Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 245, Indianapolis, Marion County, 21 February 1930 — Page 8

PAGE 8

SCKIPPJ ■ M O'-VAjtO

Practical Education for Judges The case of Ruth St. Clair, comely shoplifter given a life sentence under the Baumes law, has attracted wide attention. A far more atrocious instance of judicial savagery has escaped comment, namely, that of one Frank Singer. He just has been released from Sing Sing after serving more than twenty years of a forty-year sentence for a robbery involving ssl and no violence. The judge in the St. Clair case apologized for his action and asked clemency. He was bound to impose the sentence under the terms of the habitual criminal act. No such extenuation can be claimed for the judge who sentenced Singer. In imposing this sentence Judge Mulqueen said: “I really don’t see any reason why I shouldn’t sentence you to serve thirty-nine year3, eleven months and twenty-nine days in state prison. The judge, accordingly, proceeded to impose this maximum sentence for the crime. There is only one way in w'hich sentencing judges can be made to see why ’ they should not administer such brutal sentences in a perfectly light-hearted manner. That is to force them to a vivid personal realization of what their arbitrary acts really mean to their victims. Ten years, twenty years, thirty years, all this means little as an abstraction to the judge on the bench. He may add ten years to the mortal suffering of a convicted man solely on the basis of digestive disturbances occurring on the morning of imposing the sentence. In the old days judges might witness the results of their barbarism while passing whipping-posts or the pillory. Or they might meet on the streets their victims without ears, hands, eyes, or nose. Today the anguish of prisoners is confined to isolated cells and shops obscured within prison walls. The only way to make the judge acutely conscious of the ultimate effect of his severity is to compel him to go within prison walls for a period and live the life of the average convict, entirely devoid of any fa.ors or special considerations. A reasonable requirement would be to compel every judge sentencing criminals to spend at least two weeks of each year in confinement in the institutions to which he commits prisoners. Let him sleep in a cramped, vermin-infested, foul-smelling and illventilated cell. Let him eat the inferior, monotonous, ill-cooked and inadequate food in the prison dining room. Let him be jostled about by officious and brutal guards. Let him be exploited by favored ‘ trusties. Let him work in shops presided over by greedy contractors or lounge in idleness about the yard ox a prison with inadequate industries. Even so, he could gain but little comprehension of what it actually means to serve a prison sentence, for he would know that in a few days he would regain his freedom. Yet, it would be an unusual judge who would not Be profoundly affected by such experience. When a prisoner appeared before him again for sentence, he no longer would be a mere abstraction to be remanded Ughtly° to the hoose-gow according to the verbal dictates of a law book. He would be a human being consigned to rot in an existence usually worse than death. Such procedure not only would effect a speedy reformation of arbitrariness in sentencing. It would probably do more to promote prison reform in five years than has been accomplished by lay reformers In a century.

“Rotten Government” “Conditions in the commission have become so intolerable that it. presents one of the rottenest exhibitions of government I ever have heard of.” That is Senator Couzens’ indictment of the federal power commission, after hearing testimony of commission experts at the senate investigation. It is an extreme indictment. But we are inclined to agree with it. Moreover, we venture the prediction that, when the public belatedly begins to understand the brazen negligence with which the poer commission has failed to enforce the law and to protect the people's interests from tlie power corporations, the politicians arc going to hear about this issue until it hurts. There is a limit even to that public Indifference which is the brief salvation of cynical officials. Here is an issue which touches the voters in their pocketbooks, a sensitive spot. William V. King, chief accountant of the commission, detailed to the investigating committee how power corporations, by hook and crook, in season and out, have worked to undermine the law and to block the efforts of commission officials who have been trying to carry out the law. And the corporations have been getting away with it. Here is one instance, according to King: When he sent to a house committee in 1928 a confidential memorandum setting forth certain damning facts about the financial operations of eight corporations and the need for increased commission personnel to keep a line on such activities, the report was withdrawn, at the instance of power companies. The report was returned to the commission, the dynamite removed from it, and a ’ harmless ’ substitute sent to congress. Among the instances given by King of the corporations’ practice of kiting valuations was that of the Northern Connecticut Power Company. The company put a value of $1,050,000 on its water rights, but “when the income tax people suggested that it pay tax on this sum, officials protested that it was fictitious and not subject to tax The testimony of King and oi Charles A. Russel, solicitor of the commission, is final proof of the need for reorganization of the commission, reform of its technical personnel and methods, and a stricter water power act. The present commission, consisting of the secretaries of war, interior and agriculture, should be supplanted by a full-time commission, as provided in the Couzens’ bill. The present has been in session on an average of only about five and one-half hours a year, to regulate a billion-doliar industry. Thus active control has reverted to the executive secretary, F. E. Bonner. Bonner, according to the testimony of his associates, has tried to destroy the accounting division of the commission, upon which the vital work of valuations depends, and in many ways has served the interests of the corporations. Asked why the commission had not gone in and

The Indianapolis Times lAI SCEIFFS-HOWAKD NEWSPAPER) OtbM and published daily 'except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos., 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, Ind. Price in Marlon County, 2 cents a copy; elsewhere, 3 cents- delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY ROY' W. HOWARD, FRANK G. MORRISON. Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley 50.’', 1 FRIDAY. FEB. 21, 1930. Member of United Press, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. ‘'Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way”

taken the financial records which corporations refuse to give it, the commission’s solicitor replied: “The law gives us authority to do so, but Mr. Bonner stands in the way.” In the face of these serious charges against the commission of which he is a member, Secretary of Interior Wilbur has made a weak statement that ‘‘an unsatisfactory and inharmonious situation exists in the staff of the federal power commission.” The situation will continue to be “unsatisfactory and inharmonious”—and very costly—so long as the commission consists of three cabinet officers who have no time to do the job and leave it in the hands of such an executive secretary.

Obstructionists President Hoover is trying to speed up congress. That is a good idea. There is much to be done. Many important bills are in danger of snuffing out in the legislative jam. But to blame the senate Progressive-Democratic coalition is absurd. It is true that the tariff flghc is responsible for the delay. It is true that the coalition s holding up the tariff bill. It Is not true, however, that the coalition is to blame for that. The administration itself has created this situation. If the Republican old guard, which dominates the house, had passed the kind of tariff revision and equalization pledged by Hoover in the campaign and requested in his message calling the special session, the senate coalition would have pushed through such a bill almost automatically. Instead, the house G. O. P. reversed the Hoover policy and wrote the highest tariff extortion bill in history, and the old guard controlling the senate finance committee followed this unwise example. It has taken the senate coalition six months to mdo some of the harm done by the rule-or-ruin Republican leaders. And that is not all. Unless the Republican leaders, x> whom the President now is appealing for speed, get .t into their heads that the coalition and the consumers of the country are not going to stand for a general tariff increase, a lot more time will be expended before the tariff bill is in shape to send to the President.

Smoot and the Tenements “For the poor always ye have with you—” And always we will have, at least in the opinion of Senator Reed Smoot of Utah, chairman of the finance committee and leader in the fight for a higher tariff. Said Senator Smoot from the floor: “The unfortunate conditions in our great cities make it necessary to have tenement houses, and make it necessary for people to live as they do. I wish to God they did not have to live as they do, but civilization as we have it today and the congestion of the people in great centers have brought it about, and I do not know how it is going to be avoided. "I have thought of that condition a dozen times or more. I never visit a great city in this country or any other country that I do not see the same conditions, and I never have been able to figure out how we ever are going to rectify the conditions under our present civilization, so called.” Smoot’s perplexity is no greater than that of other men who have given thought to the same thing through the centuries. Many believe, however, that It would be helpful to refrain from raising the cost of living for ordinary people through extortionate tariffs.

A Chicago judge told a grand jury that every gunman is likely to shoot a citizen. Oh, judge, isn’t it possible some of those fellows are just taking home the guns for their kiddies to play with? Bones of a prehistoric sloth have been discovered. Wonder if it looks anything like a congressman. The radio commission still seems to be up In the air about rights and privileges.

REASON By F land?s CK

IT might be beneficial to the supreme court of the United States, likewise the inhabitants thereof, if the court would heed the rising protest against decisions which, by one fiction or another, permit great wealth, particularly that which is invested in public utility corporations, to reap exorbitant profits from the public. The people are opposed to the little bandit who does his work with a machine gun, also the big bandit who does his work with a judicial decision. 0 0 0 And we trust It is not treason to remark that present day crime is due in great degree to the way in which organized avarice puts across its program of public exploitation. The square deal is the only enduring foundation for a nation whose people know enough to realize they are not getting it. 000 IT is interesting to note that this girl Communist in New Jersey was willing to go to jail, but bitterly resented the idea that she be spanked by her father. There’s no glory in that, as some of you may recall, which suggests that the restoration of the oldfashioned "whipping post would be a great deterrent for major crimes. 000 Much has been said in praise of Mr. Hughes because he gives up a practice which brings him half a million dollars a year to accept the position of chief justice at $20,500 per annum. The truth is that Mr. Hughes, having made all the money he wants, rather would have this judicial honor than all the money in the world. Most men who gain great wealth realize that it takes something more to make life worth while. 000 AN optimist is one who still has faith in the Kellogg anti-war treaty after the spectacle the nations are making of themselves at this London conference. Instead of trying to amputate the arms and legs of the god of war. they match wits to try to put something over on each other. 000 General Chang, the exiled war lord of China, has just annexed his twenty-fifth bride, which means that his exile is not necessarily lonely. 000 We are not impressed by the anti-prohibition movement, started by the rich young men of New York, Cleveland and Chicago, for it is a protest against high prices, rather than a yearning for the welfare of man. 000 The best thing the house of representatives has done in a long time was to rise and cheer little Paulina Longworth on her fifth birthday, ...

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

We Could Learn a Lot by Studying Washington’s Methods, Especially W 7 hen Under Fire. W r E come to another anniversary of George Washington’s birth. Custom demands that it should be observed. Some people regard this custom as useless, and they are right, to a certain extent. We have allowed it to deteriorate into a parade of lip tribute. The vast majority accepts Washington as just one more hero, while a cynical minority busies itself finding flaws in his character. tt tt tt The only worthwhile tribute we could pay the man is lost in the shuffle. He dealt with many basic problems under difficult conditions—held an army together against its inclination, beat the cheap politicians, who would have ruined him, at their own game; supplied a tottering country with backbone merely by keeping his head. We could learn a lot by studying Washington’s methods, especially w..en under fire, but that is the one honor we do not render him. Too dry, too uninteresting, too lacking in thrills, so much easier to call him “the Father of His Country,” and then go to the movies., or a cabaret. tt tt tt Washington Spirit Needed THIS country never needed the Washington spirit more than it does today—the spirit of candor, inflexibility, grit. He was a stern disciplinarian. He not only dared to recognize offenses, but punished them. Another man would have pardoned John Andre, but not Washington. ’ He expected to pay what he owed, and he expected other people to do the same. A promise in his eyes was something to be kept, a duty something to be performed, an obligation something to be fulfilled. But he was not a tyrant. He asked nothing from others that he was unwilling to give himself: advocated no cause that he could not justify in principle, and imposed no rules that were not necessary to the immediate purpose. tt tt tt Washington was not a liberal in the sense of letting the mob run things. Neither was he a liberal in the sense of wanting the government to run things. He and Jefferson disagreed over the theory of centralization as opposed to state rights, but both feared political tyranny. Both were individualists in the larger sense, and both recognized pe~sonal responsibility as the safest bet for social, political and economic progress. tt tt Forget Most Maxims WE are fond of quoting a few of Washington’s maxims, particularly the one about avoiding “entangling alliances,” but most of them we are prone to forget. They simply do not fit the jazz age, the post impressionist school of painting, the sobbing spasms we call reform, the half-baked panaceas with which we propose to salvage humanity. We know a lot of things that Washington did not, such as how to drive automobiles, turn on the radio, build skyscrapers and outwit dry agents, but mainly they belong to the superficial side of life. He had a philosophy that would fit the problems of any age, because it went to the bottom of things. Our philosophy' runs to such questions as whether Voltaire’s “candidate* should be excluded, whether John T. Scopes should be fined for teaching evolution, and whether some offenses against the eighteenth amendment should be regarded as “casual.” tt tt tt Dignity in the Man ONE wonders what Washington would think of some of the arguments we find so impressive, some of the issues we consider paramount, some of the measures we look upon as necessary to national development. He could talk very lucidly about big things, but was comparatively inarticulate with regard to little things. Most of the controversies which disturbed other men did not appeal to him as worth while. Most of their bickerings, backbitings, plottings and intriguings he passed by as unworthy of attention. Such matters as he did consider it necessary to discuss he approached in a calm, judicial way. tt it a You can’t imagine Washington barnstorming in the modem political style, shaking his fist from the platform, calling his opponents crooks, and resorting to the stage tricks that have come to play such a part even in the halls of congress. There was dignity in the man. and that dignity went far to win him the. respect and confidence he enjoyed.; It was not the dignity of a snob, but of one who had thought out his problems clearly, who was sure of his ground, and who had little doubt as to the success of the plans he had formulated if they were carried out.

Daily Thought

For destruction from God was a terror to me, and by reason of his highness I could not endure.— Job 32:23. 000 The most terrible of all things is terror.—W. R. Alger. Is there more than one pope? There is only one pope of Rome, ana he is the head of the Roman Catholic church. The head of the eastern Orthodox church is known as the patriarch. During the middle ages there were several rival popes, sometimes known as anti-popes. The church was divided in allegiance between Avignon and Rome.

: /L | >7^ J A eouioe* \) JLB% ,Ja . , . , .X A •’ •>/ f, / WE’VE GOT IT UP fj-r \ HERE- VOU ,

Make Sure You Get Vitamin A

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN, Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hysreia, the Health Mazarine. THE medical literature of the world is replete with reference to vitamin A, which seems likely for the current year at least to assume a position of major importance formerly occupied by vitamin D. It will be remembered that vitamin D is the vitamin most prominently concerned in the prevention and treatment of rickets, and it probably has assumed its position of major importance because it is created in the body by the use of ultraviolet rays. Hence, every one is able to develop his vitamin D as needed either from the sunlight, from the artificial sources of ultraviolet, or

IT SEEMS TO ME ™°

THEY drained the reservoir in Central park and found a fish four inches long. As yet there is no indication that this little bass is other than solitary. I’m worried about him. It is not good for bass to live alone. How did he get there in the first place? Possibly he came through a pipe or out of a raincloud. It may even be +hat once he had parents galore and that they perished under the pace which New York sets for bass and men. Still, as things stand, it seems to me that he is in a tough spot. Crusoe had his Friday, but Fred, the fish, had never seen a footstep on the sands of his domain. Such isolation may tend to make him morbid. Saints and hermits, of course, have gone into desolate places and prospered with no company save their meditations. But they were sustained by a faith in the existence of some higher power. It is unlikely that Fred is sufficiently advanced in the scale to reach any such concept. a Tough Luck AS the only fish in the pond, he must be afflicted with delusions of grandeur. Undoubtedly he thinks that he is Hannibal. Perhaps he also undertakes to assume that he has combined Caesar and Napoleon, retaining the best features of each. It would be hard to give him a good argument on this point. Every inch of the waters belongs to him. He has more right than Alexander to weep, because there are no other worlds to conquer. And there again a sympathetic commentator must take note of Fred’s tough luck. These would-be tears destined to attract no one’s attention this side of Peter’s portal. And what about Fred’s ethics? Surely no one can hold it against him if he fails to love his neighbor. Without some fellow fish on which to try the experiment he hardly can be expected to make excursions into charity. On the other hand, one can not hold him guiltless of sin because he neither bears false witness nor covets anything which is his neighbor’s. To be sure, there may be water bugs and other insects of the lesser sort, but these Fred kills for sustenance. Only the most captious moralist would think of holding this against him. Never, I assume, has he had his picture taken while posing triumphantly with a day’s catch in the foreground. There is no record of his having made any assertion that the fly which got away weighed a good twelve pounds. o 0 a After Me FRED, of the reservoir, can not sustain himself with any hope that when better bass come into being he will receive his due share of belated laurels. Quite likely he has the not unnatural assumption that in his line he s both first and last. "After me,” he says, with a weary smile, “the deluge!” But it is even possible that this imperial .bass has not yet hit upon the notion of a day when there will be no Fred. The fact of death hard-

Big Hearted!

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

by the use of cod liver oil or other preparations rich in vitamin D. Vitamin A is the other vitamin in which cod liver oil is rich, and this vitamin is believed now to be more important than vitamin D in relationship to the building up of our resistance against infection. British investigators have attempted to use preparations rich in vitamin A against all sorts of infectious disorders. Special preparations of the vitamin have been prepared which are said to be anywhere from 10 to 150 times richer than cod liver oil in this substance. When animals are kept on a diet poor in vitamin A, but rich in vitamin D, they develop a condition in inflammation of the eyes called xerophthalmia. If they then are,

ly can have been called forcibly to his attention. Dead gnats he knows and flies which lie quite still at his approach. Still it would be shoddy thinking for him to generalize from such experiences. The truth about a gnat may be fallacious in the case of a bass. In fact, I am afraid that Fred may have been seduced into delusions quite shocking in their magnificence. Holding as he does the power of life and death over the smaller and alien creatures in his ocean, who knows but that he has made the leap and conferred on himself divinity. Flies pass, but Fred endures. The sky is much too high above the surface of the water for him to catch a glimpse of distant worlds and learn the dissonance of true humility. tt tt a Ignorant of Life PRACTICALLY all the facts of life so far have been denied to him. His situation guards him against the pangs of jealousy and bans him out of love. Pride is not in him, or rage or admiration.

Times Readers Voice Views

Editor Times—l have lived in Indianapolis for the last fifty years. I own property and pay taxes. I’ve seen Fall creek used for a swimming hole and fishing place, but never before have I seen it used for a place to race up and down in a motor boat. We always will have a few high school sheiks with black hair and roadsters who will insist in getting up something new to keep the north side going. From Friday night to Saturday morning the noise of a couple of motor boats can be heard for at least a mile. I asked one fine-looking boy who I knew had common sense why he didn’t race on Saturdays, and not keep the neighborhood awake half the night. But he just kept on painting E. M. T. H. S. on the side of the beat. WILLIAM TAYLOR. Editor Times—ln answering Mr. Wiethe's comments, I wish to inform him that I am very well acquainted with the methods by which insurance rates are raised or lowered. He must admit, however, there are times when agitation and propaganda such as this unprecedented attack on the fire department, are used to the same effect, not, as a rule, to lower rates, but to increase them. The fireman has a thankless job. Regardless of what he does or how he does it, someone is ready to criticise him. He is endangering his life at all times, not only in answering alarms, but in other ways. I happened to see a few of the companies going through what was termed the “underwriters’ test” a few years ago and some of the antics these men went through caused me to wonder they were not injured. I passed the drill tower at South and New Jersey streets one day and saw a company working there in the j hot sun. The men were running up and down the four and five stories with all kinds of apparatus, some of

fed with carrots the disease is controlled and disappears. It is believed that the vitamin A content of foods is associated with a coloring matter called carotin, which can be found in the leaves of spinach, carrots, cabbage and similar substances. In the body of the child before birth practically all of vitamin A is found in the liver. Jn the early months of growth the liver is very large and it tends to become smaller up to the time when the child is born. It is important, if the child is to get sufficient vitamin A, that the mother eat sufficient of the substances producing this vitamin in the early months. The experiments that have been described are an indication of the tendencies of research regarding vitamins during the current year.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

His is the coldest blood which ever flowed in any fish since this great world began. But when they drained the lake something happened. For a moment Fred was trapped and fluttered desperately upon the ice, oppressed by an alien universe and atmosphere. With the screen of water gone, he heard the honk of taxicabs and saw in passing some of the tallest of our tall buildings. Then he floundered back to what remained of his kingdom and was gone. He’s lurking at the bottom. The neat and tidy world in which he lived lias been rent asunder. Fred knows by now he is not the most powerful of all living creatures. No longer does he charge upon the water bugs with one fine swoop of confidence and courage. Fred escaped with his life, but his spirit is bent and broken. A let of hard thinking is going on at the bottom of Central park reservoir. By about noon next Friday morning, I rath r expect Fred to come out with the announcement that he has found anew religion. ICopyright, 1930. by The Times)

which they carried and some strapped to their backs. I notice that someone objects to firemen living outside the city limits. I believe a fireman has the same right to live outside the city as any other of the higher city officials. The fact this man took pains to mention two specific cases gives me the impression he likes to “tell tales out of school.” A TIMES READER.

MBS

WASHINGTON MONUMENT Feb. 21

/Vs Feb. 21, 1885, the Washington KJ monument, a huge shaft In the j form of an obelisk, was erected in Washington, D. C„ to the memory of the first President. It is the highest masonry structure in the world—slightly more than 555 feet—and was built at an expense of $1,187,710. The interior of the shaft contains 179 memorial stones donated by various countries, states and societies. An elevator carries sightseers to the little room at the top, and there are also stairs. In 1901 the senate park commission said that the monument “stands not only as one of the most stupendous works of man, but also as one of the most beautiful of human creations.” President Cleveland told friends that by looking at the calm marble column in times of stress he was able to gain his equanimity. Once when an irate caller warned President Coolidge he would meet with chaos if he persisted In following a certain course of action, the President looked out the window and reminded his giu.st the monument still was standing.

_FEB. 21, 1930

SCIENCE —BY DAVID DIETZ—

The Shepherd W'atehing His Flocks by Wight in Centuries Far Gone K 7 as More Familiar With the Stars Than We Are. ONE of my regular readers writes me a letter, asking that I print a camparison which I frequently use in lectures to illustrate the size of the universe. He is a fine old scholarly gentleman who has a telescope mounted in a tiny observatory in his back yard. He has been a wise man who has not allowed the bright lights of the city to crowd the light of the stars out of his life. Ralph Waldo Emerson, the great American poet and philosopher, once observed that if a man were permitted to gaze at the stars only once in his lifetime, he would spend years preparing for that one wonderful glimpse of the night skv with its golden array of twinkling stars. But because the wondrous panorama of the heavens is spread out for us every cloudless night, we give very little thought of it. The shepherd watching his flocks by night in centuries gone by was far more familiar with the" stars than most of us are today. This is one of the paradoxes ot modern life. The modern astronomer is busy pushing out the limits of the universe. His telescope reveals to him stars that always must remain invisible to the unaided eye. He sees stars which the ancients did not know were in existence. tt tt tt Model |>UT while the astronomer has u been extending the limits of the universe, many of us have been restricting the limits of the universe for ourselves. In fact, we almost have crowded the universe out of our lives. We have found the lights of the city so bright that we have lost track of those marvelous lights which hang above the city. We have forgotten the stars. This is unfortunate. For If we eliminate acquaintance with the great heavens overhead from our lives, we have permitted one of life’s richest treasure;; to slip through our fingers. We need a knowledge of the facts of astronomy. We need it to get a proper perspective upon life, to understand the relation of our earth to the res* of the universe. Let us imagine, therefore, that we are going to construct a model of the universe. (This is the comparison my friend asks for). Let us start with the sun. We will take a globe, one foot in diameter, and use that to represent the sun. We will find then that the proper object to represent the earth, if we adhere to the same scale, is a small seed about the size of a grape seed. Let us imagine the seed revolving around the globe in a sort of flattened circle. We then have a model to scale of the earth revolving around the sun. The actual distance from the sun to the earth is 93,000,000 miles. Therefore, in our model 100 feet represents 93.000,000 miles. a tt tt Moon THE moon would be represented by a seed one-fourth the size of the grape seed, revolving around it at a distance of three inches. Besides our earth there are seven other planets revolving around the sun. These would be represented in our model by objects ranging in size from one smaller than the grape seed to one the size of a cherry. The one closest to the globe would be thirty feet from it. The outermost one would be two-thirds of a mile away. Some of these objects would have smaller ones revolving around them, for just as our own earth has one moon, some of these plants have more than one moon. Astronomers call the sun with its eight planets and their attendant satellites or more the solar system. Accordingly, the model which we just have made would be one of the solar system. Now suppose we start to put the rest of the universe in our model. Our sun, astronomers have proved, is nothing more nor less than a star. It differs in appearance from the stars because our earth is so close to it. To put it the other way around, every star is a sun Stars appear so small because they are so far away. If we take another globe to represent the nearest star we will find that if our model of the solar system is located in New York, we must place the nearest star in London. And remember that in our model 100 feet represents 93,000 - 000 miles. The nearest star is twenty-five trillion miles away. So far apart are the stars that if we kept our model to scale, and used the whole surface of the earth for it, we would have room for only three or four stars, and there are forty billion stars in the galaxy.

Questions and Answers

What form of government has Finland? It is a republic. Which Is the oldest branch of the military service? The army. What are some of the taller races of people? Among the taller races are the Scots, Iroquois Indians, Scandinavians and Polynesians. Is the Agua Caliente race track in the United States? No, it is at Agua Caliente, Mex. What is a perfect crime? It is popularly understood to be a crime committed in such a manner that the perpetrator can not be discovered or his guilt established. By how much does the birth rate in Italy exceed the death rate? The latest figures for Italy show a birth rate of 27.2 per 1,000 and a death rate oI 16,79 per 1,000.