Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 244, Indianapolis, Marion County, 20 February 1930 — Page 11

Second Section

ADMIRAL BYRD BREAKS CAMP IN ANTARCTIC Expedition Is Bound for Home Aboard City of New York. PLANES LEFT BEHIND More Than Year Spent in Ice Barrier in Ross Sea. By United Press NEW YORK. Feb. 20—The New York Times, the St. Louis PostDispatch and newspapers associated with them in publishing reports from Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd’s Antarctic expedition have announced that Byrd and his companions have broken camp and sailed homeward aboard the bark. The City of New York. After spending more than a year on the ice barrier in the Ross sea. the expedition sailed at 9:30 a. m. Wednesday, Antarctic time, or approximately 3:30 p. m. central standard time. They are bringing back essential papers and gear, but the announcement said it had been necessary to leave their airplanes and much other material behind. When the City of New York turned its prow toward the warmer seas Wednesday, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd had brought to a climax the comparatively short number of years of exploration which has taken him to both points of the globe, and many times under most trying conditions. 27 Years of Adventure Now, at 41, Byrd may look back over a period of twenty-seven years of accomplishment since he made an entry in his diary at 14 that he would explore the north pole. These accomplishments have brought him the rank of Rear Admiral in the United States navy, although he was at one time discharged because of injured bones in his foot. During tire war, Byrd entered the naval aviation service and was active in planning the first round-the-world flight for naval planes in 1919, although he did not make the trip himself. Since that time events have followed in quick succession, definitely linking him with the development of flight in this country. The most important accomplishment heralding his entry into Arctic flying was in 1925 when, with the assistance of Floyd Bennett, who has died since, and assistants, he flew over the Arctic, gaining much valuable information for science. On May 9, 1926. with Bennett as copilot he flew over the north pole and back to Spitsbergen, 1,360 miles, in fifteen and one-half hours. Then a short time later, he announced his plans for the south pole. Landed Near Paris Just as an appetizer, on the morning of June 29, 1927, with a crew of three men, Byrd hopped off from Roosevelt field in the trimotored monoplane, America, for Paris. On the morning of July 1, the plane was landed in the sea off Ver Sur Mer, a short distance from Paris, after a harrowing battle with fog. during which the plane actually had been over Paris. After he returned from Paris he began careful preparations for the south pole trip, which culminated in the sailing of the bark, the City of New York, from New York, Aug. 25, where camp was established. Then followed several flights, notably the one over the pole, during which they made minute observations. The City of New' York is expected to make for Dunedin. New Zealand. where it is thought Byrd may board a liner to the west coast of South America. APPEAL OF KOKOMO SLAYER IS ARGUED Convicted Murderer of Paramour Has Served Minimum Time. Fate of William Keifer, Kokomo, sentenced for the murder of his paramour, was the subject of oral argument before the supreme court today. Keifer’s case is up on a second appeal. He was sentenced two to fourteen years for manslaughter in Howard circuit court and the case was reversed on appeal. Given anew trial and change of venue to Miami county he was found guilty of second decree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. He already has served more than the two-year minimum manslaughter sentence at the Indiana state prison. Y. M. C. A. OFFICERS ELECTED BY BOARDS Edgar H. Evans Named President by Directors at Meeting. Edgar H. Evans was re-elected president of the board of directors of the Indianapolis Y. M. C. A. and J. K. Lilly was named president of the board of trustees at a joint meeting of both boards in the central Y. M. C. A. Wednesday night. S. O. Dungan and H. H. Hornbrook were elected vice-presidents. H. C. Atkins, treasurer, and J. F. Habbe. recording secretary, to Division 1, led by William Springer, retained its lead in the drive for 1,000 new members that will end Feb. 24. turning in seventy-one names. The total new members in Wednesday night's report numbered 434.

Full Wire Service of the United Press Association

Races Death Youthful Musher Speeds Across Arctic Snows With Patient.

By United Press THE PAS, Manitoba, Feb. 20. —Somewhere in the snowridged wastes between here and Churchill, 1.100 miles away, a stalwart young musher urged on seven huskies today in a race against death. Wrapped in furs on the sled lay Egatook, aged Eskimo trapper, burning with fever from the poisons of an infection that set in after both legs and an arm had been frozen. Bud Stewart realizes the chances of saving the Eskimo’s life depends on the speed he can make from Churchill to The Pas. Word was flashed from the snowbound north by wire and resources of the barren lands were called in to aid the plucky musher and his dog team. Northwest mounted police, Hudson’s Bay Company and National Railway officials, as well as Indian agents rallied to the task. Egatook long had been known in the Churchill region as a trusty friend of white men and had aided scientists and geologists searching for minerals. The plan was to load the two men and the dogs aboard and race back toward The Pas, where surgeons were ready to join in the battle to save Egatook. The Eskimo was caught in a blizzard a week ago and his limbs were frozen. It was hours before he could crawl to his cabin. Outpost medical care was unavailing and gangrene developed. U. S QUIZ TO OPEN MONDAY Federal Grand Jury Will Meet at South Bend. By United Press GARY, Ind., Feb. 20.—A federal grand jury has been called to meet Monday, Feb. 24. in South Bend, it was learned here when several subpenas were served. District Attorney Oliver M. Loomis confirmed a report the session would be held. The session will be short, Loomis said, continuing only through the following Saturday, because of the opening of federal court in Hammond, March 3. At that time former Mayor Raleigh P. Hale and James E. Regan, former chief of police, both of East Chicago, and thirteen other defendants found guilty in a liquor conspiracy trial will be sentenced by Judge Thomas W. Slick. Loomis, in confirming reports of jury session Monday, declined to say what would be considered. He said he had been ordered to strict secrecy on grand jury affairs by Judge Slick as a result of publicity given the last session which indicted more than 200 persons in Lake county. It is believed, however, the jury will consider cases pending from the last federal court session, which resulted in dismissal of several indictments on technicalities. COOLIDGES TO CATALINA Ex-President and Wife W’ill Be Guests of William W'rigley. By United Press LOS ANGELES. Feb. 20.—Having seen filmland at its best. Mr. and Mrs. Calvin Coolidge today were ready to sail twenty-five miles into the Pacific ocean to Catalina island, another of Southern California’s famous show spots. Until Saturday or Sunday, they are to be guests of Mr. and Mrs. William Wrigley Jr., whose island playground affords a variety of diversions.

POISON RUM TRIAL OPENS IN DECATUR

By Times Special DECATUR, Ind., Feb. 20.—The first murder trial held in the Adams circuit court here in more than twenty years opened this morning with Boyd Booher, 28. Geneva, accused of the death of Arch Beerbower, 37. alleged to have been poisoned by liquor. Beerbower died in June. Investigation of the case by a grand jury was delayed until November as jurors were without a place to meet, owing to remodeling work at the county courthouse Coroner J. C. Grandstaff asked for a probe, as did Prosecutor Nathan Nelson. Since his arrest a few weeks ago

SIBILANT HISS OF LEGREE’S WHIP IS SILENCED; UNCLE TOM PASSES OFF STAGE

BY H. ALLEN SMITH United Press Staff Correspondent NEW YORK, Feb. 20.—The blacksnake whip of Simon Legree. after seventy-eight years of giving "Po Ole Uncle Tawm" the miseries, apparently has been laid on the cupboard shelf for keeps. Frail little Eva has made her last trip to heaven on a telegraph wire and the bloodhounds bay no more at the heels of Eliza. Topsy, it seems, has “growed up” and married a limber-tongued trombone player in a Harlem shimmy shop. America’s most famous and long-enduring melodrama, which

The Indianapolis Times

432 MILES OF HIGHWAY BUILT AS YEAR’S JOB Chief Engineer Reports on Work in Period Ended Sept. 30. WORK COST $11,000,000 U. S. Roads 24, 29 and 50 and State Work Largest Projects. Actual construction work under the supervision of the state highwav department in the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1929, amounted to $11,303,058.23 according to a report filed with the state highway commission today by William J. Titus, chief engineer. Net cost of engineering and inspection for the work was $568,281.78 the report said. During the year, contracts were let on 375 miles of concrete pavement, and more than 302 miles of eighteen-foot wide pavement were completed on Sept. 30. Thirty additional miles were completed before the construction season closed, and together with 100 miles of paving completed by the maintenance division, the total for the year was 432 miles. Old Record Stands Seventy miles more of pavement were laid in 1929 than ever completed in any previous year, the report said. Mast extensive projects were on Roads 6. U. S. Roads 24, 29, and 50. Paving on Road 6 was in Lake and Porter counties and provided another outlet for the heavy trafficaround the south end of Lake Michigan to the Chicago district. Work on U. S. Roads 24 and 50 marked progress toward completing another paved highway across northern Indiana, and toward the cnstruction of the first paved road across the southern half of the state. During the year, the report said, contracts were awarded for ninetyfive bridges and two foundation boring projects at a total contract price of $1,578,587.64. Bridges had a total linear opening of 1.62 miles, and made a total of 829 bridges contracted during the ten and one-half years of the department’s existence. Grade Changes Arranged Eight railroad grade separations were placed under agreement in the 1929 program and construction work continued on six separations previously contracted. Detailed plans for a proposed Ohio river bridge at Evansville were virtually completed in the fiscal year, but letting of a contract has been delayed by litigation, the report sets forth. Plans for an interstate bridge over the Wabash river at Vincennes were completed and ready for construction to start as soon as final details of an agreement with the state of Illinois can j be completed. Plans now are going forward, according to John J. Brown, highway department director, for the construction of 500 miles of pavement in 1930, and contracts already have been signed for 245 miles of paving and $1,000,000 worth of bridges, TWO GIRLS PLAY TRIO Enact “Believe It or Not” Feature on Church Program Tonight. That tw'o girls can play a trio will be proved by Marjorie Ferree, 12, of 2902 Rader street, and Paulean Conrad, 14, of 3230 Northwestern avenue, when they perform the feat at the Seventh Christian church supper tonight. As chronicled in Ripley’s "Believe It or Not’’ feature two months ago, Paulean will play two cornets, with Marjorie as piano accompanist.

Booher had been held in jail here, bond being denied. Booher, in a statement to Circuit Judge J. C. Sutton, declared he was without funds to employ counsel, and the court, acting under the pauper law, appointed D. B. Erwin, Decatur, and W. H. Eichorn, Bluffton. as defense attorneys. At the same time, he appointed R. C. Parrish. Ft. Wayne, to assist Prosecutor Nelson. In addition to the regular panel, fifty special veniremen have been called from which a jury will be selected. The case has aroused much interest throughout the county, and the courtroom was crowded for opening of the trial.

has flooded the eyes of three or four generations in every town and village of the land, has disappeared from the stage. Actors’ Equity Association reported today that, for the first time since 1852, nor a single company is playing “Uncle Tom’s Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly,” unyw'here in the country. Statistics are not available, but it would be interesting to know just how many temperamental actors have balked at the lowly role bestowed upon them as a secondary part—that of standing in the wings and barking like a bloodhound while Eliza skittered

INDIANAPOLIS, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1930

Makeup Teacher of Screen Stars Will Lecture at Times Beauty Show Feb. 24

Corinne Griffith

TEAMS REACH FUND QUOTAS Three ‘Over Top’ With End of Drive Near. With three Forward Indianapolis sales army teams “over the top’’ in the drive for the $170,000 Chamber of Commerce annual fund, many other groups were believed ready to report they had expected their quotas when workers met at luncheon today at the Chamber of Commerce. Coupled with the report of the three teams to reach their $1,250 individual marks, larger subscriptions from other teams and committees raised the total thus far pledged to $77,680. Officials of the movement hoped for a report of more than $40,000 today. Original plans to close the campaign with a dinner tonight may be altered, and the dinner postponed until Friday or Saturday night. Decision will be reached on the closing of the drive at today’s luncheon. Teams that reported “over the top’’ Wednesday are Nos. 21 and 25, in Division 2, commanded by General J. J. Fitzgerald, and No. 52, in Division 5, headed by General Ancil T. Brown. $500,000 JIRE LOSS Main Part of Ames Plant at Anderson Burns. By Times Special ANDERSON, Ind., Feb. 20—The main plant of the Ames Shovel and Tool Company is in smoldering ruins today, following a fire that started early Wednesday night. Edwin T. Nipher, superintendent, estimated the loss on machinery, stock and building at $500,000. Explosion of an oil f’irnace hurled fire in every direction. The building was a roaring furnace when firemen arrived. They disregarded exploding barrels of naphtha and varnish to save the office building and finished stockroom. Two large tanks of oil exploded. One hundred volunteers pushed two box cars, filled with finished stock, down a siding o.ut of reach of the flames. The Ames plant employs 200 persons. It is one of Anderson’s oldest industries. PLYMOUTH BANK FAILS Deposits .shrinkage Is Blamed for Closing of Institution. Closing of the Plymouth State bank of Plymouth was announced by the state banking department today. Shrinkage of deposits was given as the reason for action by the bank’s board of directors. The bank was capitalized at $75,000 with deposits of $830,000, and outstanding loans of $845,000. A. F. Brooke was president and R. G, Lee cashier. / Trade Club to Meet Luncheon meeting of the World Trade Club, scheduled for Friday, will be held at the Indianapolis' Athletic Club, Stanley J Dyer, president, announced today. The speaker will be J. F. Van Wickel, department of commerce commercial attache at The Hague, Netherlands.

across the dubious cardboard river of ice. am qpHE last stand was in New England, where “Tom Shows” always have gone over big. Some of the most famous of the Tom actors and actresses came from Boston, says Equity, but tha heart-throbber exists no more in the northeastern hills. Tom and Little Eva made their first appearance on Sept. 2. 1852, in the Museum at Troy, N. Y. A little girl named Coredelia Howard. then 4 years old, was the first Eva. And when she died and went winging up to the golden

Above are shown three famed movie stars who have been instructed in the art of makeup by V. E. Meadows, internationally known beauty expert, who will lecture at the great Times Beauty Show, opening Monday in the Travertime room of the Lincoln hotel. # # # # # EVERY woman wants to be beautiful. Those who are beautiful wish to be even more so. And The Times, realizing this, intends to do all in its power to help women achieve these ambitions. The Times Beauty Show will open next Monday, Feb. 24, in the Travertine room of the Lincoln hotel, to continue for five days. Lectures and demonstrations will be given twice daily, at 2 and 3 o’clock, by V. E. Meadows, famed both in this country and in Europe, as an authority on

the art of beauty. Every woman in the city is welcome to attend, with no admittance fee. Every woman may receive a personal analysis if she wishes, if the demand is not too great to permit of all receiving this instruction. How to put on makeup in the morning so that it W'ill last all day seems to be the question puzzling most women and Meadows will cast the bright light of his knowledge on this baffling problem. Meadows will answer the countless queries which will be shot at him on the proper use of rouge; he will tell of the different makeups to be employed for the day at the office and for an evening party; he will tell the fundamental principles of the use of cosmetics; and a hundred and one other things. Scores of famous screen stars owe a large share of their beauty to the teachings of Meadows and he declares he can help any woman who w'ill follow his instructions faithfully. Remember —Monday at 2 o’clock in the Travertine room of the Lin- ; coin. Just walk in and take a seat. ! There’s no red tape. You can hear the helpful lecture, ivatch the dem- j onstration. and get a personal anal- j ysis of your beauty problems. Be there.

Movie Speaker

Miss Dorothy Morlan

“Evolution of a Picture” was the subject of a talk to be given by Miss Dorothy Morlan, Irvington artist, at 2:30 this afternoon, at the art exhibit at Carrs hall.

Campaign to Be Extended With subscriptions of $14,505 reported today, raising the total subscribed in the $170,000 campaign to $92,185 leaders of the Forward Indianapolis movement declared the campaign would be extended.

gate, the customers fell over in the aisle and wept. The salt tears still were flowing when, a short time after the ascension, Little Eva tripped out into the audience and started peddling photographs of herself at a dime each. Since that memorable day Little Eva has died on many a cot made out of two kitchen chairs and a sheet. She’s gone to heaven on wires, ropes and chains. And always, from 1852 down through 1929. patrons wiped their eyes and blew their noses. Most famous of the Tom actors was John L. Sullivan, the Boston fistic person. John L. was a good

Biilie Dove

Hot Wave By Times Special GARY, Ind., Feb. 20. Mrs. Mary Knisely, in a suit filed in superior court, seeks $5,000 damages from the McMickle beauty parlor, alleging that while her hair was being permanently waved, a machine became overheated and her hair was burned off. She alleges she can not appear in public or before friends without suffering humiliation.

CHILD HIT BY TRUCK Youth Injured When Struck by Motorcycle. Answering her mother’s call, Grace Muse, 5, of 2861 North Denny street, ran from behind an automobile into the path of a truck driven by Thomas Mitchell, Negro, 2439 Martindale avenue in front of her home Wednesday. City hospital physicians say her injuries are serious. Mitchell was arrested on charges of failure to have a chauffeur’s license. Struck by a motorcycle ridden by Michael O. Howard, 16. of 517 North Emerson avenue, in the 4000 block East Washington street, Wednesday, James Hedden, 40, of 2003 North Harding street, sustained a fractured leg.

U. S. GRAND JURY MAY AIR DISPUTE

A sixty-year dispute over ownership of a tract in the heart of New York’s business district, is expected to be aired by the federal grand jury now in session here. George E. Fleming of-New York, former Shelbyville (Ind.) attorney, in Indianapolis, announced he probably would testify before the grand jury as to his collection of fees from alleged heirs to the tract. Fleming testified before a federal grand jury in New York, March 1, 1928, and was absolved of any fraud in the case, he declared. The tract involved is said to have been deeded originally by King George 111 to Robert Edwards of New York for meritorious service as a British subject. It later passed into hands of Aaron Burr, famed conspirator of history, and now is part of the holdings of Trinity church of New York city. Based on estimates made in 1398, the present value of the tract is in excess of $2,000,000,000. More than 3,000 heirs are believed alive today, Fleming declared.

Simon Legree, stage history tells us, but he had his troubles. No matter how much Uncle Tom padded his vest, the larruping he got from John L. was too much. In the first few weeks that he played Legree, John L. wore out eight or ten Uncle Toms by his whipping strokes. t tt a a DURING its long career, Uncle Tom s Cabin has been played with a company of seven persons and again with seventy. It has been put on in a fashionable hotel ballrooms and in smoky “opry houses” of the hinterland. Mrs, Stowe’s novel has been

Second Section

Entered as Second-Class Matter at Postoffice. Indianapolis

Lupe Velez

ROTARIANS HEAR I. U. PRESIDENT Service Clubs Praised by William L. Bryan. By United Press WEST BADEN. Ind., Feb. 20— Some 700 delegates are attending the final session today of the twoday conference of the Twentieth district Rotary Clubs here. William Lowe Bryan, president of Indiana University, and Dan Ohern, Oklahoma City, gave the main addresses at Wednesday’s session. Dr. Bryan said he had no patience with flippant critics who pretend to think that service clubs are nothing but mutual admiration societies. The clubs perform services of economic and social value, he said, and sometimes undertake activities of state-wide and national effect. Dan Ohern, Oklahoma City, traced the twenty-five-year history of the organization, its growth from the Chicago club to 3.200 clubs in fifty-four countries with 130,000 members. The delegates and their wives were entertained Wednesday night at the annual Governor’s ball. JUDGE LIAISON OFFICER Tipton Jurist Is Appointed for American Legion, C. M. T. C. Judge Cleon W. Mount, Tipton, of Tipton circuit court, has been appointed liaison officer for the American Legion and citizens military training corps, Forest A. Harness, Kokomo, Indiana American Legion commander, announced today. Mount will assist David H. Jennings, civilian aid to secretary of war, in advancing C. M. T. C. inforests in this state.

The case was first brought by heirs of Robert Edwards in 1871, with Henry W. Ingersoll, cousin of Robert Ingersoll, atheism exponent, as plaintiff. Fleming declared any case brought by heirs today hinges on whether they can prove former ownership of the property. The original deed is lost and many prerevolutionary documents, believed to hold proof, may have been lost in the recent fire at the White House, Fleming declared. ELEVATION DISCUSSED Plans for elevation of south side railroads were discussed by Louis C. Brandt, works board member, before the South Side Civics Club committee Wednesday night at Fountain Square theater building. Enlargement of the Sarah Shank golf course was urged by Ray Robertson, professional at the course. Completion of Pleasant Run boulevard, south side, from Prospect to Shelby streets, was urged.

translated into more languages than any other book save the Bible. 4t has sold more than 3,000,000 copies in America alone. The only reason Tor the decline and fall of the Tom drama, in the •yes of equity, is the change in tastes of the new theater-going generation. The young people no longer like the “don’t go near them lions’ cage tonight, mother dear!” type of theatrics. Instead, the barking of six-guns in the hands of cowboys and gangsters, and the steaming clinches of Garbos and Gilberts, are both sufficient and satisfying.

PROHIBITION IS TERMED ‘FLOP’ BY NOTED MEN Law Flagrantly, Openly Violated in Big Cities, House Group Told. REPEAL IS ADVOCATED Law Already Nullified, Is Assertion of Former Missouri Senator. Bu United Press WASHINGTON. Feb. 20.—Flagrant violations of the prohibition law is permitted and even condoned by officials in St. Louis, Chicago, Cleveland and New York, the house judiciary committee was told today by attorneys from the four cities, each of whom advocated repeal of the eighteenth amendment as the only cure for this condition. The witnesses at the committee’s hearing on bills to modify or reI peal the dry law included a former senator, George H. Williams of St. Louis: a former assistant secretary of war, Benedict Crowell of Cleveland; Ralph M. Shaw of Chicago, j and Frederick R. Coudert of New York.

Questions from dry southern members of the committee were answered by several of the witnesses with charges that the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments giving Negroes the right to vote, never have been enforced. Prohibition, the witnesses said, will be nullified just as effectively until it is repealed. St. Louis Solidly Opposed W. W. Atterbury, president of (he Pennsylvania railroad, who had been expected to testify at the outset of today's hearings, failed to appear. Williams, who represented Missouri in the senate from 1925 to 1927, told the committee that public sentiment in St. Louis is so solidly against prohibition that state prosecutors run for office on non-enforcement platforms and federal grand juries refuse to indict liquor law offenders. Only restoration of state option would be approved by the people there, he said. The former senator declared he has only contempt for “the hypocrites in congress who vote dry and live wet,’’ saying he knows several of them. Public sympathy in St. Louis, he continued, is with the bootlegger. The last federal grand jury convened there war; dismissed by the judge when its foreman announced his jury had refused to indict in any liquor cases.

Nullification Is Here “I never represented a brewery, a saloon or a distillery,” Williams tola the committee. “I am not running for public office. Therefore, my interest in this question is the interest of an independent American citizen.” Asa juvenile court judge in St. Louis, Williams said, he made an exhaustive study of social conditions in the prohibition era. Asked by Representative Sumners CDem., Tex.) whether he advocated nullification of the eighteenth amendment, Williams replied: “I hesitate to advocate its nullification,’’ Williams said. “Fortunately, that is not necessary. Nullification already is an accomplished faci. The prohibition amendment is as completely nullified as you in the south have nullified the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments.” Shaw said the underworld of Chicago is becoming so powerful and so wealthy on prohibition spoils that it has set up a "super-government,’' able to debauch public officials. Under questioning, he said he had no evidence to show corruption of the courts, but believed some judges nay have been influenced by underworid patronage Cleveland “Sopping Wet” Crowell said arrests for drunkenness have increased constantly in Cleveland, despite the fact that no man is arrested unless he is too far gone to make his way home or has no friends to lead him. The people of Cleveland, he said, are overwhelmingly in favor of repeal. “Prohibition is a fad which has been impressed upon the Constitution in the name of temperance and righteousness,” Coudert, New York lawyer, said. “It must go to prevent a humiliating nullification.” Coudert told the committee he always has drunk wine and intends to continue drinking it, as a healthy custom.

“I don’t believe the eighteenth amendment represents a law,” Coudert said. “A real low expresses the life and customs of a people. “We have a law against fishing on Sunday. My friends and I have no time to fish at any other time. We therefore, fish on Sunday and don’t consider ourselves criminals. The two cases are parallel.” Coudert said there undoubtedly are some sincere drys in the rural sections. He has seen them, he said, going to and coming from church. “But most of them have nice clear applejack in the cellar,” he added. “If you know them well enough, you can get some and it makes a splendid cocktail.” Jefferson Club Proposed Bji Times Special MARION, Ind., Feb. 20.—Organization of a Jefferson Club in Grant county is being discussed by Democrats. Arthur Green, county auditor and active party worker, presided at a meeting where the proposal was broached. Mayor Jack Edwards urged affiliation with clubi In other cities and/counties.