Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 242, Indianapolis, Marion County, 18 February 1930 — Page 4

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At Last a Moses A decidedly fine even though somewhat unfamiliar note was struck in the civic life of this city when G. M. Williams, president of the Marmon company, took the leadership of the movement to secure jobs for the jobless. Instead of the usual effort to minimize the situation or to turn away from an unwelcome situation, he struck boldly out for a practical plan. j( He gave real meaning to the word “cooperation,” when he declared that labor emergencies should be met in the same spiiit which is shown in great disasters and men must work togethe. and make common sacrifices for the gqoa of all. “\Ve are the same kind of people. It is not the ordinary bunk about being the best city. The men who are out of work come from the same race stock as those of us who are there. They have the same ambitions and the same desires, the same pride in their independence. “That they are idle is no* fault of theirs. They are the victims of conditions that arose in the last two months ot last year. If there is only so much work to be done until things brighten and demand grows, it must be shared, just as food would be shared in a great fire or flood.'’ Coming from the biggest industrialist in the city, this has a refreshing and encouraging sound. It differs from the attitude so often taken by those who stupidly believe that there is a constant warfare between capital and labor and whose only remedy for trouble is a policeman and machine guns. It is decidedly better than the soup kitchen or the dole system. It is intelligent, not blundering. It may even point the way for a national movement, or at least a study of the whole employment situation, that will make it impossible for a recurrence of periods of wide unemployment followed by seasons of overwork. If it does nothing more than to place men of all classes in life in an attitude where cooperation means something very real and tangible, the movement will be worth while. In the meantime, the success of any program depends upon the spirit behind it. The employers alone can not solve the problem. Those who work and have jobs must be ready to sacrifice for the common good. The day when there will be jobs for all will come more quickly if such a spirit is shown. The city owes a debt to Mr. Williams. He has given it anew idea and a higher ideal. The Muscle Shoals Lobby The first week of senate investigation of the Muscle Shoals lobby has shown that here is a lid that should be pried off. When the Caraway committee gets through with Colonel J. W. Worthington, leader ot the ten-year campaign for private operation of Muscle Shoals, it should proceed with its determination to examine Claudius H. Huston, chairman of the Republican national committee. The committee learned with a shock last week that, less than a year ago, Huston, as president of the Tennessee River Improvement Association, circularized congress in favor of the Wright-Madden bill to turn Muscle Shoals over to the American Cyanamid Company. What do the rank and file of Republican voters think about this activity by Huston, shortly before he resigned from the association to become the party’s national chairman? When the committee lias concluded with Huston, it should call Chester H. Gray, Washington representative of the American Farm Bureau Federation. He is supposed to speak lor 1,000,000 larmers. Did they know that Worthington and Gray were working in close harmony against government operation and in favor of the Cyanamid company’s bid? W’orthington, it has been shown, submitted a draft of a resolution supporting the Cyanamid bid to Edward A. O'Neal, president of the Alabama Farm Bureau Federation, for adoption by that organization last August. The resolution as adopted was strangely similar to one found in the files at Worthington's headquarters. In the same files was found other material of the farm bureau federation. W’hen the senate committee has probed the connection between officials of that great farm organization and the Tennessee River Improvement Association, it doubtless also will question W. B. Bell, president of the Cyanamid company. Bell already has told a house committee that his ompany spent more than $7,000 to distribute one of Gray s articles concerning his company's bid. Did the farmers themselves—who put up 50 cents ,i head annually to finance their entirely legitimate activities as an organization—realize that those private funds were being used? The Muscie tfnoais loooy disclosures warrant the investigating committee in ripping the lid clear off. Only a corner of it has been lifted. Farmers and the Tariff Senator Gerald P. N>e of North Dakota, we believe, correctly voices the views of the agricultural states on the pending tariff bill, revision of which was undertaken primarily to help the farmers. Nye said in a speech: **At the best, there is far less help possible In the tariff for agriculture than appears to be upon the surface. But there is a chance, through the making of the present tariff bill, to legislate possibly as much as a billion dollars of additional revenue into the pockets of the American farmer. Os that opportunity the farm states have made the most in the present tariff fight. "But of what good to the American farmer would A

The Indianapolis Times (A SCBIPrS-HOWAKD NEWSPAPER > nnl ] ptshiisbed daily (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Time's Publishing Cos., 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, Ind. Price In Marlon County, 2 <’ents a copy: elsewhere, a pents delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. BOYI> crilLEv" KOY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON, Editor President Business Manager PHONE—RIIe.v 5551 TUESDAY. FEB. 18. 1930. Member of United Press, Scrlpps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information .Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations, ‘‘Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way”

be an additional income of a billion dollars a year if tariff revision afforded such rates as would tax the American fanner two, three or four billions of additional dollars for his purchases of essentials in the way of manufactured products?. “This additional income for the American farmer and an improved economic status is possible only in the event that industry can be held to its present level in the tariff structure. . . . “The farmer, as a general thing, has been a believer in high protective tariff policies, but his faith has been seriously shaken in recent years and I venture to guess that if the tariff bill now’ in the making does not afford that better economic balance which is sought by agriculture through the tariff system, then Mr. American Farmer is going to become an instrumental part in any program w’hich looks to such general revamping of our tariff policy as will keep it from being privileged legislation which affords advantage for the few as compared w’ith the many.” Coincidence or What? Another anti-Russian campaign is being drummed up in Europe. It has a suspicious resemblance to the propaganda that has preceded the various allied military interventions and subsequent economic blockades. Within a fortnight, France, Germany and Britain have been inflamed against Russia, and the pope in Rome has added his attack. Though the alleged causes of this campaign in the several countries are nominally different, foreign observers are asking whether this revival of an antiSoviet crusade in so many places at the same time is the result of coincidence or concerted plan. In France the Soviet government is blamed for unproved complicity in the disappearance from Paris of a notorious czarist general. In Britain the campaign is led by the group trying to unseat MacDonald, the group w’hich overthrew the last labor government on a faked Russian issue, the forged Zinoviev letter. These anti-Russian movements tend to head up the so-called religious issue. The pope has denounced alleged religious persecution by tha Bolsheviks. In England the archbishop of Canterbury has followed the pope. And now the echo comes from Dr. Manning, Episcopal bishop in New York. Reports of American correspondence in Russia, however, seem to indicate that the church-state dispute is basically economic and political, rather than religious. 0 Tens of thousands of churches are reported open and freely attended by members, unmolested either by populace or civil authorities. Though the government seized church property several years ago, congregations of adequate size are allowed to continue use of their churches. The closed churches are said to be those deserted by the congregations, as in some American rural districts, or those of the disbanded monastic orders. According to a statement on Saturday by the chief patriarch of the Orthodox church, there is no religious persecution. He says that individual priests have been prosecuted for specific political and anti-government acts, but not for religious beliefs. Press dispatches from Russia agree that many village priests have joined with the rich peasants in counter-revolutionary activities against the government. Probably that has created an anti-church movement, by w’hich some innocent priests have suffered. That, unfortunately, has happened in every country which has freed itself from a state church, a process which was spared America by the initial separation of church and state here. The full facts of the Russian church-state controversy can not be known by foreigners. But whatever the facts, Americans have no more right to interfere there than Russians have to a right to mix in our domestic church-political dispute over prohibition. “Unpaid Police Raid Gunmen: Arrest 917,” says a headline in a Chicago newspaper. The gunmen must have been pretty seriously in arrears.

REASON By F landis CK

THIS new commission is to go down to Haiti,' look things over, then inform Uncle Sam whether he should stay in that country or get out of it. We need no commission to tell us this, for we have no right to talk about our duty to restore order in any foreign land until we have restored order in the United States. We should take our marines out of Haiti and send them to Chicago. a tt The other day Chicago gave an informal reception for a thousand of her leading criminals, served them lady fingers and after playing bridge the whole bunch was turned loose again Mussolini would handle that crime situation in one week, but Chicago will not handle it in one century;' tt n tt BUT Chicago is not the only futile figure in law enforcement; she is only a little bigger than the rest of the towns where the great American game of horse is played in courthouses all the year around. It is nothing new. for the same monkey business was played’ in the days of your grandfather, for we never have enforced law in America as other countries have done it. a it it Most of our old-time statesmen gained their oratorical laurels, saving the necks of those who had worked overtime to get the rope; yes, this was true of almost all of them. It was considered wonderful, a rare proof of their ability to serve the nation, but we now are reaping the long accumulating whirlwind of such foolishness. tt It a WE now have sitting on state and national crime commissions enough men and women to milk all the cows in America and these men and women sit around, holding hands, looking into each other’s fawn-like eyes and knitting sweet ideas of kindliness by which they are going to make bishops out of bandits and grand opera singers out of ladies who poison their husbands. It is all rot! a a a The great majority of all crime can be handled with a club, but we’ve never had one single club in the United gtates. The criminal lawyers always have played horse and they always will, unless the lawyers of character take the situation in hand and get speedy trials, and unless the judges cut out the hocus pocus, come down to earth and do business as judges in other lands do it. tt B tt Then let the appellate judges sustain the speedy action of the trial judges and your judicial procedure will be simplified; it is not a question of making new laws or feeling the glands of a burglar; it is the matter of making punishment swift and sure. We’ve never done it, but the time has come to start.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

Coolidge Stirs Up Flurry of Conjecture Every Time He Makes a Move or Even a Remark. CALVIN COOLIDGE remains a mystery. Nothing proves it like the crop of surmises and deductions which appears every time he steps outside the old door yard. Asa matter of fact, he doesn't even need to go that far. Let him mow the lawn, receive a distinguished visitor, or hold a long distance telephone conversation, and the weatherwise are ready with their forecasts. As for a trip around the country —that is enough to put their nerves on edge, especially in Washington. tt u a Other people might go to Los Angeles, or even Hongkong, without getting a rise out of any one, but not Coolidge. The myth still sticks, the silent one can do nothing, except with some deep and hidden purpose. So the boys are beginning to wonder whether he is not looking over the situation, with an eye on 1932, of 1936: whether he is not building fences on the sly: whether he is not permitting himself to be groomed by the old guard. But why take it so seriously? Maybe the former President merely is giving himself a vacation, or looking over the business situation for the insurance company of which he is a director, or helping Mr. Ford to locate those schools which the latter is going to found, or seeking a supply of goldenrod for Mr. Edison, or getting material for a new series of magazine articles. tt B B Law Is Weak THE roundup of three or four thousand criminals in Chicago is chiefly significant because it show’s what the police failed to do during many preceding weeks. That is the great weakness of law enforcement throughout America. We can not seem to accept law enforcement as an everyday, routine matter. Most of the time we do little more than is absolutely necessary. Then, when things get intolerable, we have a great spasm of selfrighteousness, which generally results in vastly more hardship for innocent people than justice to criminals. e tt tt One of the three or four thousand arrested in Chicago, how many committed a worse crime than to be poor, or out of work? On the other hand, how many of those who had done something wrong could not have been picked up by tlie police long ago, if the latter had been attending to their business? Maybe it’s a good thing to visit all the dives, flophouses and speakeasies once in a while, round up the bums, hoboes and thugs, and stage a grand judicial spree, but what happens between whiles is not a good thing. To the criminal world, suqii ! roundups mean little more than a warning to lie low T until the spasm has spent itself. a tt tt Time to Wake Up HOW long are sensible people going to be fooled by the argu- | ment that only those who want a i drink, or see a chance to turn a | penny in the liquor business, are j against prohibition? : The movement to repeal, or modify, this attempt to save humanity by law no longer draws its chief support from professional wets. Its most aggressive leaders are men not only of great intelligence, but of high moral quality. One might dismiss the paid agents of associations, the hired publicity experts and those whose former training and experience was such as to align them with the antiprohibition drive as motivated by prejudice, or pay. But when it comes to men like Richmond Pearson Hobson and Randolph Ray, pastor of the Little Church Around the Corner, it is necessary to look for more convincing reasons. Prohibition is contrary to temperance in principle, and some folks are beginning to realize it. tt a a Confuses Politics HARD as we may try to get excited over other issues, to call for a lineup because of other differences, to form new parties out ►of other lineups, we shall find it very difficult to get anywhere, until the prohibition problem has been solved. This problem not only has split, but immobilized, both old parties, has caused liberal and reactionary to find an unwholesome fellowship, and quite apart, from moral considerations, has accomplished nothing so distinctly as to confuse American politics. Its stultifying effect Ls illustrated by nothing so vividly as the fact that no political party, and no faction within a political party, whether styling itself progressive or standpat, is able to take a definite stand.

Questions and Answers

Why was Mary, queen of Scots, beheaded? She was tried for complicity in the piot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth of England, was declared guilty and beheaded in 1587. How long were Indian head onecent pieces issued by the U. S.? They were first issued in 1859 and discontinued in 1909. Has the supreme court of the United States the power to declare a state law unconstitutional? Yes. Are there any Jews in Spain? There are approximately 4.000. What is a holographic will? A will that is entirely written dated and signed by the hand of the testator.

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Cats and Dogs Can Carry Diseases

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. AMONG human pets the cat and dog enjoy most intimate contact with man. They are likely to share not only his living quarters, but m some families even his bed and board. Nobody knows how many dogs there are in the United States, but every one knows that there are innumerable dogs and cats without any apparent owners, which move from one place to another, living on scraps of garbage, and which are a menace not only to man. but to one another. The chief danger from dog to

IT SEEMS TO ME > "ES”

DAY by day, Bryan Memorial university is taking on form and substance in Dayton, Term. According to the press notices, “in the same building where John T. Scopes taught his biology class the theory of evolution and brought on the anti-evolution trial, the Bryan Memorial university will open for its first term next September with a faculty, each member of which will have affirmed his belief that the Bible is infallibly true.”,. It is strange, indeed, that William Jennings Bryan’s admirers should undertake to honor his memory by perpetuating his most decisive defeat. Nor was it the sort of a reverse in which the vanquished came away with honor and armor all untarnished. tt tt t Roar of Laughter IAM aware that the decision of the court went to the side which Bryan and his associates espoused, but palpably this was no suit tried merely before a little judge in a. backward community. America, and indeed the entire world, sat in judgment on the issue. And the verdict of this higher and wider tribunal was a hearty and somewhat ribald burst of laughter. Bryan had made himself ridiculous. Not at all did I feel that the underlying mood was wholly farcical. It was inevitable that one should weep for Bryan as well as laugh at him. His place is secure among the most tragic figures in American public life. Only the supercilious and the unobservant can dismiss him as a mountebank. He was, until the final phase, a very gallant and effective fighter for human rights. Many of his political defeats were glorious. Although never a man of high intellectual attainments, his intuitions were remarkably sound. Certain of his causes, which seemed fantastic to the majority came into acceptance even before his death. tt a a Changes Sides OTHERS are just around the corner. Only a few would laugh now’ at his preoccupation with world peace. He detected the danger of an imperative America when it was no more than a vague shadow cast by some far-flung islands upon a distant ocean. He fought through many years for the rights of the individual against the intrenched mass. In the beginning he was not deterred by the fact that the Filipinos were few and weak, and we were many and powerful. Bu before the end, Bryan changed sides. He marched from one trench to the other with all his banners flapping dejectedly. Both of his last fights were made in favor of the strong against the weak. Bryan lacked spiritual tenacity. He traded off a dream for tangible advantages w’hose weight he could feel in his two cupped hands. That’s always a bad bargain. The wild young man from Nebraska became a complacent Florida realtor. He

What Next?

man from the point of view of its. severity is rabies, or hydrophobia.j Tins is spread primarily by the bite j of a dog. although other animals j may be affected. In addition, the dog is undoubtedly the source of certain tapew’orms which spread to man, and occasionally certain forms of ringworm will be passed from dog to man. Distemper and respiratory infections occur in dogs as well as in human beings, but differ in their nature. It has been reported that the dog may act as a carrier of scarlet fever or of diphtheria, but obviously opportunity for such transmission is relatively rare. The cat is fairly resistant to most j

died a reactionary, and a smug one. He had abandoned ideas in favor of things. The first great betrayal come in New York at the Democratic convention in 1924. when there was need for someone with the courage to strike at the kian which rode then in the saddle of power and of tyranny. But Bryan Nvas not by now the champion of the weak and the oppressed. He was content to find the. cross of prejudice clamped down upon the brow of blacks and aliens. a tt a ' Bullies Professors IT is related in St. Mark that Jesus came to a place called Get’-ie-mane, and It was a garden. And to this garden went Judas, “and as soon as he was come, he goeth straightway to him * and saith, Master, Master, and kissed him.” In Madison Square, Bryan testi-

Times Readers Voice Views

Editor Times —We notice an article in your paper recently, signed by Times "I'-ader, in which the writer is tr. ng to blame the fire insurance companies for a possible increase in fire insurance rates, on account of three large fires which we have had in this city. Where the ■writer gets his information on which to base his article I do not know, but for his further information and for all other readers of your paper, I wish to advise that in Indiana all insurance rates are made through the commissioner and all rates before they are accepted or approved for Indiana would have to be o. k’d by Mr. Wysong, commissioner of insurance. For further information of this writer, I wish to advise that the fire insurance rates have been reduced in this city recently, on all single dwellings, and tw’o-family dwellings up to twenty-apartment buildings. We thought that we would state the facts in this matter, so that your readers would be properly informed in reference to the fire insurance rates in Indianapolis. HENRY J. WIETHE. Manager Insurance Department, J S. Cruse Realty Company, Editor Times—" Why this sudden commotion about the fire department? The heinous crimes of which they are accused seem to have happened in a period ranging from one month to nearly one year. Why this terrible beating of breasts and wringing of hands about it now? Methinks this ghoulish knave, Mr. Miller, has something up his sleeve. Perhaps his bloodthirsty soul craves to see the fire boys disport themselves up and down the streets like a bunch of “wild horses” as they did some time past, when they were accused of letting a fire get away from them. However, if there is any actual inefficiency in the department, it should be taken care of, but I do not think it is fair to criticise the whole force for a few obsolete cases. However, why not come right to the point and give the people the low-

human diseases, but apparently the cat can be infected with undulant fever and transfer it to man. It can develop hydrophobia. It carries around multiple parasites and tapeworms, but is not likely to carry plague or tularemia. The cat or the dog obviously may be the carrier of various insects that transfer from them to man when opportunity offers. A pet animal in the household therefore must receive the same attention from a hygienic point of view as are given to children. Regular washing, prompt treatment of diseases, and similar hygienic procedures are necessary to avoid transferring of contagions of animals to man.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are, presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

fled his love of Christ, and voted for the Ku-Klux Klan. This man, who had led a forlorn hope against imperialism a generation before, did himself embrace the philosophy that might and power and compulsion make for righteousness. When professors in precarious jobs disagreed with him about evolution, Bryan was not content to argue the issue, but, instead, turned bully and burned fiery crosses at their doors. Some few years before the Scopes trial he wrote to a friend: “We will drive Darwinism from the schools. The agnotics who are undermining the faith of our students will be glad enough to teach anything the people want taught when the people speak with emphasis—only those who believe t.hey are made in the image of God will die for a truth. We have all the Elijahs on our side.” (Copyright. X 930. by The Times!

down on what is coming off? The other Indianapolis newspapers do not seem to be acquainted with these terrible inefficiencies. A TIMES READER. Editor Times—l have read a great deal about the shakeup that is to take place in the fire department ranks, and wish to say that I believe Chief Voshell is taking the right steps in placing elderly men on pension and placing younger blood in their places. After a man becomes 70 years old in my line of v/ork, railroading, he automatically goes on pension. After a man fs 70 he’s not as fleetfooted as he should be to insure safety to others. Not only is the chief taking steps to insure safety of the older men, but of the younger men as well. While the chief is on the subject of making his fire fighting force more efficient, I wish to call his attention to the fact that he has two city firemen living out of the city, and sending their children to country schools. A TIMES READER. Editor Times—After serving three years and one month in the office of the county clerk, I was dismissed Jan. 31 for “the good of the service.” George O. Hutsell, county clerk, told me he had nothing personally against me, but that he had to have another typist, and at the same time he let two of his typists out, too. And now. if this is not politics, please tell me what it was? MRS. ALICE RICHARDS. 56 South Tuxedo street.

Daily Thought

Let them be ashamed and confounded altogether that seek after my soul to destroy it; let them be driven backward and put to shame that wish me evil.—Psalms 40:14. . tt tt a "Where shame is, there is also fear. —Milton.

.FEB. 18, 1930

SCIENCE —BY DAVID DIETZ ~

Mira. the Variable Star, Seems to Expand and Contract in the Sky Like a Beating Heart. A STAR that apparently expand* and contracts, not unlike a. beating heart, exists in the sky. It is the variable star known to astronomers as Mira. Variable stars are ones which change their brightness periodically, shining with a strong light at certain times and with a dim light at others. Mira was the first variable star ever noted in the heavens. The discovery was made in 1596 by David Fabricius. He named it “Mira'* from the Latin, meaning "wonderful." But it remained for Dr. Alfred H. Joy, secretary of the Mt. Wilson observatory, to discover just how wonderful a star Mira really was. Dr. Joy made a ten-year study of I that star, bringing to bear upon the j problem the 100-inch telescope of | the Mt. Wilson observatory, the i largest telescope in the world, and j the other marvelously delicate apparatus which is located at the observatory. The apparent expansion and con- ! traction of the star was one of the ; outstanding features of the studv The study possessed double value, for the facts brought to light about this star will serve as foundation for the interpretation of other stellar phenomena tt a a Giant "■ff w then at maximum brightness, W Mira is about a second or third magnitude star," Dr. Joy says. “That is, it is among the second brightest or third brightest class of stars. "When it sinks to its minimum, it becomes entirely invisible to the naked eye. The telescope shows j that it drops to the ninth magnitude. 1 "Until the 100-inch telescope was built, it was impossible to make a j spectroscopic study of Mira at its i minimum brightness, j "Much of the new information ! which has been amassed during this ten-year study of the star was made possible through the ability to follow the star at its minimum with the aid of the 100-inch telescope. "The star goes through its variations in brightness in a period of 330 days. It is 300 times as bright at maximum as at minimum. "In addition to studying the star with the spectroscope, which enables one by measuring the lines in the spectrum to compute the star’s temperature, motion, composition and the like, I have enlisted the aid of some of my colleagues here at the observatory. "Dr. Nicholson and Dr. Pettit helped check the temperature with the thermocouple by which they measured the temperatures of the planets recently, while Dr. Pease measured the star's diameter with the Michelson interferometer. “The study shows that the star is | one of the largest in our universe. llt has a diameter of 310,000,C00 i miles. 1 “It is composed of extremely rare j gases, however. Its density at the | center is about one-ten thousandth of the density of the earth's rt--1 mosphere, while the density of the I outer portions of this gigantic star i is about one-ten millionth of the | parth’s atmosphere, w'hat we conj older a pretty high vacuum here on I earth. “In other words, this giagamfc star in many ways resembles nebula except that it has the shape of a star.” tt tt tt Veil A STUDY of the star’s tempeia- . tures shows it to be extremely low.” Dr. Joy continued. Our sun has a temperature at the surface of 6 000 degrees. "The temperature of this s'ar ranges from 2.400 degrees at maximum down to 1,700 degrees at mirimum. “The study also shows that while the star gives 300 times less light at minimum than at maximum, ihe amount of heat radiated by the siar is only two and a half times less at minimum than at maximum. "The spectroscope reveals what | happens. At the high temperature I we have many elements, such as | tita/num. existing in the atomic : state. But as the temperature falls | this element and others begin to ! form compounds with the oxygen in J the star. “It is, therefore, just as though a l veil composed of these compounds j were drawn around the star, letting i through mist of the heat, but shut- ! ting off the light."

CONFEDERATE CONGRESS Feb. 18 ON Feb. 18. 1862. the first congress of. the permanent confederate government convened at Richmond, Va. Just a year before this date seven southern states had withdrawn from the Union and sent delegates to Montgomery, Ala., to frame a government. This done, they elected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi president of the “Confederate States of America." After the confederate congress held its Richmond session, Davis was formally inaugurated for a term of six years. Although the | first congress met four times and the second congress twice, there never was much popular confidence | in either. • This was because the congress held I secret sessions, cabinet officers exercised their right to sit in congress and many personal controversies* arose among civil and military officials. This date also commemorates the | taking over of the combined conI federate forces in 1865 by General Robert E. Lee.