Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 190, Indianapolis, Marion County, 19 December 1929 — Page 6

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One Revenue Source Whether a special session of the legislature is required to secure money to keep open the schools of the state may he a matter of debate. But there can be n<> question about the shocking spectacle of a state closing the doors of schools in country districts and throwing away hundreds of thousands of dollars to assist in the real estate plans of Indianapolis. There is something wrong in a picture that locks a schoolhouse because of poverty end then duplicates state highways in order to aid bankers with a pull. The state is thoroughly committed to a policy of roadbuilding and does not protest against the raising of twenty millions of dollars a year through indirect taxation tor this purpose. But the people will never be committed to a policy which expends those twenty millions, or anv part of them, in extravagance or useless roads. Certainly no one would defend the expenditure of several hundreds of thousands of dollars on a road that parallels one already in existence and has little excuse, much less reason, except that the new highway would make very valuable a tract of land owned by a hank with whose officers the board members are at least on speaking terms. if the Governor calls a special session of the legislature, inquisitive members might delve into corners and crannies on a search lor funds that will permit the schools to operate. Perhaps it would be possible to abolish the present board of commissioners and by substituting experts and banishing political intrigue, save enough money out of those twenty millions to prevent the possibility of locked doors on the schools. An expert management of that one department and the abolition of political influence from its decisions would probably result in enough saving to run the schools, instead of merely aiding them. Let Us Pick Up the Gauntlet Much surprise and some indignation will be provoked by the decision of Judge Virgil Bouldin of the Alabama supreme court that, under the Alabama law, it is as illegal to purchase and possess liquor for personal use as to manufacture it or to offer it for sale. As the judge put p: “Receiving prohibited liquors into possession, having them in possession, whether by manufacture, gift, or purchase, and whether held for sale or personal use. is an offense under the law.’’ 7he decision will he attacked chiefly by alleging the absurdity of the Alabama law or the extreme nature of the decision of the judge. This, we believe, will miss the main point at issue. It is far better to seek out the fundamental here at stake and to join combat with no quibbling. Whatever the legal technicalities, there can be no doubt that the decision of Judge Bouldin is in full harmony with the desires and intentions of the majority of those who framed and put over the eighteenth amendment. Though this amendment and supporting federal legislation may only outlaw the manufacture, sale and transport of liquor, it is obvious that what the prohibitionists really had in mind was the prevention of the consumption of alcoholic beverages. This is the spirit of the amendment. It may be technically lpgal to buy and possess liquor, but such action violates the real spirit of the eighteenth amendment as much as the “grandfather clause" and similar subterfuge clash with the spirit of the fourth and fifteenth amendments. Realistic opponents of prohibition will do well to admit all this and to lock horns directly with the wisdom and basic morality of the whole philosophy and practice of prohibition. The real issue is between those who desire to drink and those who desire to prevent drinking. Quibbling over laws and decisions only obscures the essentials in the situation. The opnonents of prohibition will profit most by uniting on this under lying issue. To dissipate their strength by merely attacking and criticising what they regard as special nuisances in the prohibition campaign is as unwise as it is for a doctor to continue treating symptoms without resolutely assailing real roots of the disease. We should thank Judge Bouldin for actually contributing to the clarification of the real issues. Debt Cancellation Senate ratification of the French debt funding agreement is a reminder that the United States is paying a large part of the war costs and probably will pay much more before we are through. Logically, the debt funding agreement is all wrong. Economically, it is right. We believe that, under the circumstances, ratification was necessary and wise. The circumstances are that we can not get blood cut of a turnip. France won't pay more, and we are lucky to get back part of the money loaned. Indeed, It is highly probable that France in the end will not even pay all this reduced amount of four billion dollars. 1 France could afford to pay the entire amount if ] she would cut her huge military expenditures. But. 1 failing that, which she refuses to do, she can not pay Jjier debts. I|| Nor in the long run can we afford to collect in Smll on our loans to France and the other sillies. We ■ *( in the position of a creditor whose own interests Require that struggling debtors be helped to their feet mo they can continue to buy our goods. The ecoyfnomic interdependence of nations is such that we help the others up, or they will pull us down. Ablated prosperity is impossible. But there is no reason to be evasive about the debt funding settlements, as successive Washington deny that . nre partial cancellation agreements, the basis M

The Indianapolis Times <A SCRIITS-HOWAHI) NEWSPAPER) Owned and r>nbll*bed dally 'ei<-ept Sunday) by Tli*> Indlanapoll* Time* Publishing Cos.. 214-220 Maryland Street. Indianapolis. Ind Price In Marlon County, 2 cents a copy: elsewhere 3 cents delivered by carrier. 12 rents a week. BOYD GURLEY. HOY W. HOWARD. FRANK G. MORRISON, Editor President Business Manager PHONE—Riley .Vir.l THURSDAY. DEC. 19, 1929. \t. mber of I nited Press, Scrlpps-Howard N’pwspapei Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Assoelntfon. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way”

the French settlement is a 60 per cent cancellation, and on the same basis Fascist Italy got a cancellation of approximately 80 per cent. The American taxpayer must make up the balance, 'to good can come of trying to hide that disagreeable fact. It is just, one more thing that must be charged up to the war. As such it is an added incentive for making the Kellogg anti-war pact effective, for join- j ing the world court, for reducing naval armaments | at the London conference and for co-operating withj the league and other nations in every practicable t method for prevention of war. The Government Snoops Nobody loves a snooper. If the federal government wants the co-operation of the public in prohibition observance it must restrict its spies. A nation degraded bv official espionage is not free.: Tiiis and the lawlessness of law officials criticised by President Hoover are responsible for waning respect for the law. The latest disgrace is in California. Federal agents there have perfected anew method connected with wire-tapping. Previously they merely tapped private phone lines. Now they obtain from the company the addresses of confidential telephone patrons. The federal agent and telephone employe then make a raid; together, the latter removing the phone as evidence for the court. The explanation of the local telephone company violating its business confidences is that orders by the United States commissioner and prohibition agents forced it to do so. Officials of the parent Concern, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, however, take the commendable position that they will ignore the blanket court orders requiring disclosure of unlisted addresses and other confidential information to dry agents. Only advance court orders naming specific individuals and equivalent to a subpena will be recognized by the A. T. & T. companies, according to C. M. Bracelen. general counsel. But whatever the attitude of telephone companies and whatever the final court decision as to validity of the commissioner's order in the San Francisco cases, the federal enforcement officials by such methods are guilty of bringing the law and the government into disrepute. As Justice Brandeis of the United States supreme court said in the Seattle wire-tapping case of two years ago: "Asa means of espionage, writs of assistance and general warrants are but puny instruments of tyranny and oppression when compared with wire-tap-ping. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, w’ell-meaning, but without understanding. . . . “Decency, security and. liberty alike demand that government officials shall be subjected to the same rules of conduct as the citizen”

REASON

THE other evening we listened to a plush-tongued radio artist who enlarged on the theme of our endless wealth and our endless obligation to feed the appetite and patch the trousers of all mankind. It was one of those irritating prattlings which cause one’s fingers to itch for a club, particularly if one be wondering how to keep above water for the next thirty days. n n n You would have gathered from this righteous and invisible person, calling all of us to judgment .that everybody in the United States is at this minute bulging with bonds, wearing pearl-colored spats, driving a Rolls-Royce and troubled only by an inability to decide whether to spend the winter along the Mediterranean or in the West Indies. tt a a While meditating on how to meet an overdraft or file a demurrer to an ultimatum that your telephone will be disconnected unless you walk up to the captain’s tent and settle without delay, it is somew-hat exasperating to be reminded by some radio Dolly that you are many times a plutocrat and that you have shamefully neglected your sacred duty to the Armenians or the Arabians. a a tt THE greatest myth in all this world is our national wealth. We have great mass riches, but all around it we have mass poverty. They are as inseparable as light and shadow, as heat and cold, as joy and sorrow. tt a tt We have so much wealth per capita, but it is not distributed, and, in the nature of things, it can not be; we have so much money in circulation per capita, but most of it is locked in the fond embrace of a few. We have many who have millions, but we have millions who have nothing. a tt a To escape the payment of their war debts, the politicians of Europe organized a chorus of deception immediately after the armistice, and this chorus constantly has chanted the cantata of American opulence ever since, the result being that the inhabitants of far off lands visualize us as a dazzling mountain of gold and their hands are outstretched for a perpetual hand-out, a tt a This persistent din has made its impression in America and many believe and many affect to believe that Uncle Sam should serve as Santa Claus for all mankind, not only at the Christmas season, but all the year around. His reindeer should ceaselessly roam unending miles in distant regions of the globe, no matter how’ the wolves may howl round the door of poverty in the United States. a a a WE have in this country as dire need as any land ever knew; we have as wretched necessity as ever pointed the finger of shame at civilization; we have millions in tenements, unfit for cattle; we have multitudes of unemployed which ask in vain for work; we have disabled soldiers, unable to earn their bread in the land they saved. a e a We have widows who dig with their fingers for enough to keep their children fed; we have washerwomen who toil as no slave ever did; we have thousands of farmers who can not make both ends meet, strive as they may, while the great rank and file of the middle class are only a little way ahead of the hounds all their days. tt M tt So let us divest ourselves of this notion of boundless plenty at home and limitless obligation abroad. The extremes of fortune abide in all lands; they always did and they always will. Let us remember when the divine impulse to help Hie needy knocks at the hearts of the fortunate that the needy are at our very door. Le us ponder that old line of wisdom and justice—- “ Charity begrnwt home.”

FREDERICK By LANDIS

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. Tracy

SAYS:-

The Naval Conference Is Attracting More and More Attention as the Time for Its Start Approaches. INDIFFERENT, or skeptical, as some people may be toward the naval conference scheduled for London in January, it is coming to occupy more and more space in the news. Statesmen and diplomats, at least, appear to regard it as of primary importance. Not only are preliminary conversations being held by the govern-, ments concerned, but each government is making obvious efforts to clarify its position beforehand. No one can review the situation without getting a distinct impression that those interested are trying l to reconcile rather than magnify their differences. a a t i To a measurable extent success of the conference depends on public opinion, while public opinion, in turn, depends on the way different demands and propositions are understood. For that reason it seems desirable to point out some of the more important ones. Great Britain and the United States have agreed on parity, which means that each of these countries is willing for the other to maintain an equally large navy. But. since the United States prefers large ships, while England j needs more small ones, on account | of her colonies, it has been agreed j that we shall be allowed a greater number of 10,000-ton cruisers, while she offsets this disparity with a greater number of inferior cruisers, destroyers and gunboats. am* Japan to the Fore THE last naval conference, while establishing the principle of parity between Great Britain and the United States, allotted Japan a tonnage equal to three-fifths of, that maintained by either nation. Japan now demands an allotment of 70 per cent . Not only that, but she demands , the right to apportion the 70 per cent. If America Is allowed more 10,000ton cruisers than Great Britain, for instance, Japan insists that she be allowed 70 per cent of the American tonnage in this class of ships. Since she herself perfers submarines, she demands the privilege of reducing the tonnage of other classes of ships below 70 per cent, so she may raise her submarine tonnage aboue 70 per cent. a a a : When Japan's various contentions j are boiled down, one finds that her | desire is submarines, and in this re- ; spect, she is backed by France. Italy, on the other hand, has aci cepted the British and American view with regard to submarines, | which is that they are comparai lively useless against battle fleets, | that their effectiveness lies in the | destruction of unarmed, non-com-bat ships, that this is revolting to the instincts of humanity, and repugnant to the rules of civilized war. a a a Scoffs at Subs CURIOUSLY enough, the French Admiral Castex. who approaches the problem from the standpoint of a naval strategist, rather than from i that of a diplomat or statesman, indorses the British and American | vieiv. Subject to ordinary' precautions, I the admiral says, submarines can I not prevent surface vessels from | conducting offensive operations j against their fleets or in their teri ritory. | About all they can do, he adds, is to restrict the liberty of surface ships and destroy merchant vessels, j Their effxlcacy as coast defenders | he considers mediocre, and the late j war appears to bear him out. a a a | The trouble is that many people i seem to have forgotten the lesson ! of the late war, especially with rej gard to submarines. Submarines sent more than half i the world’s merchant marine to the j bottom of the sea, but they did not | prevent Germany from being beaten. At the beginning, they wrought ! such havoc with surface craft as to | keep most of the battle fleets in I port, but at the end they were sue - j cumbing like rats to the depth i bomb. When planes got to work, spying them out from above, and notifying I destroyers where they wore, subma- ! rines ceased to be effective, except against helpless commerce carriers. a a a No Legitimate Use IF the right of self-defense justifies a nation in providing such in- | strumentalities as will enable it to | crush an enemy, whether at home 1 or abroad, whether by starvation or 1 battle, then the submarine qualifies j under it. But if the right of self-defense includes only such instrumentalities | as are necessary to prevent actual I invasion, the submarine does not. Apart from that, the submarine is ! one craft, and about the only one, for which there is no legitimate employment in time of peace.

When was “Black Friday?” The original Black Friday, Dec. 6, 1745, was a day of panic caused by I the progress of the army of the Pretender toward London. There was a run en the Bank of England for which the invading army had a special antagonism, because the bank had been regarded as a Whig institution. The American Black Friday occurred Sept. 24, 1869, and was due to operations of a speculative clique at New York, the members of which created a comer in | gold. How near did the German armies get to Paris daring the World war? About seventy-six miles. How large was the largest steam shovel used in the excavation of Panama canal? It had a capacity of five cubic yards and was a ninety-five-ton self-propelling shovel. * i l

Byrd Isn't the Only Explorer These Days

DAILY HEALTH SERVICE Spices Help the Digestive Process

BY” DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN, Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Kygeia, the Health Magazine. human palate tends to be--1 come jaded so foods of more and more variety are created. The farina, oatmeal and wheat products which formed the breakfast foods of an earlier day have given way to highly developed cereaLs prepared by various means which appeal to every possible factor involved in the sense of taste and in the appetite. The psychology of appetite is important. The more agreeable the food, the more likely one is to begin secreting juices previous to eating and the more likely it is that the food will be well digested. Hence it is important that foods should be suitably seasoned or flavored so as to attract the appetite When food is properly prepared, eating becomes a pleasure. Condiments also have the value, if they are not too strong, of stimulating the activities of the intestinal tract without injuring the tissues

IT SEEMS TO ME

FOR a time. I thought maybe they had us licked. It seemed as if in another 100 years gin might be scarce, bad in quality and expensive. But by now, prohibitionists are quite obviously on the run. The dryness of congress is relatively unimportant. The moral advantage has passed to the modificationists. There will be no recital today of crimes against the Constitution and humanity itself by savage Volsteadians. The thing I have in mind is somewhat more subtle and much more damning. To me it seems complete evidence of defeatism on the part of drys. I refer, of course, to Mrs. Doran's highly publicized prohibition cocktail. Almost unconsciously a prominent worker in the enforcement ranks is giving aid- and encouragement to us, the enemy. In a crude and ineffective way the good lady helps to perpetuate the memory of things which were. Even now they are not dead. This is no more than the winter of our discontent. Can spring be far behind when even an ardent dry takes the trouble to celebrate the name and fame of the cocktail? Even though the insipid drink which she suggests is based upon nothing more than white grapes cut very fine, she, too, has done her bit for our cause. a a a Till Dinner WHAT to do till dinner comes— Seemingly she admits that something valuable to civilized life would be missing if dinner guests went coldly to the table to begin an evening of cheer upon tomato soup. Are we no better than the beasts, that w T e should lunge straight at our. food, without preliminaries of pleasantry and cheer? Perhaps some in the party are strangers to each other. You can not bring them together in sudden ; amity by suggesting that it looks ; like a w'hite Christmas. Several may not have read “A Farewell to Arms.” And, if they have, what of it? Surely, romance and the joy of , life are promoted insufficiently if a j gentleman says to the lady on his ! right. “I think it’s a fine book,” and j she replies, “I think so. too.” After | that has been put upon the record, ' there is almost certain to be a , period of brooding. “Have you seen ‘Sw’eet Adeline’?” he asks. “No,” she replies, and that j ends that. No, by every canon of courtesy I and tradition, this is the cocktail I hour.

Brainy Drys MRS. DORAN has realized this. She may be only a prohibition- : ist, but that does not prevent her from possessing, in the secret places of the heart, some conception of life’s amenities. A good joke on the diners —“Here are the cocktails,’’ says the prohibi-

Among the most frequent condiments used is vinegar. It has the value of softening the fibers of meats and of vegetables, but too much vinegar is bad for those who have irritated stomachs. When vinegar is taken into the system it is oxidized to form alkaline substances, as happens also with citric acid in lemons, oranges and other fruits. So far as is known, vinegar does not seriously injure the vitamins. | and cabbage prepared with vinegar has been used at sea for the prevention of scurvy. Vinegar is not an important food from the nutrient point of view. It does not contain sufficient calories to be given consideration as a part of the diet, but vinegar is seldom eaten alone. It usually is combined wuth pickles, vegetables, salads and salad dressings. What has been said concerning vinegar applies equally to most of j the other condiments and spices I that go into the diet. Pepper, pap-

„ HEYWOOD J BROUN

tion hostess. She takes a sip herself, but keeps a straight face for the sake of the surprise. First one and then another tries the stuff. There is a moment of incredulity, and then the ice breaks. I mean in the part, not the shaker. Jim bursts into a guffaw’, and madame smiles a little wryly. They realize that the joke is on them, but good sports can take the grape juice in the spirit in which it is intended. Nor need anybody’s feelings be hurt permanently by the ingenuous imposition. Jim winks across the room at Fred K. Belcher, and, taking the g: ape juice in his hand, says: “Excuse me a minute. I think I left my handkerchief in ray overcoat outside.” Fred mumbles some excuse a second later, and follows him. They do not return. Mabel goes out to see what it is all about. Eventually the hostess is left alone, and so naturally she comes to see W’hat has happened to her guests. a a a Grape Juice GOOD old Jim—The whole company is clustered around good old Jim. He is telling Mabel, “I’ve

Times Readers Voice Views

Editor Times—Among the answers to questions on the editorial page office. 4 of The Times I find the 1 following: Q. —Is there any scientific authority for the stories of swallowing of

Questions and Answers

Who is called “the Father of Greater New York?” Andrew H. Green, who first proposed the plan for a Greater New York in 1869. He was bom in Worcester, Mass., in 1820 and died in 1903. He was chairman of the commission named by the New York legislature in 1890 to present a plan for the consolidation of various municipalities and islands in the harbor of New York, into a greater city of New York. Who was the leading man in the motion picture “Rose of the Golden West”? Gilbert Roland. ( What is the value of a bronze 2- ' cent piece dated 1865? j From 2to 10 cents. Os what nationality was Auguste St. Gaudens, the sculptor? He was bom in Dublin. Ireland, of French and Irish parentage. What is the chemical formula for i boric acid? H3 BO 3. _

rika, green peppers and similar substances serve to change the tastes of common foods and make them more interesting than they would otherwise be. One of the dangers of too much spicing of food is the possibility that the appetite will no longer respond to the simple foods which, must form the basis of the diet for the vast majority of us. The Japanese particularly and other members of certain oriental religious sects do not eat meat. For them a special dressing has been prepared which adds a meat flavor to rice and vegetables generally. This substance is now’ sold in the market under the name of “Ajinomoto.” Condiments also have been prepared consisting of yeast extracts which are rich in vitamin B and which add flavor to various cereal dishes. The resources of modern chemistry are doing much to add to foods an infinite variety.

Ideals and opinions expressed in ths column are those of one of America’s most interesting writers and are presented without regard to thei agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

got some white grape juice here on my hip that might go well with that other.” Mabel tries a shot and admits that it is good. “It kinda w’arms you up,” she says. “Did you ever hear the one about the stock broker who had a steam yacht and a sweetheart before the crash?” asks Fred K. Belcher. The hostess, who doesn’t get around much, hasn’t. The party, which was on the rocks has floated off again. There seejns to be a thrill of life along the keel. Everybody votes the grape juice cubes a great success. Somebody sings “For She’s a Jolly Good Fellow’.” * Mrs. Doran has hit upon an excellent idea. It only remains now for her to follow it to its logical conclusion.

Daily Thought I

Wine Is a mocker, strong drink Is raging; and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise.— Proverbs 20:1. nan Man maketh a man act like an ass in a rich pasture.—Zahir Ad-din.

young snakes by the parent snake for the sake of protection? A. —Some pseudo-scientific writers have reported cases of the mother snake swallowing her young for protection from enemies and later allowing the young snakes to crawl out, but, according to the best authorities on reptiles in the United States not a single case has been authenticated. Most of these cases are really instances of one species of large snake swallowirg small snakes of another species. I recall having killed a watersnake which was approximately three feet long. When first seen, she was slowly moving over some rocks in a shallow stream. The moment she became aware of danger she moved rapidly among the stones about her. I was astonished to see a number of small snakes swiftly moving toward her. She hastily swallowed these, one after another. After I had killed her these little snakes immediately and rapidly came running from her mouth. There were twenty-four of them. All were of the same color and size. They would have measured between five and six inches in length. I destroyed all of them. The impression that this unusual phenomenon made upon me is one I never shall forget. This much Is a fact, the question can be answered truthfuly in the affirmative. GEORGE H. REIBOLD. Danville, Ind.

.DEC. 19, 1929

SCIENCE By DAVID DIETZ—

Scientists Seek Reason Why Earth’s Surface Is Divided Into Continents and Ocean Beds. DR. HARLOW SHAPLEY, famous Harvard astronomer, in making his recent suggestion for the sinking of a three-mile shaft to study the interior structure of the earth's crust, proposed that the shaft be placed near a sea coast. If this were done, and the shaft could be carried deep enough, It might throw some light on why the earths’ surface is divided into continents and ocean beds. This is one of the great mysteries facing the student of the earth. Several theories have been advanced, but no theory finds universal acceptance among geologists. Many geologists think that at one time the earth was covered by a universal ocean, that the ocean extended from the North Pole to the South Pole and all around the equator. They think that something then ; happened to the earth, causing the | crust to change, parts of it sinking and becoming the ocean beds while other parts rose and became the continents. An old view w'as that the internal shrinkage of the earth left the earth with a crust too large for it and that the crust broke and collapsed, the parts which collapsed and sunk forming the ocean beds. There are objections to this view, however. a a a Glass-Like AN important fact which must bo taken into consideration in any theory attempting to solve this problem is the essential difference in composition of the continents and ocean beds. The continents in general consist of light rocks, known as granites, while the ocean beds consist of heavier rocks, known as basalts. This fact, has given rise to the theory known as isostacy. According to this theory, the lower half of the earth’s crust consists of very heavy basaltic rocks which possess a glasslike structure. Mast of the surface rocks of the earth’s crust are made of crystals. This lower strata, however, is thought to be lacking in crystalline structure. It is described technically as amophorous. Now’ such amophorous material, though solid, possesses many of the qualities of a liquid. When subjected to sufficient pressure, it will flow very slowly, somewhat after the fashion of a sticky liquid—cold molasses. for example. According to the theory of Isostacy, the upper layers of the crust of the earth literally are floating on this sub-stratum of glass-like or molasses-like basalt. The continents, consisting of light granites, float high, while the ocean beds, consisting of heavy basalts, sink further dow'n into the substratum. Many geologists feel that there is a considerable body of evidence to support this theory of isostacy. But w’hile this accounts for the height of the continents, it does not account for the division of the upper layers of the earth’s crust into light granites and heavy basalts. a a a Conflicting ONE theory is that when the earth's crust formed, the substratum of glass-like basalt solidified first and then a layer of lighter granites solidified above it. This granite layer was In -turn thought to have been covered by the universal ocean. It is thought, however, that the crust of the earth still was very hot and that the imprisonment of heat which resulted from the solidification of the upper layer caused the lower layer to grow so hot that in places it again became molten. This is supposed to have caused i the upper layers to crack. The heavy molten lavas then flowed ; through in gigantic volcanic erupj tions overflowing great portions of ! the granite layer. These portions weighted down by i the heavy basalt lavas are thought to have sunk, the lavas then solidifying to form the ocean beds. The portions of the granite layer which had not been flooded with lavas then became the present continents, as the waters of the ocean flowed into the depressed areas. This theory has much in its support, but it is not accepted by all geologists. That is one reason why any project such as that suggested by Dr. Shapley is so interesting. It opens the possibility of finding new knowledge which may settle the claims of conflicting theories.

(1 15 tlhelH

CALLS FOR VOLUNTEERS December 19 ON Dec. 19, 1864, President Lincoln called or 300,000 additional volunteers, although he had an army of 1,000,000 men already enrolled. At the time this call was Issued a federal victory seemed certain without additional troops, but such was the courage, resourcefulness of audacity in attack and defense which the Confederates had shown that Lincoln was the last man to relax efforts. The President called for volunteers to serve for one, two or three years, but those who responded saw little active service as the war ended in the following spring. Today also is the anniversary of three other events. On Dec. 19, 1893, United States warships were sent to Rio de Janeiro to warn against interference with American shipping. Seventeen years ago today, on Dec. 19, 1912, woman suffrage lost in Michigan by 760 votes. And on Dec. 19, 1800, John Jay declined the chief justiceship.