good thing he went to Illinois, for it was those great debates and Lincoln’s resulting speech at Cooper Union which made him President. a a a He might have married more happily had he remained a Hoosier, but some historians say he wouldn’t have amounted to half as much had his home life been congenial.

Rv FREDERICK LANDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

The Agitators Who Planned the Riotous Communist. Demonstrations Were Not Interested in Work for the Jobless. O EGARDLESS of what he may have done in other respects, or what may be carved on his tombstone for the wanderer to read, the obituary of Von Tirpitz will consist of an endless discussion regarding the submarine. He was the man who visualized this instrument in all its efficiency and ugliness. When everything else about him has been forgotten, that will be remembered. And who knows but its effect on our attitude toward war may turn out a great blessing? an* Writing in the current issue of the Cosmopolitan magazine, the countess of Warwick predicts that George V will be the last of the British lings, and that his reign will be followed by establishment of a full-fledged republic. More than that, she has a clever explanation for the idea. “If the present king is the last of his line," she says, “it will be because he and his few immediate ancestors have been such admirable monarchy that they have made their kingship entirely superfluous.” Putting that aside, if a Warick could make kings, why shouldn’t a Warwick unmake them, and what could be more in keeping with the grim humor of history? a m a That ‘Necessary Drunk 1 ACCORDING to Frazier Hurt, George Bernard Shaw thinks that prohibition will prove a failure, unless some form of substitute Jag can be found to console the working classes. "To the poor man,’’ Shaw is quoted as saying, "liquor is the chloroform that allows him to endure the painful operation of living.” Shaw obviously reasons from the situation prevailing in Great Britain, where most of the working men still ride bicycles, and most of the homes are without electric lights, not to mention telephones, victrolas, and radio sets. When the average American feels the need of that "Saturday night drunk” which Shaw regards as so essential, all he has to do is step on the gas and run over somebody, or sit in the living room and pound his ear with three hours of jazz. tt u * Four dead, 300 injured, and 600 under arrest, as the result of Communist ructions which disturbed lrage centers on both sides of the Atlantic Thursday. While proclaimed as a world-wide demonstration in behalf of the unemployed, disorder seems to have been the real object. This is brought out clearly by a declaration of the central committee of the Communist party of the United States, which hails the rioting as “the first really national mass action of the working classes in the United States,” and as “not only on ! economic battle, but also a major political action, against the bourgeois state, and its political forces.” n * * Want Only Chaos THE Issue has ceased to be one of free speech, or police brutality. We are spared the threat of revolution only through lack of numbers. The agitators who planned this stupid performance by instruction from the Third Internationale are not interested in work for the jobless. or constitutional liberty, as we understand it. What they have in mind is chaos and destruction, regardless of the suffering involved, and what buoys them up is the hope that they can create enough disturbance to overthrow the government.

Another huge bank merger rumored, with the Chase National and Equitable Trust of New York planning to unite and form the most gigantic financial institution on earth. Here is more to worry about than half-baked Communist demonstrations. The craze for combination, as illustrated by scores of mergers within the recent past, is far more likely to popularize communistic doctrines than anything else. By and by people are going to ask themselves why the state should not be in control if monopoly and centralized power are essential. When we come to a point where there is room for only one board of directors in each particular field, where competition plays no further part, and where there is nothing left for the individual but to get in line with some monopoly and do the goose-step, what arguments are we going to have left for private enterprise? * tt tt Monopoly Is Here COMMUNISM is based on the theory that monopoly is inevitable and unavoidable, and it ooks as though that big business, though denouncing the preachment, were putting the idea into practice. We Americans have been trained to believe that, though monopoly might be necessary in certain lines, it could and should be avoided in the great majority. We have broken up combinations and prevented mergers because of this belief, and tried to preserve the competitive system, not only because it seemed to insure lower prices, but because it gave the individual a chance.

Daily Thought

Therefore I went a boat to cause my heart to des;/alr of all the labor which I took under the sun. —Ecclesiastes 2:19. u a a O God! O God! How weary stale, flat and unprofitable seem to me all the uses of this world.— Shakespeare.

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Rheumatic Heart Disease Is Peril

BY DR, MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia. the Health Magazine. ONE of the most serious diseases that can afflict a child is rheumatic heart disease. Ihe condition strikes in the vast majority of children between 5 and 15 years of age and the damage wrought is crippling in almost every instance, if not promptly fatal. There seems to be no doubt that the disease is caused by germs somewhat like the streptococcus that infects the throat and produces tonsilitis. Apparently it is not the germ only which is the deciding factor in the mechanism of infection, but the tissue of the child himself. It was formerly thought that infection of the tonsils was the primary source of this disease, but in at least one-third of all cases the germ apparently enters even though the tonsils are absent and even though the throat itself may not be inflamed. In the area around Bristol, England, rheumatic fever with rheumatic heart disease is exceedingly

IT SEEMS TO ME

A YOUNG man in Nutley, N. J„ listened continuously to a radio for 155 hours. He kept on to set anew world record, for already he had won the prize for the particular competition in which he had been participating. The trophy, I understand, is a handsome receiving set. An irritant is useful in any man’s life, but I wonder whether Michael Petillo has given thought to his future. Suppose he succeeds in setting a mark of 200 hours of unbroken radio reception, what next? Personally, I should take little interest in another contest in which Petillo might undertake to establish anew record of 250 or even 200 hours. When you’ve seen one radio listener, you've seen them all. After watching Michael on the job for even half on hour, I think I might quite possibly get the idea. u a a Listening IN this land of opportunity, it is fair to hope that the Nutley lad looks on his present triumph as no more than a stepping stone to something bigger and better. Quite possibly, it is his notion that he learns as he goes. Out of 200 hours in front of the loud speaker, a vast amount of information must have come to his ears. By now, Petillo knows why teeth should be kept clear of film. He can hum the chorus of "My Fate Is In Your Hands.” He can tell you just what lubricating oils are best for motor cars in winter, and why some soaps are good for tender skins. Ke can give you the correct time anc. whistle “Moaning Low” in almost the same breath. He has been informed that French is an inflected language, and that Jannisen wants to see him. Just ask him how many sheep were shipped before noon yesterday, and the closing price of American Smelting & Refining. Tomorrow’s weather is no secret to him, nor the most expeditious way to bake a cake. If pressed, he could even reveal why Peter Skunk does not like Clarence Rabbit. After 150 hours of rapt attention, Michael Petillo must have learned, among other things, that he lives in an articulate world, and that it is full of talkers. From parity to prohibition, there’s not a theme which lacks its eager propagandist. tt a tt Conclusion IF he maintained his post for 1,000 hours, or even a million, there would still ring in his ears an aggressively pleasant voice, exclaim-

The London Fog

common. Recently Dr. Carey F. Coombs has reviewed our present knowledge of rheumatic heart disease in an attempt to find out why some children develop the disease and others do not. Although intensive investigations have been proceeding for some time, Dr. Coombs states that nothing has been discovered that helps in the treatment of the child who already is rheumatic. Apparently no evidence relating to the vitamins or the glands of internal secretion or the mineral salts in the diet has any definite relationship to the onset of rheumatic heart disease. The germs responsible get into the blood and localize in the heart, where they set up serious infection lanog the paths of distribution of the blood vessels in the heart. These infections weaken the heart muscles so that quite soon the heart dilates and is unable to perform its functions. If the child survives the initial attack and the dilation, its heart is not capable of carrying on full activity and it may be an invalid for years only to die before it has reached maturity.

ing, "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen of the radio audience.” And even the slogan of "Pleasant dreams” could bring him no release, for it is always possible to get Havana, or Ames, la. Why, then, should he not follow the line of least resistance and greatest opportunity? Let him then set up shop and display above the door a simple sign reading, "Michael Petillo—Professional Listener.” His business card might contain the additional information, "I furnish a 24-hour service.” The possibilities of such a post are enormous. There isn’t a reason in the world why the job might not be a direct .epping stone to the United States senate. Through the cloakroom rings the terrified murmur, "Brookhart is going to tell all!” Then comes a happy thought, and someone says, "Why not send for Michael J. Petillo?” To be sure, I am by no means certain that Petillo is already quali-

Si J friloroshtp on y * I / bliili ~\ / Lenten Devotion

Saturday, March 8 AN HONEST HEART (Read Psalms 139:1-6; 23. 24.) Memory Verse: "O Lord, Thou hast searched me and know me.” (Psalm 139:1.) MEDITATION Our theme these Lenten weeks is "Coming to Terms With Life.” To accomplish this, one must adjust ones self to life. This frequently will call for readjustment. To do this intelligently, one must know one's self. One must face one’s self honestly. The evil that i s in one must be clearly confronted and acknowledged and called by the same name that one would apply to it in others. Unless we know our flaws and weaknesses, we shall not know where life needs mending. PRAYER Almighty God, Spirit of purity, of sincerity and of all truth, grant unto us the holy gift of a fearless and honest mind, that we may behold ourselves as we are, truly confessing our sins and failures, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

If it survives ten or fifteen years, it may sufficiently to carry on a reasonably active existence thereafter. It is of the greatest importance in saving the lives of children who have become infected and survive the initial attack to establish a routine of life that will save as much wear on the organ as possible. Os course, of greatest importance is the earliest possible recognition of the disease. Whether this can be accomplished by regular physical inspection of all children is not certain, although theoretically such a procedure would be of value. The earliest signs are usually pains in the joints that resemble what used to be called "growing pains,” slight rise in temperature and fatigue. Whenever the tonsils or throat are infected, the heart must be examined repeatedly to find out whether or not it is involved | in the infection. In a certain percentage of cases ' the heart is involved Without any j tissue of the body being concerned. I Apparently this type of case can be j recognized only by routine examinai tions.

Ideals and opinions expressed :n this column arc those o( ane of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

fled for such a post. Probably he needs more experience. It’s no small thing, I will admit, to listen "through "Turn on the Heat,” twelve times in twenty-four hours, but into each jazz orchestra some change must fall. tt tt tt New Records THEY do occasionally put on a record. The voice of Brookhart in full cry is more soporific than that of Rudy Vallee. It is one thing to listen to somebody’s mule trip across the Andes, and quite another to bear with Brookhart and the theory of strict enforcement. Petillo can get the best sort of practice for bigger and tougher ordeals by hanging round the portals of banquet halls where they have public dinners. He need only wait until the toastmaster says, "On my way down to talk to you fellows tonight, I saw something which reminded me of a funny story. It seems—" Or his vigil will end when the orator of the evening takes up his sheaf of sheets and begins, “Os course, I know that the time is getting late and that there are many other interesting speakers whom you wish to hear, but when I was in Washington last week— ’’ At such a moment someone from the head table or thereabouts is certain to rugh out, seize the professional lisr rby the lapel, press a S2O bill in his hand and say, "Won’t you sit down?” (Copyright, 1930. by The Times)

Times Readers Voice Views

Editor Times —Two of the great problems of this nation are crime and unemployment. I believe if every one was employed it would play a great part in reducing crime and I also believe we, as a great nation, should be able to bring about something that would harmonize and socialize the great masses of people of the nation. All working in harmony for advancement of the great cause of humanity would result. For some time past we have been divided. Now let us get together and unite and we can accomplish great things, for united we stand, divided we fall. JAMES HAYES, 836 South Belle Vieu place. What is the maximum strength of the army of France? The active army has a strength of 666,945.

MAR. 8, 1930

j SCIENCE ' BY DAVID DIETZ

Moon Pictured as Drinker and Smoker in Ancient Ballads; Also Fashionable Dandy. IT seems almost impossible these days to discuss any topic without the subject of prohibition cropping in. So perhaps, in again calling attention of readers to the lunar eclipse of April 13. we may be permitted to remark that according to old 'legends, the man in the moon was no prohibitionist. According to the folio collection of the Bagford Ballads at the British Museum, one old ballad (in its original spelling states: “Our man in the moon drinks elarret. With powder-beef, turnep, and carre t. If he doth so, why should not you Drink until the sky looks blew?” Milton, the great English poet, pictured the moon as shining serenely. "Above the smoke and stir of this dim spot Which men call earth.” But many of the old legends picture the man in the moon as an inveterate smoker. An old “shop bill,” several centuries old, pictures the man in the moon as a fashionable dandy with a tankard of ale in one hand and a long day pipe in the other. His hunting dog stands near by. The bill asks, in archaic spelling, "Who'll smoak with ye man in ye moon?" c tt a Ancient The trick of imagining that the spots to be noticed on the j moon form some sort of figure is as old as mankind. But the figure has not always been imagined to be that of a man. Sometimes it was imagined to be that of a woman, and at other times that of various animals, including a hare and a frog. According to Greek legend, the man in the moon was the Shepherd | Endymion, the beloved of Dianna. I the goddess of the moon. An old legend to be found in the I Talmud, the ancient Hebrew com- : mentary on the Bible, the face in the moon is supposed to be that of Jacob. According to an old German legend, the man in the moon is an old man who bears a great bundle o! firewood upon his shoulders. This legend says that he Is an old wood-cutter who was transported to the moon for desecrating the Sabbath by cutting wood on it. Similar legends have it that the markings on the lunar surface form a. woman who was banished to the moon for churning butter on Sunday. According to many old British legends the man in the moon is a Ihief and. an old verse states: ‘The Rustic in the moon. Whose burden weighs him down. This changeless truth reveals, He profits not who steal.” a tt tt Shakespeare THE idea that the man in thp moon had been banished there for a theft and that he carried a bush of thorns over his shoulder is met wtih repeatedly in old English literature. A seal found on a legal document of the fourteenth century bears a picture of the crescent moon within which there stands a man carrying a thorn bush over his shoulder. The man is accompanied by a dog. A similar description of the man in the moon occurs in “Troylus and Creseide,” the authorship of which generally is credited to Chaucer. In "A Midsummer Night’s Dream," Shakespeare has Quince, the carpenter, in giving directions for the performance of the sad romance of Pyramus and Thisby who met by moonlight, say: "One must come in with a bush of thorns and a lanthorn, and say he comes to disfigure, or to present, the person of Moonshine!” Later, the character representing Moonshine says, "All that I have to say is, to tell you that the lanthorn Is the moon; I, the man in the moon; this thorn-bush, my thornbush; and this dog, my dog.” An old church, Gyffyn church, near Conway in Wales, has a painting upon the roof of the chancel of the man in the moon with his thorn-bush. Old French legends represent the man in the moon_ as the biblical figure of his own proposed sacrifice, as Cain, and as Judas Iscariot. The man in the moon is also represented as Cain by Dante in his "Paradise Lost.”

BSjSSSf*, flHc—

JISTICE HOLMES’ BIRTH ON March 8, 1841, Oliver Wendell Holmes, associate Justice of the supreme court of the United States, was bom at Boston. At the outbreak of the Civil war in 1861, the same year hp graduated from Harvard, young Holmes enlisted and served for three years in the Twentieth Massachusetts volunteers. He was wounded three times—at Ball’s Bluff, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. By the end of the war, he had risen to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1864 he began the study of law at Harvard and three years later was admitted to the bar. After considerable experience in the practice, writing and teaching of law. Holmes was appointed associate justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts. He occupied this position for seventeen years, becoming chief justice on Aug. 2, 1899. * On Dec. 4, 1902, he became assistant justice of the United States suppreme court. Asa judge, his opinions always have favored a liberal interpretation of the Constitution. He was awarded in 1924 the Roosevelt Memorial Association medal for the development of public law. Justice Holmes’ father was Oliver Wendell Holmes, famous New England poet and essayist.