Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 206, Indianapolis, Marion County, 7 January 1930 — Page 4

PAGE 4

ft* IPFJ-MOWAfD

The Crime Problem Aside from the personal satisfaction that may have come to Judge Collins in being honored by a dinner on the twentieth anniversary of his service as a judge of the criminal court, the occasion had a real value in arousing an interest in the problem of crime and the futility of harsh methods in preventing law violations. It is significant that the addresses of those who paid tribute to the judge did not emphasize the number of men and women he had sent to prison, but did boast of the numbers he had shown mercy and restored to society through a system of probation. The crime problem is becoming acute in every state, and especially in Indiana. Ihe state is spending a quarter of a million of dollars to enlarge the penitentiary at Michigan City. It will spend a half million more in the next three years if it houses the population that is increasing faster than in any other spot in the state. This fact is its own commentary on the hopes of those who believed ten years ago, that all prisons.were soon to be turned into hospitals or orphanages and all jails become useless. It is notable that every speaker at the Collins dinner, and they came from the ranks of those who are in close contact with the handling of criminals, emphasized the failure of present prison methods to either prevent crime or to reform the wayward. It is worth something if the public thought can be centered upon this one fact. Brutality, force and harshness have been tried through the centuries and have failed. The last legislature, acting under the pressure of the banking interests of the state, went still farther in the direction of harshness when they fixed longer and sterner sentences for robberies. 1 lie law, in some cases, gives courts and judges little latitude in fixing penalties. And the crimes increase. A probation .system, and more than that, a social service that prevents unemployment, that takes an interest in the welfare of the unfortunate and the underprivileged boy and girl before they become criminals, might be worth trying. Other plans have failed. Incidentally, it may be worth while to remember that the state of Indiana is still holding behind bars a girl of very tender age who forged a check for $2 in order to eat. As long as that girl remains in a felon cell, Indiana can hardly point with any pride to its humanity or its intelligence in handling crime and criminals. “Independence" The formal duties of international glad-handing frequently lead to situations suggestive of satire. Haiti now is celebrating the 125th anniversary of Its independence from France. It naturally devolved upon President Hoover as chief executive of a fellow republic to offer his felicitations. He sent the following message: “I have pleasure in extending to your excellency (the president of Haiti) and to the people of Haiti cordial greetings on this anniversary of the independence of the republic.'’ We well may suspect the discerning Haitians received Mr. Hoover's message with mixed sentiments, seeing in it anew conception of independence. Ordinarily, an independent people live under a system of government of their own making, elect their own governing officials and exercise fuU and free control over the public economy of their country. Haiti now has been blessed by military occupation by armed American forces for some fourteen years. She is governed under a constitution drawn by American officials. General control over Haiti is exercised by an American high commissioner. Haitian economic life is supervised by an American financial idviser. Not for a decade or more have the Haitians been able to hold a free election of their civil officers, rhose chosen in perfunctory fashion have no real power. Such are the fruits of independence in Haiti after i century and a quarter. Shearer Flops "A flop!" exclaimed the box office man as he mournfully counted the cash from the New York lecture appearance Sunday night of the great, the one, and the only Bill Shearer. “The Inside Story of Ten Years of International Intrigue Against United States Sea Power” was the title of the lecture. That certainly ought to knock the country cold. A little advertising along that line and we’ll be able to pack the hall—so Bill and his lecture manager figured. As a preliminary bout, they got Rear Admiral Ftske. famous as a fire-eater. Everything went off as advertised. Fiske raged up and down the stage, denouncing a former secretary of state and secretary’ of the navy, intimating they were guilty of lies and treason. Then Bill himself took the spotlight and boomed for an hour against Britain and sundry’ American admirals and diplomats. Britain has dominated state department policies for twenty-five years, he yelled. And so on. A good show, and worth the price of admission for any one who likes that sort of thing. But that was the trouble. There were not many who liked it Only about 300 or 400 came to see the show. Meanwhile, at another hall in New York, more than 4.000 were turning out to hear a lecture on per.ce and the League of Nations. We sympathize with Bill in his hour of public failure. Not that we have any sympathy with his militaristic propaganda or his unscrupulous methods.

The Indianapolis Times (A SCRIPPB-HOWARD NEWSPAPER) Owel nd published dally (except Sunday) by The Indianapolis Times Publishing; Cos., 214-220 West Maryland Street, Indianapolis, Ind. Price In Marlon County, 2 cents a copy; elßewbere, 3 cepfs—delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY. ROY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON, Editor President Business Manager pHONE— Hliey SMI TUESDAY. JAN, 7. 1330. Member of United Press, Bcrfpps-Koward Newspaper Alliance, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way”

But we recognize that he is one of the slickest showmen In a generation, and it is always rather tragic to see an artist flop. The times are out of joint for Shearer’s kind. None could pull the old secret-document and warmenace hokum any better than he, but the crowds no longer fall for that line. Aviation’s Disappointment Aviation's biggest disappointment in years was the recently ended Guggenheim safe aircraft competition. Nearly two years ago the Guggenheim fund for promotion of aeronautics announced the contest, offering SIOO,OOO for the winner, and SIO,OOO to every other plane that met the minimum performance requirements set up by the fund. The idea was to offer an impelling inducement to aircraft engineers to bring out an absolutely safe and foolproof plane, one that could be flown by the average man. More than thirty engineers announced plans for entering the competition. Only fifteen of them ever built planes. Seven of these were withdrawn. Seven others failed to pass the rigid Guggenheim tests. One passed and automatically was awarded first prize. It was the Curtiss Tanager biplane. Fundamentally it differed little from the first plane that flew twenty-six years ago. Its safety features were in the form of slots, flaps and floating ailerons—merely added attachments to the regular airplane. It passed the tests, but it safely can be said that it was not quite what the engineers thought the winning plane would be. They were disappointed. Ending of the contest leads to the rather startling assumption that airplanes are about as safe right now as they will be for some time. It wasn't the Guggenheim fund's fault that the contest was so disappointing. It simply was that the aircraft engineers of the world can’t, or at least they didn't, build a perfect plane. A Job for Borah The suggestion of Senator Fess of Ohio that Senator Borah of Idaho be named chairman of the projected joint commission of congress on prohibition is an excellent one. The commission, as constituted under recommendation of President Hoover, would be made up of three senators and three representatives. The senate has approved its creation, and the house is expected soon to do likewise. As other members from the upper chamber we recommend Senator Sheppard of Texas, author of the eighteenth amendment, and Senator (Five and Ten) Jones of Washington. This trio has been most vociferous in the current prohibition hullabaloo and has offered a vast amount of criticism and advice. Who could be fitted better to examine the recommendations of the President’s law enforcement commission and the findings of his personal agent, Attorney John McNab of San Francisco? Borah started the present teapot tempest, in fact, and gave Sheppard, Jones and others the opportunity to air their views. It is unfortunate that the militant prohibitionist, Harris, of Georgia can not likewise be included, and Fess himself. But doubtless these omissions can be corrected by the inclusion of some of the tried and true dry brethren from the house. Child Laborers You can take your factories: we will keep our children. That is the answer of Governor Roosevelt of New York to the cry that northern industries are moving south to get cheap child labor. If child slavery is the price of prosperity, then poverty would be the badge of honor for any state. But it is not. There is more than humanitarianism to the laws against child labor. The nation, which rears its children in the sweat : hop and mill is breeding a race of weaklings which will destroy it. And no system of industrial slavery of any type ever has produced enduring prosperity or survived fiery long in open competition. Cheap labor is expensive.

REASON

SINCE that fire forced the President to take up his office in the White House Mr. Hoover has used the table on which Abraham Lincoln signed the proclamation of emancipation and the cabinet meets around a table used by John Adams, the second Presirent, but. up to date nobody seems to have employed the clothes line upon which John Adams’ wife Abigal used to hang the family washing in the East room. tt n a It will be interesting to see how China succeeds in her effort to end the privilege of extra territoriality under which foreign nations with interests in China have maintained their own courts in which to try cases, involving their own people and the Chinese. Os course, if foreigners are unwilling to recognize the courts of the country to which they go to get rich, then they should get out of such country. aaa IF any of the foreigners who come to this country should inform us that they are not willing to have their cases tried bv the courts of the United States and that the countries from which they came should have the right to establish foreign courts upon American soil, the Goddess of Liberty would drop her torch and grab a club! aaa Senator Borah is right to denounce the methods of prohibition enforcement, but his case would be a great deal stronger if he were to denounce the insistence of some of his congressional associates that they be given the freedom of the port. The President could get a great rise out of the rest of us if he would instruct the treasury department A o terminate this crooked privilege. aaa Senator Caraway of Arkansas has a biography of only one line in the congressional directory, but now he can add a line to it and say that he made a United States senator out of Grundy of Pennsylvania. aaa fMNCE Mrs. Kate Fogarty has had her $500,000 breach of promise suit against Gene Tunney Tunney thrown out of court she most feel as if she had been in the stock market. aaa We fail to see why all this rumpus should be raised about General Smedley Butler’s statement that he used the marines to put hand-picked candidates into office in Haiti. He would have shown vast disrespect for the political traditions of his country had he done otherwise. aaa General Escobar, who fled from Mexico when his revolution failed and his fellow citizens placed a price upon his head, announces that he will stay in the United States and engage in business. He ought to be a wonderful fellow to sell fire escapes.

FREDERICK By LANDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy S A YS:

The Automobile Industry Stands for the Ideals and Achievements of a Great Civilization. THE thirtieth annual automobile show opens in New York with 300 new cars put on display by forty-six manufacturers. One finds it hard to believe that not an automobile was in existence forty years ago, and that this predominant industry has grown up within less than two generations. It justly may be described as the greatest monument we yet have erected to modem progress and prosperity. Different from the Pyramids of Egypt, or the Acropolis at Athens, it still stands for the ideals and achievements of a great civilization. Will it go as it came, or does it mark the dawn of anew conception of value? aaa Last year, they tell us, 20.000,000 automobiles were driven to the tune of 150,000,000.000 miles in this country. On the one hand, that shows a vast amount of money gone for Joy riding; on the other, it shows a vast amount of work and wages. It takes many men to fabricate 20,000.000 automobiles, much less to keep them in repair and supply the necessary fuel. One need only ride along the average road flanked with garages, filling stations, all-night cabins, Pullman dining rooms, and accessory’ shops to realize what the automobile has done to create employment. One need call on only three or four neighbors of a summer’s evening to discover what it has done to change the mode of life. a a a Pay as We Ride IF prosperity has made the auto possible, the auto has helped to increase prosperity. We pay as we ride, in more than one sense—pay that other people may ride. To a measureable extent,, we are becoming a nation of nomads, but with a system and discipline that nomades never knew. Whether for the S4OO flivver or the $40,000 dreadnaught on wheels, it is an open road, but not without traffic lights and motorcycle cops. The lights are impartiaL m a a It Is growing mighty common for reporters to find wanted witnesses or criminals whom the authorities appear unable to locate. For nine days, to let them tell it, New York police have been on a grand but unsuccessful hunt for Mr Terranova, though newspaper men found no difficulty in getting interviews from him within twenty-four hours after he had been accused of staging a fake holdup. Now w r e discover “Ye Scribe” dig- \ ging up Ctis Hefner, key witness in the William Desmond Taylor mystery, and getting a full account of what he knows. a a * Another Mystery MR. HEFNER told his story to the Governor and parole board of California more than three years ago. For one reason or another they decided not to act on it, and, for one reason or another, they permitted Mr. Hefner to slip out of sight. The mystery of who murdered Taylor thus is more than matched by the mystery of why the key witness and his story were allowed to go “unwept, unhonored and unsung." mat In the Terranova case we hear about artichokes being bought and sold in large quantities. In the Taylor case we hear about j dope being handled on a similar wholesale basis. And these are but two of a growing number of cases in which failure of the law appears to be coincident with size of the bank roll. One dislikes to think that justice is succumbing to the influence of wealth, that rich men can get away with what poor men can’t, and that prosperity has developed a frame of mind which can see something justifiable in the theft of a million dollars, while the theft of a loaf of bread is unforgiveable. a a a If Rothstein had been a back alley craps shooter: if the Hall-Mills case had involves ditch diggers; if Elwell had been a grocery clerk; If Doheny and Sinclair had been filling station operators; if Terranova had been a push cart peddler; if William Desmond Taylor had been a porter and killed by a shop girl—would the law have found it easier?

Daily Thought

Sorrow Is better than laughter: for by the sadness of the countenance the heart is made better.— Ecclesiastes 7:3. aaa Sorrow is knowledge.—Byron. Was Boston the only American port where tea was dumped overhoard from English ships before the Revolutionary war? Cargoes of tea were sent to Boston, Philadelphia, New York and Charleston, S. C. The people of New York and Philadelphia sent the ships back to London. The inhabitants of Charleston unloaded the tea and stored it in damp cellars, where it soon spoiled. At Boston it was dumped into the harbor. How many species of animals are there? More than 500.000. the number in each class of the animal kingdom being as follows; 7,000 mammals, 20,000 birds, 5.500 reptiles, 2,000 amphibians, 13,000 fish. 60,000 molusks, 360,000 insects, besides a host of lower invertebrates. Is Argentina a member of the Leagm of Nations? No. How far is the moon from the earth? The moon's distance from the earth is 238,840 miles.

MiUBK*-” <uiiLi ill I—■——. -- ■ ■ ' I ———mmmmmammam

—DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Good Diet Will Regulate Bowels

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN. Editor Journo! of the American Medical Association and of Hyeeia, the Health Maparine. _ IN a consideration of normal physiology and the advice that is to be given to a patient following peridic examination, a distinguished committee of physicians has given special attention to the frequency with which the cathartic and enema habits are found among American people. Instead of attempting *to control the activities of the intestines by suitable diets and the establishment of good habits, the person tries drugs, moving on from stronger to stronger preparations and then.

IT SEEMS TO ME By BROUN

ONE of the recent plays arrived on Broadway should be called to your attention because it is built around an interesting idea. And it may need a word of approval', for to some its title will be a shade forboding. It is called, “Death Takes a Holiday.” This happens to be a good title, for it describes precisely what happens in the comedy which Walter Ferris has adapted from the Italian of Alberto Cassella. Death desires to know more about human beings, and so he comes as a guest to a house party. While he is there, not even a leaf falls from a tree. This is his holiday, and during it no thing or creature may die. Philip Merivale gives an excellent performance in the title role. The playwright’s notion is that death is a gentleman and that there is no reason why anybody should be afraid to meet so charming a fellow. The young heroine, brilliantly played by Rose Hobart, does fall in love with the stranger from the far country, but the rest are frankly terrified in his presence. One can not quite blame them, for Death in the Cassella play makes his first entrar.ee and his last exit the traditional long black coat. Although his intentions are excellent, he is not pictured as exactly jolly. aaa It Isn’t So dome of my interest in the piece O at the Ethel Barrymore theater arose from the fact that a long time ago I attempted a one-act play on the same general theme. Mine was called, “Death Sayeih It Isn’t So,” and there arose a picture of a round little man with a checkered vest. It is his feeling that his function in life has been much maligned. He blames it largely on the illustrators and cartoonists, who always have insisted on giving death a dreadful mien. The scene is a hospital room. A sick man is in bed. A nurse putters about for a minute or so, arranging whatever it is that nurses arrange, and then goes out. Suddenly a strange thing happens. The door does not open, nor any window, but there is unquestionably another man in the loom. He immediately pulls up the blinds.

Questions and Answers

What is a panda?

A curious carnivore, apparently allied to the raccoon, and confined to the southeastern Himalayas, where it occurs at heights of from 7,000 to 12.000 feet. It is about the size of a large cat, and is sometimes called “bear-cat.” The fur is chiefly of a bright red color, the face, being marked with white, and the long thick tail ringed with pale red and yellow. The head is broad and rounded, the ears large. The feet have large claws and furred soles. The animal seems to subsist almost entirely on vegetable food, though

The Dark Chapter!

disgusted by the failure of some of these preparations, begins the use of enemas, which are gradually more and more irritating. The committee advises that definite measures be taken to break up these habits and it points out that a considerable amount of time and trouble will be required for the purpose. It is usually customary to advise the taking of mineral oil and prunes as mild aids during the reconstruction process, A suitable diet includes orange juice, stewed prunes or figs at breakfast and also such substances as oatmeal, whole wheat cereals and Scotch oak cakes. The luncheon should include

The man in the gaudy vest surveys the sunshine with great satisfaction. but a stray beam awakens the sick man, who wants to know who his visitor is. The fst man says cheerfully and in a matter-of-fact tone, “I’m Death.” But the sick man won’t believe it. There is nothing trying about the visitor. He doesn't look in the least like he is pictured. “Why don’t you rattle when you walk?” the sick man wants to know, which horrifies Death, not a little. is n n It's True “T’M not fooling you.” the visitor X explains. “I’m Death, all right. I always come in the light. Bea good fellow and believe me. You’ll see I’m right later on. I wouldn’t fool anybody. It’s mean.” “Mean!” says the sick man, laughing out loud. “What’s meaner than Death? You’re open and above board. Death’s a sneak. You’ve got a nice face. Yes, you’ve got a mighty nice face. You’d stop to help a bum in the street, or a kid that was crying.” At that point the fat man is very agitated and distressed, as he replies, “Oh, please, don’t say that. It isn’t true. I’m kind—that’s my business. When things get too rotten. I'm the only one that can help. "They’ve got to have me. You shemu near inem sometimes before I come. I’m the one that takes them off the battlefields and out of slums. “I whisper a joke in their ears, and we go away, laughing. We always go away laughing. Everybody sees my joke, it’s so good.” aaa The Last Laugh THE sick man wants to know what the Joke is, but Death tells him that he will have to wait a while. There is some discussion of golf, baseball and the theater in the fat man’s country before they get to less cheerful subjects, but even then Death explains: “I hate funerals. I never go to them anv more. They make me mad. YPu know they say, ‘Oh Death, where is thy sting?' Just as if they had a pretty good hunch that I had one around me somewhere." The light softens a little. The

it will also eat eggs. It is a skillful climber, but feeds dhiefly on the ground, and usually breeds in a cleft in the rocks. 'There are generally two young at a birth. In disposition the panda is gentle and can easily be tamed. Who played the part of Uncle Steve in “Gold Diggers of Broadway?" Conway Tearle. What is the boiling point of water at sea lovO? Fahrenheit, 212 degrees, or centigrade, 100 degrees. M.

vegetables, whole wheat bread, figs, stewed or raw, buttermilk and similar substances. The dinner should consist of at least two green vegetables and fruit as a dessert in addition to the other courses. It is also well to eat some fruit before going to bed. One of the important factors is the establishment of proper muscle tone and there are suitable exercises for strengthening the abdominal muscles. These include lying on the back and raising the feet over the head slowly and lowering them slowly, also lying on the back and assuming a sitting posture slowly and lowering the body slowly without the ?id of the arms.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are tcose ol one of America’s modi interesting writers and are presented without reeard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

room is almost rose color now. It might be from the sunset. The fat man gently pushes the head of the sick man back on the pillow. Leaning over, he whispers in his ear, and the sick man roars with laughter. As his laughter slackens a little, the fat man says, “I’ll see you m the press box.” And then, before you know it, he's gone. The sick man gives one more chuckle and is silent. A nurse calls, “Doctor! Doctor!” A curtain at a window sways a little. (Copyrisht. 193!). br The Times)

✓US'THE—

PRESIDENT FILLMORE ■—January 7 MILLARD FILLMORE, thirteenth President of the United States, was born on Jan. 7, 1800, in Cayuga county, New York. Although he had little opportunity for education as a youth, Fillmore undertook the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1823. His practice of the profession, chiefly at Buffalo, continued for twentyfour years. Fillmore’s politcal life began in 1828 with his being elected to the state legislature as an anti-Mason. He served three terms and then was elected to congress in 1832 as a Whig. In 1848 Fillmore was elected VicePresident on the ticket with Zachary Taylor. Upon the President’s death Fillmore succeeded him. Tie change in administration was marked by the early passage of the compromise measures. He died March 8, 1874.

Your Family Tree Genealogy is a chronology of descent, tracing families to their origins or as far back as the records will show. The construction of a family tree or history of descent is interesting, valuable and useful. The entrance requirements of a number of patriotic organizations make it necessary to construct such family histories in order to prove descent from ancestors engaged in various American wars. Our Washington Bureau has prepared a bulletin of suggestions for gathering materials and constructing a family t/-ee that lists the principal sources of such material in America today, tells how to go about the undertaking, and gives a sample genealogical chart from which one may get an idea as to how such a famijv history i; constructed. Any one interested in tracing his or her ancestry will find this bulletin of value in the undertaxing. ui out the coupon below and send for it: CLIP COUPON HERE ■ GENEALOGY EDITOR. Washington Bureau. The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want a copy of the bulletin GENEALOGY, and enclose herewith five cents In coin, or loose, uncanceled United States postage stamps to cover postage and handling costs: NAME STREET AND NUMBER CITY STATE I am a reader of The Indianapolis Times

JAN. 7, 1930

SCIENCE By DAVID DIETZ —

Biggest Problem Ever Tackled by Man Faced by Astronomers and. Mathematicians. A GROUP of the world’s most skillful astronomers, using the 100-inch telescope at Mt. Wilson, Cal., the largest telescope in existence, and a group of the worlds most famous mathematicians at the California Institute of Technology, are working together to solve the biggest problem ever tackled by man. Certainly, it is the biggest problem from the viewpoint of the amount of territory covered, for it is the problem of the structure of : the universe. At present, there are two conflicting theories about the nature of ' the universe. One is Einstein's, growing out of that sciolist's famous theory of relativity. The • other has been proposed by De Sitter of Holland. Both theories upset the simple I views of the layman for both m- | troduce the idea of curved spaed, an idea—so I have been assured by ! several eminent scientists—which can not be visualized no matter how hard you try. Curved space can be grasped by comparison. In ordinary affairs, laying out a garden for example, we treat the surface of the earth as though it were a flat surface in two dimensions. But w’hen we come to make a map of the world, we discover that what we thought was a fiat surface is really curved into the third dimension. aaa Round Trip IN other words, the curvature of the earth's surface is something that does not concern us when we are dealing with our own back yard but does concern us when we deal with the earth as a whole. This is because the curvature of the earth is very slight in compart* son to its size. In just the same fashion, astronomers have come to the conclusion that space has a curvature—a curvature into the fourth dimension, if you want to call it that—which does not concern us particularly when we are measuring the distance of stars within our own galaxy or Milky Way. But when the astronomer turns to the spiral nebulae, great collections of stars at immense distances from our own Milky Way, he begins to find certain conditions which can be explained satisfactorily only by assuming a curvature of space. It will be remembered that the Einstein theory first came into prominence in 1919, when measurement of photographs taken at an eclipse of the sun showed that light rays from stars were bent or shifted | out of their position when they | passed the sun. 1 This is ascribed to a bend or bulge I in space in the neighborhood of the sun. However, this is merely a local curvature like the bulge caused on the earth’s surface by a mountain. The present research is to find the slight but systematic curvature of all space. Such curvature means that if you traveled a sufficient number of trillions of miles in any given direction, you would find yourself back where you had started. n n u Size i THE chief difference between the Einstein and De Sitter theories j of the universe lies m the amount of curvature. The curvature is larger according to Einstein than it is according to De Sitter. The Einstein universe, as a cor.sei quence, is much smaller than the ;De Sitter universe. According to ! Einstein, our telescopes reveal a j considerable portion of the universe to us. According to De Sitter, we see only a very small portion. The journey around the curve of space until one gets back to hi* starting point is very much longer according to De Sitter than it is according to Einstein. The Mt. Wilson observatory ic working to collect data which may lead to a decision between the two theories. Dr. Edwin P. Hubble, Dr. Francis G. Pease and Dr. Miltoa Humason are making the observations. “Our 100-inch telescope is th* only one in existence powerful enough to make the necessary measurements of distant spiral nebulae,” Dr. Walter S. Adams, director of the observatory, said here at the annual exhibition of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The observatory is a subsidiary organization of the institution. “Our chief interest in the matter is to collect the data, a job which no one else can do at the present. We are not dealing with the mathematical interpretation of thq data. There is only a dozen or so men in the world with sufficient mathematical training to do that. , “Fortunately, tw’o of them are in Pasadena at the California Institute of Technology. They are Dr. Richard C. Tolman and Professor Ep-, stein.”