Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 202, Indianapolis, Marion County, 2 January 1930 — Page 4

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The Real Test The school system today passes from the control of a board elected In hate and operated through hate. The people Indicated very strongly that they resented the Introduction of politics of any kind into the management of schools. They elected the new board with the idea that there would be no waste of funds through favoritism of contractors or by placing on public pay rolls of men and women whose efficiency was greatest In elections and missing m the performance of their duties. ...... f Next week there will be anew administration ol city affairs given power as a rebuke to Coffin ism and bossism generally. Its efficiency will be measured, not by contrast with the receivership established under Mayor Slack when Coffinism had showed its moral bankruptcy, but with the things that happened under Duvall. These two forces in comrol of affairs go into office with not only the indorsement of an unusually laige proportion of citizens, but with a much greater backing of good will and hope for success than is usually the fortune of those who take public office. The real hope behind these large majorities was that the burden of party politics be lifted from the taxpayer and that public affairs be administered on., with an eye to public service. The people expect efficiency. They do not expect to see the pay rolls clogged by party workers. They do not expect to see public funds spent to repay those who contributed to success at the polls. The test will come in the ability of those in charge to meet this demand. They will be measured by results. They should not be hampered by any appeal to the spoils system or by the pleading of friends for jobs Jor those who have no other excuse than the need of a job. The time may come when public officials will learn that the best way to succeed In politics is to give the oest service. Most ol the evils in government can be traced to party zeal and the theory that party success is the highest aim of the official. There is really no relationship between partisan politics and local government. The test of the new administration will be in their ability to make citizens forget from what national political party the officials may have come. In that effort, they will have the support and the earnest hopes of all good citizens.

Prospects for 19150 Business prospects for 1930 are good, in the judgment of most economists and industrial leaders. There now is 6ome depression, but it is believed that a few months should see us out of the woods and going forward to commercial revival. This optimism is based on verified confidence in the essential economic soundness of the country. The federal reserve system cushioned the speculative crash, enabling the country' to enter the new year with unimpaired or even improved financial and credit structure. Factors which might hold down business in prolonged depression are happily absent. There is no general overproduction. Stocks are low, thanks to hand-to-mouth buying. Except in some luxury and semi-luxury lines, purchasing power is being sustained and should be stimulated. Basically, American prosperity seems to be guaranteed by our relative economic superiority over competing nations. We have the richest natural resources of any Industrial nation. We have the largest home market for our factory and field products. We have the most efficient production plant and sales organization. Therefore, there seems to be no reason for pessimism regarding the general commercial and industrial well-being of the nation. The problem during the coming year is, rather, to bring up to the general level the long-depressed Industries and those classes of workers and consumers not now sharing in prosperity. This does not apply so much to the temporary slowdown in such industries as steel and automobiles, which have within themseves the strength of revival. It applies to such sick industries as coal and textiles, in which there is world overproduction. It applies also to classes of the population close to the poverty line. In general the women workers, the child workers, the Negro workers, the unorganized workers, the unskilled workers have not benefited proportionately in prosperity and have little better prospects for 1930. Cutting under all other industrial problems is that of machine-made unemployment, which is growing. The President's plan for large-scale governmental and private construction projects should take up some of hat employment slack. But probably before the year is very old the President and industry’ will be turning to a giant drive for oreign trade to increase American production and oba. This in turn may be expected to prevent passage of the pending tariff bill in its present higher protection form, lest foreign countries carry out their hreats to retaliate by shutting out American prod.cts. Once the higher industrial tariff lobby is defeated lie chances of increasing our foreign markets are ■remising. Meanwhile farm conditions are improving. The .arm board is not working miracles, but its aid to agricultural co-operative organizations through loans and otherwise is counting. Political prospects are exciting. The parties and inter-party groups are jockeying for position for the .utumn congressional campaign. Already the administration is on a rough road. The Republican party is dividing among three conilicting groups—the disappearing old guard, the would-be young guard and the progressives. The transition from a Harding-Coolidge party to a Hoover party is harder than anticipated. Within a few months of an overwhelming election mandate the President lost control of his party in xmgress and must maneuver skilfully during the oming months to regain leadership. Disorganization of the Republican party coincide* ith nstng discontent over prohibition, which is beaming the major political issue. Therefore, the conffiettng wings of the leaderless Democratic party are trying to break the administration on this issue, f without at the same kme widening the split in the

The Indianapolis Times (A gCBIPFS-HOWABD NEWSPAPER) Owned snd puh! bed dally (except Sunday) by Tbe Indianapolis Tlmea Publishing Cos., 214-220 Weit Maryland Street, Indianapolis. Ind. Price In Marion County, 2 cents a copy : elsewhere, 3 cents- delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. BOYD r,t r KLEY. BOY W. HOWARD, FRANK G. MORRISON, Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley 5551 THURSDAY. JAN. 2, 1930. Member of Cl '■ oward Newspaper Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association, Vwxjaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. ~“Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way”

dry-wet Democratic party—a task which promises more for fireworks than achievement. Among the Democrats, 1930 will be the season lor grooming presidential possibilities, with the trainers of Governor Roosevelt of New York more hopeful than the others. Progressives are concentrating on increasing their balance-of-power control in the senate. Consideration of a national third party movement is apt to be postponed until after the congressional election. Meanwhile, the Progressives will continue to hammer away at such issues as tariff, electric power, lobbying, injunctions, civil liberties and anti-imperialism. Prospects in foreign affairs are spotty, with the general trend hopeful. There are storm warnings from many colonial points, especially from India, China, Palestine, Egypt and Haiti. But, with the exception of China an£ Haiti, these are the immediate worry of Britain rather nan of the United States. On the optimistic side are our improved relations with Latin America and Europe, and the progress In Europe toward economic reconstruction and political stability. Extreme hopes for the London naval conference probably will not be realized. Instead of the actual reduction originally demanded by Hoover, the result is apt to be a “limitation" compromise—perhaps postponement of capital ship replacements, and a slight cruiser reduction for Britain not large enough to per- j mit American or other reduction. To offset that, it appears that the senate will ratify American adherence to the world court and that the administration will continue to extend its field of co-operation with the League of Nations. Taking a long view, the international movement seems to be toward better relations among the great powers and closer co-operative action upon which peace depends.

Patronage Power Ordinarily when there is a fight on the President’s appointments in the senate, and the appointments finally are confirmed, the President is credited with victory. In most instances this is true. Even in the nominations of Albert L. Watson of Pennsylvania and Richard J. Hopkins of Kansas to be federal judges, the President no doubt hoped for confirmation, which he got. But the real fight was fought before the nominations were ever sent to the senate, and the President lost. The patronage machine dictated the appointments and the patronage machine forced them through the senate. Hoover, in a letter to the Republicans of Florida last fall, said the President’s responsibility for appointment of men to public office is “ore of the most sacred which he assumes.” “It is that he shall, to the utmost of his capacity, appoint men . . . who shall execute the laws . . . with integrity and without fear, favor or political collusion.” He believed that “no longer shall public office be regarded as mere political patronage, but that it shall be public service.” Attorney-General Mitchell expressed similar views about the same time. He pointed out the vast influence of the courts on government. He indicated political influence in the future would not be allowed to determine action. The department of justice, he said, aided the President by examining the qualifications of persons suggested for appointment. These views were praised widely, as they should have been. But in this first out-and-out conflict between the power of patronage and the ideals expressM by Hoover and Mitchell, patronage triumphed. Mitchell expressed his opposition to both Watson and Hopkins at the outset, on the ground that they were not qualified. He was forced to yield. The Watson appointment was dictated by the Mellon-Fisher-Grundy machine of Pennsylvania and indorsed by William S. Vare. Hopkins was backed by the Governor of Kansas, the two senators and all the representatives but one. Opposition was based on his alleged lack of ability and judicial temperament, and his acceptance of expense money from the Anti-Saloon League for making speeches while on the bench. There is no reason to suspect that the President and the attorney-general were not thoroughly sincere. We believe they will keep on trying to carry out their expressed ideals, and we wish them better luck next time.

Washington society people shouldn't be quarreling about where they sit. Look at poor old Bill Vare, with no seat at all! The only musical instrument Invented in this country is the banjo, says a music trade magazine. Then you can’t blame us for everything. Eighteen million pairs of cotton hose were manufactured in this country last year. One of these days you're going to see a pair. A firm of Kansas City undertakers offers to bury all policemen free. You might cut this out and hand it to the cop who gave you a parking ticket the other day. A co-ed declares the modem girl is afraid of nothing. Unless it be that she is afraid to be afraid of something. Perhaps it’s just as well most of us are bom in this country, and don't have to take a citizenship examination. We would receive $749 each If America’s total income for 1928 were equally distributed. Almost as much as a bootlegger makes on a case. Playing billiards in an airplane, as Ralph Greenleaf did the other day, may be all right, but we hope there are no holes in the floor. A 10-year-old Minnesota boy learned to play the violin while practicing secretly on a remote farm. There ought to be some reward for this boy's consideration. Consider the alarm clock. It goes along giving "ople bad news for years and never has to have its 'ce lift ad. A writer in a woman’s magazine says feminine clothing these days is nothing if not sensible. Perhaps she should have said "next to nothing. 1 *

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy S A YS:

This Year of 1930 Promises to Be an Interesting if Not a Hectic Twelvemonth. WTTH India mobilizing for independence, or a large part of her people at least; with China aorogating extraterritorial rights; with revolution threatening in Brazil; with Senator Borah leading a movement for reorganization of the dry forces; with a great naval conference soon to assemble in London; with France threatening to impose such tariffs as virtually will stop the sale of American automobiles and accessories, and with such business readjustments as were made necessary by the recent crash in Wall Street, 1930 promises to be an interesting, if not a hectic, year. Os all these incidents, India’s movement for independence and China’s assertion of her rights probably are the most important. They suggest something bigger than nationalism, or even political revolt. It requires no straining of the imagination to perceive the urge of race prejudice in both cases. By some caprice of insen "able fate, the two greatest oriental territories, including as they do practically one-half of the world’s population, have elected to celebrate the dawn of 1930 by an effort to throw off the yoke of white civilization.

World Is Shriveling MOST people will dismiss the effort as either too far away to merit attention, or too preposterous to take seriously. Such people would do well to remember that the -world is shriveling, and that the same progress which enables us to hear voices across the widest ocean may bring the effects of tumult in Asia to our very doors. Few guessed that the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand meant the death of 50,000 American boys in France, but it did, and one can only speculate as to what this commotion in the Orient may mean. tt n All things considered, it is hard to escape the conclusion that the Orient is not reacting to certain impulses as a whole. One can make allowances for the demoralizing effects of revolution in China and the impotence due to sect and schism in India, and still realize that both countries are motivated not only by deep, but common feelings. Regardless of the varied traditions and experiences out of which those feelings developed, they are being brought into accord by a single purpose, which is to break away from occidental rule, or interference. a tt a Fight White Rule WHAT may be justly described as the progressive leadership of 400.000.000 Chinese and 300.000.000 Indians has decided to take a stand against the meddlesomeness of white civilization. It is only necessary to substitute the word “capitalism" for the phrase “white civilization” to realize the ease with which Russia could be drawn into the melee. Russia not only visualizes the same section of the world as her foe, but, to a measurable extent, Russia is oriental in thought. Summed up, what has occurred at Lahore and Peiping readily might evolve into a most threatening coalition. tt tt St Such coalition could not be threatening within the space of days, weeks, or even years, but the required seeds are being sown right now. while the soil has been made fertile for them by a ruthless policy of conquest and exploitation. It were futile, of epurse, to whine about the water that has gone by the mill, or mourn over the mistakes now so apparent. The task before European and American statesmen Is how to meet the problem. tt tt m England Bears Brunt AT present, that task seems to bear more heavily on England than on any one else, but in every respect it is an international task, and in every respect its success depends on intelligent co-operation. Just as there is no single government which could meet the Orient in war alone, so there is no single government that can pave the w T ay for peace. Such readjustments of policy as are necessary must be made all along the line, and such action as is called for must include all governments. tt tt tt Whatever else may be said of it, the situation now r arising reveals the wisdom of those men who foresaw the need of a League of Nations, a world court, and other agencies designed to establish a clearing house for international problems. But for such agencies we would be facing the greatest conflict that ever occurred, and even with them it may be unavoidable. They offer some hope, however, and that is enough to justify their existence.

Questions and Answers

How many more locomotives are in use in the United States today than twenty-five years ago? How many electric locomotives are there? In 1903 there were 43,871 locomotives in service in the United States, and in 1928, 58.839 steam Ibcomotives and 552 electric locomotives. In what classification do sponges come? They are animal life. Who was the leading woman In the photoplay “Valencia”? Mae Murray. Is it possible for a person to walk from the United States to Europe? No. i

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Caution Needed in ‘Flu’ Discoveries

This is the second of two articles on the causes, effects, and prevention of Influenza, by Dr. Morris Fishbein. BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. DURING influenza the resistance of the body is lowered and a great variety of germs invade the tissues. Asa result, all sorts of bacteria have been found in influenza and the medical profession has become exceedingly suspicious of new discoveries in this field. Until a germ isolated by any investigator has been tested thoroughly by independent investigators under various conditions in different hospitals and laboratories, it is not safe to accept it as the causative germ of this extremely difficult malady.

IT SEEMS TO ME "ST

THE text for today was found in the sixth verse of the tenth chapter of the gospel, according to St. Matthew: “Go rather to the lost sheep.” Although the United States is not officially a Christian country, much of our legislation and customs are consciously based upon Christian ethics. It is surprising, therefore, to note one or two amazing gaps between the religious rule and the secular practice. The quality of mercy so definitely stressed in the teachings of Jesus finds but slight reflection in our criminal code. And within recent years penalties have become much more stringent. In particular, I am thinking of the idealistic Christian concept that regeneration is always possible and the popular new policy of life imprisonment for the old offenders as exemplified in measures such as the Baumes law in New York state. a a a Persuasive? AN excellent case can be made for legislation of the Baumes order. Its advocates may say reasonably enough, “We are not meting out punishment or vengeance or anything of that sort. Our intent is to protect society. After all, when a man is palpably an habitual offender, there is no sense in imprisoning him for a while and then letting him out to err again. When a man has committed four felonies, the chances are that he will never reform or be reformed. We must face the fact that here is an enemy of society. He is Incurable and society has a right to step in and confine him in prison for life since there is no possible way of turning such a hardened offender into a good citizen.” With the logic of this I have no quarrel. I also will admit that it would be extremely difficult to apply every precept of Christ to the conditions of modern life. As one who does not believe in the complete inspiration of the Bible, I will grant that certain phrases from the book are couched in the hyperbolic mood known to the east and that some interpretation is permissable. And even so I do not think that the doctrine of the lost sheep and its unique importance is entirely a fantastic version. Even though the fourth offender is generally a hopeless case, a community is badly off w’hen it begins to harden its heart against exceptions. a a a Won in the Stretch THE history of greatness and magnificence must give a vast amount of space to the achievements of those who came through when the odds were all against them. Evolution itself, which is the very backbone of modem scientific thoughts, holds that progress comes through departures from the normal. You will find a low percentage of criminality among communities which are settled and deeply bedded down. And in those same communities you will find a small amount of genius or significant achievement.

1930

-DAILY HEALTH SERVICE-

Os the organisms given most serious consideration in recent years, the green producing streptococcus isolated by Mathers and Tunnicliff in 1918, the one discovered by Rosenow in 1919 and innumerable similar germs isolated in various parts of the world immediately thereafter deserves special consideration. The 'filter-passing organism described by Meyer in 1919 and the organisms discovered by Olitzky and Gates of the Rockefeller Institute and called by them bacterium pneumosintes would seem to deserve as much consideration as is now given to the Falk germ recently announced as the cause of this disease. The streptococci are associated with innumerable diseases of man, .including scarlet fever, pneumonia,

Respect for the law almost seems a sort of decadence. Lest I be accused of encouraging anybody to crime, let me hasten to add that I have but paraphrased a statement made by Dean Kirchway, once head of Columbia law school. Mr. Kirchway later was warden at Sing Sing and to this day he is puzzled when some stranger on the street greets him with a smile and a bow. He never knows whether to say, “When were you graduated?” or “When did you get out? ” tt tt a Yes and No THE criminal instinct may be a sort of ferment, having in it a force useful to the world at large if only it can be controlled and directed into some socially useful channel. I think that many of the pioneers of America and the explorers and adventurers of the world had a kinship with a certain element in the criminal class. The restlessness which leads a man across an unknown sea or beyond a chain of mountains may be the same rebellion against constraint which puts a man in jail,

Daily Thought

And when thou sendest him out free from thee, thou shalt not let him go away empty.—Deuteronomy 15:13. tt tt tt Great minds, like heaven, are pleased in doing good, though the ungrateful subjects of their favor are barren in thought.—Rowe. What are the more popular breeds of poultry, to produce both eggs and meat? Plymouth Rock, Wyandotte, Orpington and Rhode Island Reds rank high.

Times Readers Voice Views

Editor Times—The American LiI brary Association has issued a stateI ment in regard to the censorship provisions of the United States tariff law. This statement, which analyzes the situation under the present and the proposed laws, urges full support of Senator Cutting's amendment. Libraries and state organizations are asked to write their representatives urging them to stand by the revised paragraphs. Under the tariff bill now in operation. the custom house must keep out of the country all obscene books, cards and pictures. Officials are fined $5,000 if they fail to do this. Gradually the list of books had grown and it now totals about eight hundred volumes, including Voltaire’s “Candide.” Defoe’s “Moll Flanders” and Ms “Roxana." To this censorship of the supposedly obscene was added in the house bill censorship of "seditious” literature. This would produce a situat’cn that the country should not for a moment tolerate. During the World war it was proved that it is difficult for even the most competent courts to decide what is “seditious” literature, which in books or pamphlets urges “treason, insurrec-

puerperal fever, erysipelas, rheumatism, heart disease, kidney disease, chorea sepsis. They are among the oldest bacteria and the most varied in form. Indeed, Victor Vaughan said one time critically that the streptococci were probably on earth before man himself and that man was developed to become a host for this organism. Following all acute infectious diseases of childhood, streptococci of all varieties and types are found in the tonsils and in the nose and throat. Hence scientific physicians withhold their final judgment whenever anew form of streptococcus is announced until it has been definitely established that it bears a causative relationship to a certain disease.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column arc those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

other opportunities for adventure being denied him. Not all the material to be found in prison is mere scrap iron. Here one may find courage, energy and curiosity which are all useful qualities when properly applied. Some of the advocates of prison reform claim too much. It is not true that a psychiatrist can almost inevitably change a young man of criminal propensities into a law abiding citizen either by speaking a few magic words to him or having his tonsils removed. Psychciatry isn’t that good as yet. Perhaps it will be some day. tt tt B Defeated HERE in the paper before me I see a headline, “Boy, 17, Gets Seven and a Half Years.” The story' below indicates that the youth was undoubtedly a desperado. When a detective tried to arrest him, he drew a gun. Without doubt, he was not a safe person to have at large. But seven years in jail will hardly improve him. The community has said in effect that even at 17 this individual is already marked as a certain failure. I don’t believe that. I think it is a cowardly attitude. The most that I will admit is that here is a long shot, and somebody ought to be willing to gamble when the prize is big enough. “I say unto you. that likewise joy shall be in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine just persons, which need no repentence.” That is Christian doctrine, and it also happens to be the doctrine of the good sport as well as the good Christian. There is no zest in any land or village which has lost the nerve to put its time and moneydown on a long shot. And I mean right on the nose. (Copyright, 1929. lor The Times!

! tion, or forcible resistance to any | law of the United States.” But an ! Issue so difficult to decide in courts of law is under this proposed law to be decided offhand by a hurried custom house examiner. Reducing it to an absurdity, un- | der this law’ a copy of the Declara- : tion of Independence could not be admitted to the United States, and the great libraries of the country would be prevented from collecting records of revolutionary Europe, as there are many documents which urge treason and insurrection. The whole clause should be taken out of the bill, and Senator Cutting’s first effort was for complete elimination. Failing this, he did succeed in having passed an amendment which eliminated the censorship on books, but left it on prints and pictures, and amended the paragraph on “seditious” literature so that it did not leave any very exasperating ban on important material. Book lovers and respecters of our co '' v ional rights of freedom of speech rbould urge their representatives in congress to back up this amendment so tariff legislation as passed shall not include the original restrictions, EDNA M. LEVEY.

JAN. 2, 1931

SCIENCE

By DAVID DIETZ

M otion P ictur e Camera ! Proves of Inestimable I Vol ue in Research by World Scientists. THE motion picture camera is becoming one of the chief tools of the scientists. This was demonstrated here at the annual exhibition of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, at which research work of various departments of the institution was demonstrated. Motion pictures of two widely separated phenomena, one that of a sunset on the moon, tne otntr that of the malignant cells which occur in cancer, were shown at the exhibition. These two serve to show the wide elasticity of this new' technique. In making the movie of the moon, the motion picture camera was attached to the 100-inch telescope at ML Wilson, Cal., the world’s largest telescope. In making that, of the cancer cells, it was attached to a powerful microscope. The movie of the moon shows an area of the moon's surface equal to that of the state of New Jersey. The movie of cancer cells shows the activity within a drop of fluid smaller than a rain-drop. Movies made their initial bow to the public as a form of entertainment. Their chief commercial value at present is, of course, the theatrical one. But it soon became apparent that news reels would constitute an invaluable historical record. This is particularly true of movies made at the front during the Great w r ar. In the long run. however, the use of the movie camera as an instrument of scientific research may prove most valuable to mankind. tt tt o Speed THE new- scientific movie is just the opposite of the so-called slow-motion picture. In the slowmotion picture, the camera is speeded up so that many more pictures are taken a second than in the j normal filming of a scene. Sixteen I per second Is the normal rate. Asa result, when the film is projected at its normal rate, all motions are slowed up, making it possible to see in detail the blows of a prize-fighter or the leg movements of a race horse, or whatever the film happens to show. In the new scientific movies, the camera is slowed down so that only a few pictures are taken a minute, | in some cases, only one a minute. The movie then is run off at the normal rate of sixteen a second. As a result, the film shows rapid changes of great slowness. “The adaptation of motion pictures to the study of firing cells has opened anew field of investigation which is already yielding important information on the physical factors of cell activities and is disclosing phenomena that were formerly unknown,” according to Dr. George L. j Streeter, director of the institution's | department of embryology. ! “Just as these microscopic objects ! are too tiny to be studied with the ; naked eye and require magnification, so the movements of their constituent parts are too slow to be seen directly and require visual speeding-up in order to be detected. “The motion picture films do this for us. Cells that appear motionless under the microscope, when cinematicized can be seen exhibiting active locomotion and changes in form. It is found that different types of cells have their own characteristic movements and in consequence we are provided with ; anew means of distinguishing j them.” O tt tt Cells THE film of cancer cells shows two types of cells, the malignant cells which form the cancer and harmless wandering cells of a type which are found throughout the body and which are known as microphages. The film shows that the malignant cells are larger and relatively motionless, while the microphages, which serve the body as protective or scavenger cells, exhibit ceaseless activity, moving or streaming in various directions and absorbing fragments of cells and foreign particles as they move along. The pictures were photographed at rates varying from twenty-four down to two a minute. When projected at, the normal rate, this represents a speeding up of from 40 to 480 times. In other words, the film shows in a few minutes the changes which actually take place in a period of many hours. The movie of sunset on the moon shows a similar speeding up. Changes which occur on the moon in 5’ 2 hours are shown by the movie in l’i minutes. It thus is nossible to see the changes in appeal ance which occur upon the mountain peaks and craters of the moon as the shadow of night creeps over them. The film demonstrates that sunset has a totally different effect upon the moon from that upon the earth. The moon possesses no atmosphere and consequently the familiar phenomena of a terrestial sunset are missing.

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POSTAL SAVINGS BANKS Jan. 2

ON oan. 2. 1911, the postal savings bank opened. This system provides for the deposit of savings at interest with the security of the United States government for repayment on demand. Simple interest at the rate of 2 per cent per annum is paid. At the end of the fiscal year 1928, postal savings deposits were received at 6.679 depositories and there was remaining to the credit of depositors the sum of $151,000,000. Today also is the anniversary of the ratification of the United States Constitution by Georgia, on Jan. 2 1788. And on Jan. 2, 1778, the Colonial flag first was raised.