Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 194, Indianapolis, Marion County, 24 December 1929 — Page 4

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S fit I MFJ - MOW +AD

The Real Test N Whether the appointments of MayorElect Sullivan to various offices are good or bad will be proved by their action after they begin to function. It should be unfortunate if any selections now being made should be influenced by either party politics or personal contracts. It must not be forgotten that the people of Indianapolis demanded the city manager form of government and, when the supreme court assassinated their hopes, theyf turned to Sullivan as the one means of recording an emphatic protest against the political intrigue which they believed—and had a right to believe—had robbed them of their right. What the people demand is service that can only come through an administration that is dominated neither by partisan appeal nor the personal ambitions or affections of the man who holds the place of power. The real test to apply to any appointment is merely the question of whether the man chosen would be selected by a city manager intent upon the most economical and efficient administration. Those who insist that the election of Sullivan was a triumph of the Democratic party are badly mistaken. It was a revolt against Coffinism. If there be those who insist that there was a personal victory involved, the facts are much against them, for his opponent was held in high esteem as a citizen, as unselfish in his viewpoint, as most capable. Those selections which measure up to the Standards set by the thousands of men and women who voted for the city manager plan of government, will meet approval. It is to be hoped that none will be made which fail to meet this test.

Challenge of Child Labor Facts Twenty-five years of devoted effort on the part Os the national child labor committee have brought us out of savagery into barbarism in our treatment of children In industry. The problem of the next quarter century will be to pass from the barbarism Into truly civilized ways of dealing with children In our mechanical-factory-urban age. Best assurance of success in this responsibility Is full recognition of the real job which lies ahead. ■Casual glances at optimistic reports regarding progress in child labor restrictions often lead us into complacent satisfaction and a feeling that the fight, already has been won. A review of some of the facts will dissipate this illusion. There still are more than a million children between 10 and 15 years of age gainfully employed in the United States. Two states still have no age limit whatever. Nine states have failed to adopt the eighthour day. Twenty states permit work after 7 p. m. Twenty-three states demand no health certificate upon employment. Fifteen states exact no educational requirement. About half the states permit work in dangerous trades. Thirty-six states allow children under 12 to engage in street trades, most of them with no strict regulation as to time or day or hours worked. Thirtyfour provide no regulation of home tenement work. Many other stigmata of barbarism could be pointed to If space permitted. Pacts as to sectional distribution of the child abuses also are likely to provide us with a sharp Jolt. We assume too often that child labor is exclusively a problem of the southern states and Is there simply a by-product of the early stages of Industrialization. When we Include agricultural occupations, It is true that the south leads in the percentage of child labor. But when we limit ourselves to a consideration of manufacturing industry and the mechanical trades, we find that child labor remains, for all practical purposes, a northern problem. Os the ten states with the largest number of children employed in manufacturing industry, only one Is a southern state, North Carolina. But North Carolina has only 7,967 so employed as against 27,821 in Pennsylvania and 21,753 in Massachusetts. Moreover, some l ’them states are more backward in legislation. £ \nsylvania and Michigan have [failed to adopt even i forty-eight-hour week, while IMJssissippi and Virgin!, ipre two of the four states which have adopted arty-four-hour week. It is obvious that there is no t \ls for northerners to wrap themselves in a mantle o. smugness and point contemptuously at the benighted south. When one Joins to such considerations as those revealed by the above facts, the recollection that but five states have signed the child labor amendment to the federal Constitution, he will have no difficulty in understanding that the national child labor committee has a sizable job cut out for itself if it is to bring, about a situation which will stand the clear light of day. Christmas is a good time to think about child labor. The stock picture of the child exploited in our factories, mines, canneries and the like is a distressing one. He is shown to us with dwarfed body, pinched face, curved spine, blank eyes, flat feet, hollow chest, leaky and skippy heart, bowed legs and retarded jmlnd. Poor stuff from which to mould the future jcitlzen. The hard-boiled skeptic regards this picture of the Ichlld laborer as nothing but sob stuff. He views It as the creation of obsessed sentimentalists who desire to create the proper atmosphere for the launching of a campaign to collect funds for uplift organizations. One of the shrewdest strokes of the national child labor committee, In conjunction with its twenty-fifth anniversary, was its preparation and publication of a brief and Incisive pamplet containing the views of fifteen distinguished medical specialists regarding the vielous physical effects of excessive and unguided contributing doctors include such well-known

The Indianapolie Times (A KCBIPrS-HOWARD .NEWSPAPER) Owned end published dally texoept Sunday) by The Indianapolis Tiroes Publishing Cos.. 214-220 West Maryland Street. Indianapolis. !nd Prlee In Marlon County. 2 rent* a copy: elsewhere. 3 cents delivered by carrier. 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY. BOY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON, Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley NV>l TUESDAY. DEC. 24, 1919. Member of Lotted Press. Scrlpps-Howard Newspapei Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Aaaoolation. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way”

names as those of C. E. A. Winslow, Alice Hamilton, Haven Emerson, Shirley W. Wynne and Eugene L. Opie. Each of these doctors deals briefly with his specialty, be it tuberculosis, obstetrics, pediatrics or cardiac troubles, upon the physical results of child labor. The composite conclusion fully supports the lugubrious contentions of which we have heard so much from the child labor reformers. While no one child may exhibit all the disastrous results mentioned in the opening paragraph, all are exposed to the danger that they may contract one or all those desperate handicaps to a normal adult life. It is the lucky and rare child who can escape unscathed. In short, the wages of unrestricted child labor are anything from death to more or less permanent handicaps which may be worse than death. The picture to which we have become accustomed is no mere bogy of the fanatics; it is the conclusion of the trained physician. It is well to have it certified so authoritatively. We may accept fully the view of Dr. Winslow: '“No reasonable person can doubt that the employment in industry or commercialized agriculture of children under 16 years of age involves a constant danger of physical and mental impairment of a serious character, unless such employment is safeguarded with the greatest care.”

Germany’s Wisdom Germany could not have given the world a better Christmas gift than her referendum defeat of the socalled liberty bill. Here is new evidence—if any were needed—that republican Germany will continue to co-operate with the other nations for European reconstruction and peace. The referendum was forced on the unwilling country by the extreme Nationalists, who would revive war hatreds. The nominal purpose of the bill was to prevent ‘‘the enslavement of the German nation.” It instructed the Berlin government to notify all foreign powers that Germany’s ‘‘enforced acknowledgment of war guilt in the treaty of Versailles is contrary to historical truth, is based on false promises and is not binding in international law.” Had the bill stopped with that, it doubtless would have carried in a popular referendum. Certainly a large majority of Germans deny and bitterly resent the sole war guilt theory of which they are the victims. But whether that unjust myth can be destroyed by formal German declaration is another question. Probably it can not. What is needed is slow, patient, scientific research by recognized world scholars to fix war responsibility. And that is precisely what has been occurring. The job is not complete, and can not be until all allied governments open their archives as they should do. But enough has been done already to revolutionize world thought on the war guilt question. No informed person in any country any longer believes that Germany alone was responsible. Indeed, many believe she was less to blame than Austria or Russia. And most intelligent persons now are aware that all the powers were directly and jointly responsible for the general conditions and system which made a World war inevitable. In other words, Germany is winning a fairer judgment from the world, not by official and provocative statements in her own defense, as demanded by the Nationalists, but by quietly waiting for international scholarship to reveal the truth. But such patient wisdom might have been too much to expect of the German voters had this been the only question in the referendum. It was not. The teeth of the bill were in the following provision: “No further financial burdens or obligations based on the war guilt acknowledgment shall be assumed, inclusive of those arising from the recommendations of the Paris reparations experts.” Thus the main purpose of the Nationalists and their referendum was to kill the Young plan. They failed. Their success would have resulted in European economic chaos, perhaps worse. By polling only about 6,000,000 of the required 21,000,000 on this Issue with its pseudo-patriotic appeal, the Nationalists have demonstrated that they do not represent the German people. The new Germany is not looking backward, but ahead. The leaders of the new Germany are not the Hugenbergs and Hitlers of this defeated referendum, but such world figures as Einstein, Mann, Eckener and the lamented Stresemann.

REASON By F S K

WE have a habit of thinking that the hero is the product of war alone, but there's a hero of peace with whom it is just a part of the day’s work to take his life in his hand and he is entitled to stand beside the military figures whose breast is covered with medals. This hero is the miner. a a a That horrible casualty down at McAlester, Okla., in which sixty poor fellows lost their lives, calls attention once more to the continuing courage of the man who goes down into the black earth to risk his life so he may make enough to feed and clothe his family. He knows full well the peril of it, yet willingly he climbs ino the cage and goes down more than 3,000 feet, knowing that as he digs the coal he may be digging his grave. a a a The heroic service of this miner stands forth more clearly as we remember that the land is filled with well-manicured bandits who deliberately have chosen lives of felony rather than engage in labor that is free from danger, and if the rest of us had to choose between digging coal or robbing stores, the ranks of the bandits would be materially increased. Mining is society’s most hazardous business and society in some way should take care of its helpless victims. a a a IP these Russian statesmen will only stop and think how Japan handled their country in a recent war they will give respectful attention to Tokio's warning to stop inciting rebellion in East Manchuria. If it should come to armed conflict, Japan would go through the Bolsheviki like the limited mail. an* It is just possible that Mayor Jimmy Walker might not have been re-elected by half a million majority had the voters known that he would introduce an emergency measure to increase his own salary from $25,000 to $40,000. ana TWO years and a half ago, when Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic, it was written on the r_y, and now when these two men fly from Seville, Spain, to Brazil, it receives minor mention, being outclassed as news by politics and other things.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy SA YS:

Not Only Prosperity, But Science Owes Quite a Lot to Extravagant Tastes and Habits. THE day before Christmas finds Germany standing by the Young plan, Russia and China renewing peaceful relations, and the Fascist League of North America disbanding. These are presents for which humanity can afford to congratulate itself. Though appearing to deal with big and far-away situations, they mean a happier" and more prosperous year in millions of humble homes. unm Think of what havoc rejection of the Young plan or war in the east would have caused. That prosperity by which we set so much store is not only dependent on peace at home, but abroad. Realization of this is the backbone of the peace movement. The people of all civilized countries are beginning to understand the breac and butter side of international .elations. B tt B Mark Set for Spending ACCORDING to a government survey, this Christmas will set a spending mark in America. Whether the spending is justified, it reveals prosperous conditions. Those conditions largely are due to the good market for Americanmade goods that has existed since the w r ar. It is a safe bet that the market would have been even better without a war. The fact that people have been compelled to buy from us because their industrial and commercial systems were crippled badly should not be taken to mean that they would have bought less had those systems continued to operate smoothly. B B B Neither should the vast amount we are spending for cards and gifts, or even wild parties, be put down as sheer extravagance. It takes artistry to produce the cards, though one never would guess it to look at some of them, and provides work for many a poor devil who otherwise would face a barren Christmas. It takes genius to produce some of the toys—genius which, if cultivated, may produce something of more practical value. Not only prosperity, but science, owes quite a lot to extravagant tastes and habits.

Even Gum Has Its Place MOST psople above 30 regard gum-chewing as not only an extravagant, but a disagreeable habit. Yet without gum-chewing, we probably would not know as much about the Maya civilization as we do. Gum requires chicle, and chicle is found in Central America. The chicle hunters not only stumbled on more than one Maya ruin, but cut trails for. the scientists to follow. B tt tt Some people regard Maya ruins as about on a par with chewing gum when it comes to uselessness ~ That is a narrow-minded view To see ahead, it is necessary to look back. 'We have discovered much about the laws governing individual health health by studying family histories It is logical to suppose that we can discover something about the laws governing social health by studying racial histories. Tire more we know about those laws, the better equipped we shall be to deal with problems of mass psychology. n tt Relics Are Useful THERE are definite causes for superstition, misgovernment and crime, just as there are definite causes for typhoid fever or smallpox. By the same token, there must be definite remedies. Some day, perhaps, we shall know why certain delusions appeared and why certain great civilizations collapsed. When we do, we shall have a much clearer idea of the purposes, which education, government and welfare work should serve. B B B That is why Maya temples, Egyptian pyramids, Greek art and Roman law are worth studying. Most people confuse history with the written word, but the relics of religion, commerce and art often furnish a more reliable record. The altars, houses, tombs and cooking utensils of a people leave a vivid picture of what they hoped, felt and knew. Also, a vivid revelation of their blunders, shortcomings and mistakes.

Questions and Answers

Who administered the oath of office to President Coolidge when he succeeded Harding? The oath was administered by his father in his Vermont home, about 2 a. m., immediately after receipt of the news of President Harding's death. His father was a justice of the peace and had the right to administer oaths. How many Indians are in the United States? The latest census of Indians shows a total of 355,481. Where Is Syria? In Asia Minor; the capital is Damascus. What is the address of Dr. S. Parks Cadman? 429 Clinton avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Where is the George Peabody college for teachers located? Nashville, Tenn. Who maintains Mt. Vernon, the home of George Washington? The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, Alexandria, Va,

Is This What We’re Coming to?

| | r —' ‘ '■ * SH-H-h-h-

Liver Treatment for Anemia Succeeds

This Is the first or six articles written especially for The Times and NEA Service in which Dr. Morris Fishbein. editor of the Journal of the Americcan Medical Association and the nation’s outstanding authority on health subjects, tells of the advances made by medical science in the year that is just ending. BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. THE progress of medicine in any year represents the culmination of research carried on through the centuries. As knowledge develops in any particular field, research workers are able to discern its trend toward a given practical end. For example, insulin was the result of research carried out all over the world, leading toward the point of view that insulin in the pancreas was the material that governed the digestion of sugar and its use by the body. In the same way, the most significant work of 1929 was probably the final adaptation of the use of extracts of the liver to the control of pernicious anemia. Here was a disease tending definitely toward fatality and uncontrollable by any of the usual methods. Then Doctors Minot and Murphy of Boston surveyed all of the work, that had been done by many investigators in their attempts to control this disease and

IT SEEMS TO ME * ™ D

IMUST steel myself, for the Christmas season approaches, and this is the time of year when various persons try to corrupt critics with rich gifts and various favors. To be sure, my critical function is slight and shadowy, which may explain the fact that all the graft received up to date has been wholly pictorial. And even though my function is a petty one, I can’t be bought for a “Christmas Greetings” card, showing two people in a sleigh, one pine tree and a church steeple. Things were better in the good old days, when I served as a dramatic reviewer. It was the annual custom of the Shuberts to celebrate the church’s great holiday by sending every critic 100 cigarets. Nor was the present lacking in a distinctly personal touch. nun Nicotine THESE so-called commercial managers had sufficient interest in my whims to discover that I smoked a brand much cheaper than they were accustomed to send out, and so I received, not the traditional 100. but a great package of 1,000. There w r as enough nicotine in the assignment to kill tw T o dozen guinea pigs and shatter the vaso-motor system of even a rugged reviewer. Still, I always felt that the motive behind the present was kindly. One of my associates regularly made a practice of sending back the Shuberts’ timid proffer of to-

Daily Thought

Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire, and brimstone, and an horrible tempest; this shall be the portion of their cup, —Psalms 11:16. ana A Just chastisement may benefit a man, though it seldom does; but an unjust one changes all his blood to gall.—Ouida. In what poem does the sentence, “The mills of God grind slowly,” occur? Probably the best known in Longfellow’s translation of the Singedichte of von Logau: ‘Though the mills of God grind slowly, Yet they grind exceeding small; Though with patience He stands waiting, With exactness grinds He aIL"

-DAILY HEALTH SERVICE-

decided that something in the liver was important in this connection. First they fed raw liver and then cooked liver to people with the disease and the response of the blood forming organs was immediate. The blood began to improve in the number of red cells. The red cells carry the hemoblobin or red coloring matter, which has to do with the iron in the blood and with the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Asa result, patients with pernicious anemia improved and were able to live a fairly normal existence. Soon it was found that people became nauseated after eating too much raw liver and that they quickly tired of cooked liver, whether it was boiled, fried, mixed in liver cocktails, or prepared in any other manner. Then the chemists in the laboratory began to work on the liver and found an extract, a dry, tasteless powder which had all of the power of the raw liver for restoring the blood and which was indeed much more potent, because a small dose of this liver extract would equal pounds of whole liver in its efficiency. Today liver extract is the standard treatment of pernicious anemia. At the same time there were in pernicious anemia many symptoms relating to the stomach, the amount

bacco wtih a note expressing high dudgeon. He held that it would be unethical for him to smoke even so much as a single puff at the expense of a producer. But this I held to be over-finicky. Indeed, it seemed to me that he was saying in effect, “My critical integrity is so feeble that a single inhale may upset it.” Surely a reviewer’s rectitude should be more firmly rooted. * * * Legend FOR many years every magazine writer in America did one piece a year about the Algonquin Round Table. It so happened that a few newspaper men, playwrights and press agents gathered for luncheon every day at the same hotel. Out of this innocent fact grew the theory that they were met together in an effort to dictate what sort of plays should succeed on Broadway and which should fail. This legend was fantastically untrue. During the time I attended the table I seldom heard either literature or the drama mentioned in any way. For the most part, the conversation was built up around

Times Readers Voice Views

Editor Times —When Chamber of Commerce seers start extolling Indianapolis civic virtues at the start of the new year, let them not forget the city’s transportation system. Nothing like it can be found (nor would it be tolerated) elsewhere in the United States. So finely balanced Is the operation of the Indianapolis street railway that four snowflakes on a single rail will completely disrupt it. With a snowfall scarcely sufficient to cover the soot Sunday night the writer waited twenty minutes for a College avenue car at Fortysecond street. It came at last, in charge of one man, this being the street railway's contribution tc current unemployment. An eight-block ride, with the wheels spinning, and another twenty-five-minute wait for an Illinois car. Leaving home at 7:30 p. m. I managed to get to an 8 p. m. engagement, halfway downtown, by 8:30 p. m. Going home I- took one of the busses belonging to the same company and managed to survive the gas fumes, although they did “smell up” my clothes. D. M. K,

of acid secretion was lessened and the digestion was greatly interfered with. Workers in the University of Michigan and in the laboratory of a great pharmaceutical manufacturing house have made extracts of the stomach of animals and have fed these to patients with pernicious anemia. In these cases also the improvement of the condition has been prompt. The liver is actually a vast storehouse of chemical substances which seem to be of the greatest importance for the control of the disease. Not only is there a substance which has value in pernicious anemia, but there is also in the liver a considerable amount of vitamins. A and D and a good deal of iron. It is quite likely that the liver contains another active principle which in some manner influences the blood pressure, lowering .it at least temporarily in some cases. Furthermore, investigators in Pittsburgh have found in the liver an extract which seems to lessen the convulsions in cases of eclampisa, a convulsive disorder which attacks women previous to childbirth. NEXT: The use of ultra-violet rays.

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those ol one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without retard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude ol this paper.—The Editor.

puns and riddles. It was talk of a low order. And certainly no one there ever undertook to discuss “my work,” or even less, “my career.” Any such topic would have met with shrill derision. Nor do I believe that the members of this informal club were bound by any common loyalty. Quite the reverse, I thought. The printed criticism which a man receives at the hands of his friends is apt to be of a severe and captious kind. Almost invariably the tendency on the part of the reviewer is to lean backward and be far too coolish in his estimates. nun Distressing ONE of the most distressing experiences which has ever come to me occurred several years ago, when I was a dramatic critic. I was sent to review a play written by a close friend. Throughout the show I was saying to myself, “Now, you must be fair and impartial, and watch this just as if the author were a total stranger.” With that sort of tug on myself, it was quite impossible to become engrossed in the play or swept along by the plot. When the final curtain fell, I decided that since I didn’t have a good time it must be a pretty bad play. Under the circumstances, I had no means of knowing whether this was a fair judgment. Another critic and I shared an uptown office. He, too, was a friend of the author, and likewise he dipped his pen into savage impartiality and roasted the life out of the comedy. n n a Swaggers WITH all the arrogance of men who had just behaved like Roman fathers, we swaggered out into the night, and unfortunately chose a bar against which we found the playwright leaning. “Well, Sam,” said my critical confere, “I saw your play and thought it was terrible. I gave it a rotten notice.” I was not quite up to any such display of Spartan fair play. The most that I could do was to say, “Good evening, Sam,” and let It go at that, which was in its way equally cruel and forbidding. Since that evening I have decided on a different sort of frankness. If any friend of mine writes something which is simply terrible, I will do my best never to mention that book at all. This may be less than complete critical honesty, but, as Nora said in the play, “Before all else, I am a human being.” (CopTilsbt. 1838, tar The Times)

SCIENCE By DAVID DIETZ —

Sir Ernest Rutherford Given WeU-Deserved Honor by Royal Society of Great Britain. SIR ERNEST RUTHERFORD has just been re-elected president of the Royal Society. Great Britain's oldest scientific society and one of the oldest scientific organizations in the world. Election to its presidency is the greatest honor which British scientists can confer upon one of their colleagues. Rutherford, who has held the office since 1925, is well deserving of the honor. Professor A. S. Eddington, famous astronomer and authority upon relativity, expresses the opinion that Rutherford has brought about a greater change in our view of the universe than any scientist alive, not even excepting Professor Albert Einstein. The two great revolutions which modern science has brought about in our view of the universe, according to Eddington, are relativity and the knowledge of the internal structure of the atom. Eddington believes that the atomic theory is really more revolutionary than relativity. Relativity, of course, w T as received with far greater commotion. This may be due to the fact that relativity made a rather sudden and dramatic entrance into the laymen’s world, whereas knowledge of atomic theory spread slowly and by degrees. In the view of some authorities, Rutherford played a role more important than that of any other one person, in the development of the atomic theory.

Radium AS the close of the nineteenth century drew near, many scientists thought that all important discoveries in the field of physics had been made. In fact, one eminent authority made the statement in 1893 that nothing remained for physicists of the future to do except go over and refine the results of the nineteenth century. And then, before the year was out, at a meeting of the Berlin Physical Society on Christmas eve, Rotengen announced his discovery of X-rays. When scientists saw these mysterious rays, capable of revealing the bones of a person’s hand, or keys and coins through the leather of a pocketbook, they realized that there still were new* facts about the universe to discover. In quick succession came other discoveries. Becquerel, the Frenchman, discovered that uranium gave off rays similar to X-rays. These became known as Bacquerel rays. Pierre and Marie Curie undertook an investigation of Becquerel rays which resulted in the discovery of radium. Other investigations, notably by Lorentz, the Dutch physicist, and J. J. Thompson of the Cavendish laboratory at Cambridge, led to the formation of the electron theory, the theory that the atoms of matter were composed of electrons, the fundamental units of electricity. Rutherford at the time was a student of Thompson's at Cambridge. Later, Rutherford undertook an investigation of the rays from radium. He showed that radium gave off three kinds of rays, alpha rays which were really particles, the nuclei of helium atoms, beta rays which were really electrons, and gamma rays, which were like X-rays, only very much shorter In wave length. b n b Bombardment RUTHERFORD then proceeded to other experiments in which he used the alpha rays or particles from radium as bullets to bombard the atoms of other substances. By these experiments, he showed that the atom possessed a structure resembling a miniature solar system. He showed that the atom consisted of a nucleus surrounded by planetary electrons. Two of Rutherford’s own students developed this theory of Rutherford’s. They were .young Henry Moseley, the Englishman, whose death In the Galipoli campaign has been referred to as England’s greatest loss in the World war, and Dr, Neils Bohr of Copenhagen, author of the Bohr theory of the atom. According to this theory, the atom has a nucleus composed of positive and negative electrons, while negative electrons revolve In various orbits around the nucleus. Rutherford w r as born in New Zealand and educated at the University of New Zealand and Cambridge university, England. From 1898 to 1907, he was professor of physics at McGill university, Montreal, Canada. From 1907 to 1919, he w as a professor at the University of Manchester. In 1919, he became director of the Cavendish laboratory at Cambridge, the post which his teacher, Sir J. J. Thompson, had occupied. He has been awarded many honors, receiving the Nobel prize in 1908.

T*P THe*°S±j±t

ROBIN HOOD December 24

ON Dec. 24, 1247, Robin Hood, the romantic leader of a band of robbers which infested the recesses of Sherwood Forest in England, died. The chieftain and his formidable band continued their plundering life with success, and little opposition, from the year 1189 to 1247. It has been attempted to identify him as Robert, earl of Huntington, whom the malice of his enemies banished from the court of Richard I. Being banished from the courtly circles, he is said to have made friends with the poor, to whom he gave many a meal, stolen from the forts of Sherwood, then owned by nobility. Highway robbberies were said to have been committed by Robin Hood and his jolly band to aid the poor.