Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 224, Indianapolis, Marion County, 28 January 1930 — Page 4

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Constitutional Rights While anew Constitution for the state seems advisable, still more imperative is a change in the personnel of the institution which is presumed to safeguard that document. No written document executes itself. Unless the men chosen to execute it perform their duty it becomes futile and worthless. One of the rights under the Constitution is speedy justice for those who appeal to courts. Section 12 of the Constitution reads: “All courts shall be open; and every man for injury done to him, in his person, property or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law. Justice shall be administered freely and without purchase; completely a<nd without denial; speedily and without delay. ’ Courts which fail to act promptly in causes presented to them really toss away the Constitution which they are duty bound to protect and enforce. It means nothing to the citizen who claims redress for wrongs done him that there is written into the Constitution the provision that he shall have justice speedily and without delay, if the courts haggle and argue and delay decision. If he has a just claim, he is entitled to have the benefits while he lives and take no chances that he will die before a court officially condescends to write an opinion. If he be in prison, entitled to reversal and new trial, each day’s delay takes from him something which can not be restored. The people will elect new judges this year. They will nominate candidates this spring. The supreme court might well be revised by the introduction of members who could be relied upon to offer some reform in the matter of swifter decisions. The Constitution can not be said to be working when it is possible for causes and claims to wait for three or four years before decisions are rendered. The appellate court has demonstrated that it is possible to handle cases more quickly. Nor are the causes before that court different from the ones which are finally settled in the supreme court. In the selection of candidates for judges of lesser degree, one of the qualifications should be a probability that there would be a speeding up of justice all along the line. It is not unreasonable to demand that courts do not nullify the Constitution by unreasonable delays and inexplicable lethargy, especially where the decisions may have political consequences. And certainly three years’ consideration of any case can hardly be said to meet tha constitutional guarantee of justice administered “speedily and without delay.” \ The Police Terror to this land of lawlessness by law officers, It is not surprising to read of the extreme brutality of New York City police in breaking up a Communist protest meeting. The demonstration was being held In front of the city hall, and speakers were denouncing the police as "Cossacks" for the death of one of their members, shot by police in a clash with officers a few days before. The Communists’ only ‘'crime" was holding a meeting without a permit. As usually happens when law officers run amuck, they clubbed right and left, felling passersby as well •s demonstrators. Women were beaten also, of course, by the biuecoats In their excitement. Reporters wearing identification cards and trying to get the numbers of the strong-arm policemen were knocked down. There are fewer than 10,000 members of the Communist party among the 120,000,000 people in the United States. Very few of that 120,000,000 before this episode would have Joined with the Communists In denouncing the New York police. But probably a majority of citizens now will agree that the “Cossack" description is none too strong for those guilty policemen. Whether the mayor and police commissioner are to share in this public condemnation will depend on their prompt dismissal and punishment of the offenders. The point to this story is that It occurred in the spotlight of the nation's largest and most cosmopolitan city, and thus received headlines and wide public attention. That is an exception to the rule of police brutality against radicals, actual and alleged. Because prohibition is a national Issue, the lawlessness of dry enforcement 1 officers has become a country-wide scandal. It has received the attention of the President as one of the major problems in enforcement. It is being investigated by the national crime commission. It has been condemned by Justices of the United States supreme court. But no such publicity and official attention Is being showered on the police, whose victims are not liquor suspects, but political radicals and labor organizers. There are many communities in this supposedly free country in which municipal, state or private police conduct a reign of terror against law-abiding liberals or union agents whenever the police see fit. For the most part these cases never are known to the public, because they occur in out-of-the-way places and the victims are persons who can not get hearings. Only in cases in which the victims actually are killed—as in the recent massacre of strikers at Marlon, N. C., and the murder of a union member by Pennsylvania coal and iron police—are the Cossack methods revealed. There is no more serious problem confronting this colntry today than the willful and wide destruction

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPPS-HOWARD .NEWSPAPER) Owned and published dally <except Sunday) by The iDdianapolin Times Publishing Cos., 214-220 Wet Maryland Street, Indianapolis, Ind. Prioe In Marlon County, 2 cents a copy: elsewhere, 3 cents delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. _ BOYD GURLEY. ROY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON. Editor President Business Manager PHONE—KHey to.’il TUESDAY, JAN. 28, 1830. Member of United Press, Scrlpps-lioward Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way”

of civil liberties by the very authorities sworn to protect them. The responsibility is national, state and municipal. The responsibility for re-establishing those civil rights starts at the White House and goes down through congress and the federal departments and courts to Governors, state legislatures, mayors and police commissioners. And that, responsibility is personal. It goes directly home to every citizen. None is safe until all are safe from this terror. If our neighbor is the victim today, tomorrow may be our turn. Chicago Goes Broke Other cities which have financial difficulties and aretworried by mounting tax rates will watch with interest the outcome of Chicago’s efforts to extricate itself from the predicament m which It has been placed by its public officers. The city and county governments are broke. Salaries are in arrears. Schools can not get coal. Hospitals and other institutions lack funds. Banks will lend no more money on tax anticipation warrants. A citizens' rescue committee under Silas H. Strawn has offered to advance $20,000,000, with the stipulation that the committee supervise its use for the mast urgent needs. The sum is inadequate to keep the city government running normally. Further, the committee is encountering opposition from other citizens’ groups and from Mayor Big Bill Thompson, who, despite the condition of the city’s treasury, advocates an increased budget. Chicago's situation is unique, but the tendency of local governments everywhere is to increase expenditures. Total cost of all government In this country in 1927, according to a recent bulletin of the National Industrial Conference Board, was $12,179,000,000, compared with $2,919,000,000 In 1913. Increase in a year had been half a billion, most of it chargeable to local governments. Federal expenditures per capita in 1927 were $34.40, as against $34.78 in 1923; state expenditures $13.96, as against $11.12; local expenditures, $54.41, as against $45.98. Os an Increase of nearly $20,000,000,000 in that period, state and local governments were responsible for approximately seven-eighths. Local governments continued to borrow heavily, spending more than they collected in taxes and piling up huge Interest charges. Chicago’s government has been administered badly and money has been wasted. Her situation, however, offers an example of what can happen when the tendency to increase expendtiures goes unchecked, and the spenders are not under the restraint of public vigilance.

Bootleggers’ Island To aid In controlling their temperamental river In flood time, Texans along the border are asking the government to straighten the Rio Grande between El Paso and old Ft. Quitman. They should have the support of that portion of the government engaged in combating smuggling—smuggling of liquor, narcotics and aliens. For, by taking 155 miles to cover the distance between the two points named, instead of eighty-eight miles as proposed by the engineers, the Rio Grande has provided an Ideal situation for smugglers. The waters, except in flood periods, are shallow. The banks are low and bosque-grown. The course is a tortuous succession of bends. Policing such a boundary is well-nigh impossible. Immediately below El Paso lies a 350-acre half circle of land, Mexican soil left on the American side as the result of one flood. On the maps it is called Cordova island, but so regularly is it used by smugglers that it is popularly known as Bootleggers’ island. Along with taking the kinks out of the river would have to go the settlement of a thirty-flve-year-old boundary dispute. With these two things done, not only would flood dangers be minimized, but the work of the overburdened border patrol would be lessened—and probably many lives saved.

REASON By FR S K

PREMIER RAMSAY MACDONALD was much in the picture when this disarmament conference opened in London, he having written the first two speeches, King George delivering the first one and Ramsay the second. Ramsay’s second speech being a reply to his first one. And he kept his face straight throughout. a a a Without the most remote probability of changing a single vote, our statesmen at Washington continue to hurl prohibition buncombe at each other and in the meantime the farmers or the land wonder when that tariff relief will arrive and where they will get enough to pay the next installment of interest. a ts a These emotional statesmen at the national capital are all broken up whenever the coast guard shoots a smuggler, but they maintain perfect poise whenever the outlaws shoot an officer of the United States. Whenever we get to the point that we have to weep for those who ship booze into the United States, we shall sell our lachrymose gland to the first bidder. a a a BUT we wish to add a word of counsel to the dry brethren. We will not make the dry law effective in this country until we go back to the starting point and build a crusade among the people against alcohol and recruit again the great army of education which removed the sword, spurs and bustle from Mr. J. Barleycorn, a a a It seems little less than criminal to continue to appropriate hundreds of millions for prohibition enforcement and not do one blooming thing to arouse the normal sense of the nation. This could be done, but until it shall be done it is grotesque to send forth an army of enforcement officers, many of whom are crooked. a a a Professor Ogbum, director of President Hoover’s social survey group, states that he can prove mathematically that in the last presidential election religion played an inferior part and that prohibition was the great issue. ana IP he can do that, he can easily prove that the world is flat, that water runs up hill and that overcoats should be worn next to the body and B. V. D.’s on the outside. a a a We are for Chicago and we are for her world’s fair in 1933, but we wish to whisper in her shell-like ear the gentle admonition that if she wants anybody to come to her big show, she must can her politicians who have given her bankruptcy and can her gunmen who have given her infamy

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

America Boasts of Its Sense of Humor, but Fails to Display It in Handling of Communist Meetings. CONSIDERING what occurred in New York last Saturday, when the police chased three or lour hundred Communists out of City Hall park, using their clubs and fists with unnecessary violence, and injuring quite a few persons, among whom were several innocent bystanders. it is interesting to review what occurred in India the following day, when millions of people of the independence movement, and when hundreds of speeches were made and thousands of pamphlets distributed advocating disobedience, if not defiance, to British rule. One can not help wondering how Commissioner Whalen would have handled that affair. a m m The British police, we are Informed, stood good-naturedly by while the crowds gathered in various cities, or along the line of march as mile-long processions wound slowly by, listening to inflammatory and seditious utterances without hitting anybody on the head, or even trying to break up the demonstration. When it comes to letting people blow off steam, British authorities can be depended on to act with good sense. That is one reason why England, with 45,000,000 people, is able to control one-fourth the human race. a a Quit Using Safety Valve IN American, w T e seem to have lost faith in the safety valve. If a small crowd gathers, we imagine that revolution has begun. As though that were not enough. We do what we can to make it begin. Communism, Is not, and never has been a serious menace in the United States, but the Indian movement for Independence Is a serious menace to the British empire. That movement has reached a point where it certainly will cost the loss of an untold amount of property, if not an untold number of lives. English authorities easily could fan it into flame overnight, and that, too, by doing nothing more than the New York police did last Saturday. a a a U. S. Takes Wrong Track SUPPOSE the English authorities had undertaken to handle the Bombay, Lahore, or Delhi crowds in the New York manner. Suppose they had clubbed, or struck, as many persons to every one hundred assembled, or on parade. Suppose they had undertaken to break up the meetings, prevent the leaders from talking, or confiscate the pamphlets. What do you think India would be like today? By the same token, what do you think America will be like in ; twenty-five or thirty years, if the : precedent set in City Hall park last Saturday becomes the fashion? a a a It Is to be admitted that Communists, or any other minority, with something on its chest, are annoying. It is to be admitted that streets are for traffic. It is to be admitted that the constitutional right of free assembly does not justify any group in blocking traffic. But why get so excited? What would New York have lost if 500, or even 1.000 Communists had occupied City Hall park for an hour or so, or if three or four speakers had taken advantage of the occasion to spout from city hall steps? If that is too shocking to comtemplate, what would New York lost if it bought half a dozen vacant lots, or set aside half a dozen small parks, j or sections of larger parks, where Communists, or other people could holler to their hearts content? a a a Humor Sense Lacking THE trouble with cur attitude toward such things is that we can see no way out except to stop this perfectly natural flow of wind by violence. Asa matter of common sense, we could let it flow, without much risk. Not only that, but we could provide places for it to flow, without any risk, a a a We keep telling ourselves that we are the only people on God’s green earth with a sense of humor, but one never would guess it from the way we handle petty demonstrations. Any other country in the world, with as small an infiltration of communism as we are bothered with, would take the issue as a huge joke, and kill it with laughter. We. with our boasted ability to see the funny side of things, raise it to the level of Martyrdom,

Times Readers Voice Views

Editor The Times—l would like to ask a few questions about the peace treaty. Why do all of these things particularly have to be done in England? Why can’t we see to our own business in our own country? And if this treaty ever is unfortunate enough to go through, can they call our boys out on the battlefield any time they choose? I am the mother of a boy who was ruined in the World war. I will be very glad if you answer these questions. A READER. Ewing, Ind.

Daily Thought

Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth; for I am God, and there is none else.— Isaiah 45:22. a a a God cchange the lowest to the highest, abese the proud, and raise its humble.—Horace.

Mrs. O'Leary's Cow Plays a Return!

Toll Taken by Heart Disease Mounts

Thi* ts the first of two articles by Dr. Morris Flshbein diseusslnr the future of heart disease. BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. ON any single day, there are in the United States approximately 2,000,000 people suffering with heart disease. The mortality has been increasing steadily, rising in Chicago from a rate of 103.8 a hundred thousand in 1905 to 210.6 a hundred thousand population in 1925. For the whole country, the rate was almost 300 a hundred thousand, and is almost double the rate for the next most important causes of death, including such serious conditions as cancer, pneumonia, tuberculosis and diseases of the kidneys. Os the deaths occurring from heart disease, 90 per cent are in persons more than 40 years of age. The diseases of the heart represent the results of rheumatic fever occurring in childhood and of degenerative disorders occurring in middle life. Most of the consideration of the future of heart disease must take into account the trend of disease in

IT SEEMS TO ME "S n

BY HEYWOOD BROUN

of your six columns last V/ week, four were about yourself,” complains H. P. That was very careless, and I thank H. P. for calling my attention to the fact. At the moment I can’t recall just why I slipped up S twice. “Let us assume,” continues H. P.. “that Napoleon, or Caesar, or Casanova, or Attila the Hun, were alive today, and all or any writing columns. You will grant that these were colorful men, but do you think they could posibly be interested if they wrote about themselves day after day, week after week?” It’s easy enough to assume that Attila the Hun is a columnist. AlI most everybody is these days. And i it used to be a pretty good business, until all these actors came trooping in. a a a Just That BUT surely H. P. has slipped a cog by including Casanova in his list, for that adventurer was strictly a columnist in spirit. He did write about himself, exclusively, day after day, and year after year. It was not by deeds, but by the triumph of self-por-traiture, that Casanova made his name a part of the language. He stands as the symbol of the complete amorist, and the world’s belief that he was unexcelled as a great lover depends almost wholly on the fact that he raid so himself. I have my doubts as to the authenticity of his claims. He left too much manuscript behind him. If he really courted so assiduously, when did he find time for his home work? Caesar, also, was not averse to telling his countrymen about Caesar. He had engrossing jobs in the field, and it may be that his commentaries were ghost-written. Napoleon's need for self-expres-sion was less. Being a man of vision, he probably foresaw that he would become the darling of all biographers. And so H. P. is on the wrong track entirely. Every big newspaper syndicate would be glad to make a tenyear contract for a daily column fr>m any of the men he names. It would be fascinating to hear Attila’s opinion of the new woman, and Casanova’s views on prohibition. a a a T by Right BUI’ the fact that the famous Hun undoubtedly could get away with such a job by no means establishes my right to the first person formula. H. P. does not quite comprehend the nature of the device.

-DAILY HEALTH SERVICE-

general during the past half century. The increase in life expectancy from 35 years at birth to 55 years means that a much larger number of persons are available to die at advanced ages from degenerative disorders, whereas many died at early ages from the infectious diseases which scientific medicine now prevents. The question has been raised as to whether the increase in death from heart disease represents an actual increase in the incidence of such diseases, or whether it can be explained, as is the rise in mortality from cancer, by the fact that scientific medicine now makes much morp accurate diagnoses and by the fact that people are living longer than formerly. Unquestionably both these factors are of tire greatest importance. 'The medical point of view toward heart disease has changed greatly in the past half century. Medicine formerly was concerned primarily with the pathologic changes that took place in the heart associated with disease and it was customary to classify heart disease according to the changes found after death. Next came the period of classi-

It is very ancient, and not of my making. “It seems to me,” is basically an effort to eliminate tha personality of the author. I am not me. The first person singular who stalk* through these paragraphs is intended to be a character somewhat after the nature of common people, who appears in the political cartoons, or Everyman of the old morality play. H. P. implies that I am not sufficiently exceptional, or colorful, to furnish daily autobiographical material. But that’s the point. It really should be scored in my favor. I’m a member of the mob and living the life of the mob. If H. P. finds my doings dull and deadly, I can only retort that he is an old cynic and that his comI plaint should lie not against me, but against life itself. We can t all be Caesars. The men in the ranks should have a right to talk and do their own commentaries.

-100AVI5 theH AMfijVeftSAßV'

FRANCIS DRAKE’S DEATH Jan. 28

ON Jan. 28, 1545, Sir Francis Drake, the first man to circumnavigate the globe, died on board ship off Porto Bello, a little Spanish town on the Isthmus of Panama, which he once sacked. Drake began his sea life at an early age by engaging in costal trade. After a few years at this he grasped an adventuresome opportunity by serving under Hawkins in an expedition against the Spaniards. The English were defeated and young Drake vowed revenge. It was not many years later that Drake captured Nombre de Dois, a wealthy town on the Isthmus, seized a Spanish galleon in the harbor of Cartagena and burned Porto Bello. Many such predatory expeditions occupied Drake, until he decided to explore the unknown Pacific. When he finally returned to Plymouth in late September, 1580, laden with treasure and spices, he had circled the globe. For this achievement, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth. On the arrival of the Spanish Armada, Drake was serving under Lord Howard. It is said that Drake prevented Howard from putting to sea until they had finished their game of bowls, saying, “There’s plenty of time to win the game and thrash the Spaniards, too.” The Spaniard* wttß &£}radMMb

fication according to established causes, and in various clinics it is now recognized that rheumatic fever, in youth primarily, but also at advanced ages, is responsible for at least 50 per cent of all heart disease: that arteriosclerosis and degenerative charges in the body are responsible for some 35 per cent; that syphilis produces the changes in approximately 10 per cent; that the effects of over-activity of the thyroid gland may be responsible for 1 per cent, and that diseases of unknown origin are responsible for tlie rest. If the human being passes through life without serious disease of any kind, his cells undergo a cycle which includes a period of growth, a period of maturity, and a period of degeneration and senility. Obviously, It is the hope of scientific medicine to give to all mankind a life expectancy of three score years and ten which biblical legend establishes as the expectancy of man. Tiie loss of life before the period of maturity, due to heart disease. represents a tremendous economic wastage. The care of those with heart disease costs at least $100,000,000 annually.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those of one of America's most interesting writers and arc presented vithout retard to their atreem-nt or disagreement nith the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

The Daily Pint I WOULD deny no man his right to occasional excesses, but I am horrified to observe the fearful navoc which prohibition v-orks upon the human mind. The drying-up process seems to sap the very juices of the brain. Consider, for instance, poor, dear Mr. Wickersham. Before they drafted him as propagandist for the ! noble experiment, his countrymen knew him as a lawyer and logician, i too. Now he is doing talking pic- | tures and radio appearances t* ’ argue the essence out of trial by jury. In arguing for the adoption of the recommendation that enforcement shall be transferred to the depart- , ment of justice. Mr. Wickersham says, ‘The eighteenth amendment is a part of the Constitution, and<it , is the duty of congress to enact ac>ej quate laws for the enforcement of its provisions ” I suppose that in the later and more ample report of the commission we shall find the recommendation that the enforcement of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments shall be transferred to the Smithsonian institution. (Copyright. 1930. by The Times)

Questions and Answers

What is the stated fee, in the United States, for final citizenship papers? Ten dollars. From what was the movie “The Gold Diggers of Broadway taken? From a play “The Gold'Diggers,” by Avery Hop wood. Are “Amos and Andy,” who talk over the radio, real Negroes? They are white. What is the derivation and meaning of the name Erwin? It is English, from the AngloSaxon and means "warrior-friend.” Who were the sponsors of the Payne-Aldrich tariff act of 1909? The act was named for SerenoE. Payne of New York, chairman of the ways and means committee of the United States house of representatives, and Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island, chairman of the senate finance committee. How long have carpet sweepers been in use? Carpet sweepers of a crude pattern were made in England hundreds of years ago, but not until 1876 was this device seriously considered as a time-saving household article. To M. R. Bissell is due of producing the first caipet

JAN. 28, 1930

SCIENCE “By DAVID DIETZ

Nation's Thousands of Miles of Pipe Lines for Oil Cost Quarter Billion Annually for Maintenance. Ninety-nine thousand miles of pipeline, almost enough to make four loops around the earth’s equator, are used for the transportation of oil by the petroleum industry of the United States. These pipelines, it is pointed out in a survey by Arthur D. Little, Inc. of Cambridge, Mass, stretch from as far west as Parco, Wyo„ and as farsouth as El Paso, Tex, to as far east, as Bayonne, N. J. In addition, there is a group in California extending from Los Angeles to San Francisco. “These lines contain more than 18,000.000 barrels of oil at all times and involve an annual expense estimated at a quarter billion dollars for maintenance and new construction," the industrial bulletin of Little's organization states. In addition to the 99,000 miles of oii lines, there are 57,000 miles oi pipeline in the nation carrying natural gas. Little looks forward to a large new construction program in 1930, particularly in the natural gas branch. “It is expected that the year 1930 will see a large new construction program principally in the natural gas branch, which is estimated alone to involve a half billion dollars, and that the production of pipe and accessories will require at least as much steel as in 1929,” the bulletin states. a a O History THE history of the pipeline industry forms an interesting chapter in the story of American development. “When oil was discovered in Pennsylvania demand was chiefly for kerosene, with Europe the largest consumer, ’ the bulletin states. “Pipelines were laid from the fields to the refineries on the coast, from which shipment was made by steamer to Europe and by rail tp domestic points. “When oil later was discovered in Illinois and Ohio, pipe lines from these fields were linked with the existing Pennsylvania lines. “Then came the big development in Oklahoma, which, in turn, was connected with the Illinois and Ohio systems. Later on the Wyoming and Texas fields were tied in. The Texas and Oklahoma producers, however, found it was more economical to transport their crude oil by pipeline to tidewater at the gulf and thence to eastern ports by tanker. “Virtually, no oil is being brought now by pipeline from the mid-conti-nent area to the east, as the coastal refineries are obtaining the bulk of their oil by tanker from the gulf coast, Mexico, South America and California.” A recent development occasioning great interest is the reversal of the direction of flow In a number of important pipelines. This innovation is a result of the changes which have come In with the use of the tankers.

Reversed eastern company reversed W the pipe-line flow and pumped crude oil received at the coast from West Texas and other sources westward to refineries at Pittsburgh and Franklin, Pa,” the bulletin continues. “A second and more startling innovation is being initialed by the Standard Oil Company of New .Ter sey and may result in widespread changes In pipeline operation throughout the country. “They have reversed the flow of a 371-mile line extending from the seaboard to western Pennsylvania and propose, as a common carrier, to distribute gasoline by this method at rates from 35 to 50 per cent less than by rail.” A picture of the activity in the pi pel me business is given by the bulletin in the following words; “As new fields are brought in, there always is a wild scramble toconstruct new lines, as the production is limited to the capacity of the carrying facilities available'and transportation by rail usually is impossible or at least uneconomical “The west Texas fields discovered in 1927 now are connected with the Gulf Coast by no less than six groups of lines. In the construction of these lines through desert country and over nigged mountains, many difficulties were met and overcome. “In one case the line was laid through solid rock for fifteen miles. In a rough and mountainous section it was necessary to haul material and equipment thirty-five miles to reach a point that can be easily seen from the railroads where It was unloaded.”

sweeper that did Its work properly, and satisfied the user. When was the apparatus that enables one who is talking into a telephone to see the person at the other end of the wire first demonstrated? It was demonstrated publicly for the first time on April 7, 1927. Herbert Hoover, then secretary of commerce, was seated in the office of the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company in Washington and saw and spoke to Walter 8. Gifford, president of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, who was seated before a similar instrument in New York. What was the first regular commercial broadcasting station in the United States? KDKA, established and maintained by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, East Pittsburgh, Pa. Broadcasting was begun Nov. 2, 1920. What is a Stougbten bottle? In American vernacular it means a stupid person, and is derived from the black or green bottles of Dr. Stoughten’s bitters, shaped like tl log cabin. The expression came lnt# popular favor in Mam gtotiAootiw of