Indianapolis Times, Volume 41, Number 184, Indianapolis, Marion County, 12 December 1929 — Page 4

PAGE 4

SCHtPPJ-MOWAAD

Don’t Bs Hasty That the outgoing school board has attempted to offer, in a probable illegal manner, the superintendency to a Columbus educator ought not to be construed as conclusive evidence against him. It is just possible that this board, whose record for mistakes is nearly 100 per cent, may have slipped in its final moments and accidentally made a good choice. At least, the selection should be given the courtesy of an investigation as to fitness, associations and background before being condemned by reason of his present sponsorship. The revolution against the present manigement at the polls last fall was predicated upon the mistaken judgment of the present members. The people indicated that they were tired of the control by Shipp and Coffin and demanded something different. Before any permanent superintendent is selected, the incoming board will undoubtedly desire some facts concerning the trend of mind, the past associations and the background, if there is one of a political nature in the state, of the man or woman to be placed in charge. One of the tests will be the attitude toward the Shipp interests, which are statewide. There may be good educators who ha\e been friendly to Shipp. It is inconceivable that all good ones are. It may be possible to find a head for the schools in this city who has been free from any such association in the past and whose history is such as to guarantee that he will keep free from political entanglements of all sorts in the future. Whoever heads the schools should have a very thorough understanding that the job is no longer political. Hoover and Haiti President Hoover has acted wisely in canceling the order for marine reinforcements to land in Haiti. There has been too much American machine-gunning down there already. It ir time to turn from the military method to the methods of peace. The mere release of ninety-eight political prisoners and diversion of marine reinforcements yesterday “caused great rejoicing throughout Haiti and served to dispel considerably fear of further bloodshed in political revolt,” according to the United Press dispatch from Port Au Prince. Pending thorough investigation, it is impossible to apportion blame for the marine machine-gun operations which killed from five to twelve natives and wounded twenty. But reports of American correspondents there raise the question whether bloodshed could have been prevented if American officers and officials had known enough of the native language to reason with the strikers. The thing that matters now is how to end American intervention with the greatest speed and least harm to the Haitians. If we withdrew tomorrow, probably our puppet President Borno would be muidered within an hour and general revolution follow. That is the price of foreign intervention which destroys civil liberties and popular government instead of training the people to rule themselves. Apparently the least evil of the alternatives now possibly is an American-supervised election to be followed by immediate withdrawal of all American military forces. What happens after that in Haiti is their business, not ours. It is not within our power as experience has shown—to provide democratic government for any foreign country; nor is it our duty. But pending the establishment of anew nonintervention policy by the prospective Hoover commission, it is within our power and it is our duty to dismount the machine guns, release all political prisoners, lift the censorship, re-establish free speech, free press, free assemblage, appoint an outstanding civilian in place of Brigadier-General Russell as American high commissioner, break the unholy American alliance with Borno, and preserve a strict neutrality toward all rival political factions. President Hoover can not be blamed for the errors of his predecessors. His own acts in the Haitian situation, including his commission plan and diversion of marines, have been enlightened. But further positive White House action is required now. Prison Reform Several striking and dramatic prison riots took place this summer. It generally was agreed that the immediate cause in all cases was the overcrowding, irritation and hopelessness brought about by long sentences imposed under nabitual criminal acts. The rioters in Auburn prison have been brought to trial before Judge Edgar S. Mosher. He imposed sentences of ten years on some and others are awaiting life sentencse as habitual criminals. Tire rioting is charged against some as the fourth felony, which carries with it life imprisonment. Ten years added to a previous sentence of twenty years or life is not likely to produce speedy reform on the part of the rioters or to intimidate them. If it has any effect, it is likely to be in the way of making them all the more desperate and the more ready to seize upon favorable conditions to start another riot. We are not criticising Judge Mosher. He probably could not have done otherwise under the circumstances. But in medicine today we do not cure typhoid fever by giving drugs which will produce a mild fever. Rather, we go to the root of the matter and remove the sources of pollution of the water supply. Similarly, we will not be likely to stop prison riots merely by adding to the sentences of rioters who rioted in part because their sentences already were too long. If we desire to put a atop to such occurrences, then we should start by removing those conditions and processes which make criminals. Pending achievement of ttois result, we well might correct abuses of the sentencing power and put an end to the atrocious situations in our prisons which provoke rioting. In prison administration, as well as in medicine, an ounce of sensible prevention is worth mot than a pound of frantic efforts

The Indianapolis Times (A BCliirrS-HOWAKI> NEWSPAPER) !>wnrl pnbli-hed daily (except Sunday) l>v The Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos., 214-220 West Maryland S'reet, Indianapolis. Ind. Price in Marion County, 2 cents a copy: elsewhere. 3 cents—delivered by carrier, 12 cents a week. BOYD GURLEY, ~ ROY W. HOWARD, FRANK G. MORRISON, Editor President Business Manager PHONE—RIIev 5351 THURSDAY. DEC. 12. 1 92'J. Member of Unit' and Press. Kcripps-Howard Newspapei Alliance. Newspaper Enterprise Association. Newspaper Information Service and Audit Bureau of Circulations. “Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way”

Railroad Valuation The much-discussed O’Fallon railroad rate valuation case has bobbed up again, with the introduction oi a resolution by Senator Howell of Nebraska which would have the effect of nullifying the supreme court’s decision. It was held last summer that in valuing the road the interstate commerce commission had not given proper weight to the cost of reproducing the property at present costs, as congress had directed. The I. C. C. had attempted to recapture what it held were excess earnings of the line. The O'Fallon case in itself was not regarded as important. It was held, however, that the principle established by the court would permit the railroads of the country to increase their book value by several billions. That would mean increased rates, since rates are based on value. Also, it was feared that the same principle applied to utilities would mean a huge increase in their valuation and rates. Howell's resolution defines the intent of congress as being that the I. C. C. should follow the methods it used in the O'Fallon case. The question is important to this and succeeding generations. The big point at issue in the regulation of public service corporations has been whether rates should be based on the amount prudently invested or on reproduction cost. There is need for establishing a definite principle. Accepting the principle laid down In the O’Fallon case, congress could lower the guaranteed return of the roads. That might serve to protect against excessive rates. Surer production, however, probably would lie in revising sections of the transportation act dealing with valuation, even to the point of making mandatory the use of the prudent investment theory. Public regulation and rate-making is the business of the legislature, not of the court. Establishment of principles and methods is a legislative, not a judicial function. Frontier Indeed Speaking at seventy-fifth anniversary of the Marble Collegiate church in New York City, the Rev. Dr. Daniel A. Poling declared that the missionary frontier of Christendom was to be sought under the white lights of Manhattan rather than in the jungles of Africa. He went on to say: “Fifth avenue is a frontier. Manhattan today is a more significant missionary challenge than it was when the Half Moon sailed through the narrows.” There is no doubt Dr. Poling is correct. By the measure of the increase of secular interests and diversions on Manhattan island since Hudson arrived, we can determine the degree to which it has increased as a challenge to Christianity. The conventional pastor looks upon New York as a challenge to Christendom, primarily because of the alleged wickedness and vices of this modern Sodom. To do so is to miss the main challenge of contemporary Gotham to the old religions. What makes New York City indeed a frontier of menacing proportions to Christianity is the vast increase of secular activities and interests which distract one from considerations relative to the welfare and salvation of his soul. Few can be won over to irreligion by direct argument. This process usually but stiffens the believer in his faith. But hosts gradually can be brought into a state of indifference to religion through the crowding in of other interests which absorb their time and attention. As the greatest concentration and symbol of modern secularism, New York is the foremost challenge to the Christian church today. With its shops, theaters, opera houses, concert halls, dance halls, recreation spots, stock exchange, brokerage houses, forums, great metropolitan dailies, tabloids, radios and a multitude of other things which claim the attention of the modem citizen, it does more to wean us from religion than all the writings of twenty generations of skeptics and free thinkers.

REASON

VARE of Pennsylvania said the senate “trampled on the Constitution” when it refused him a seat, but if the fathers who made that Constitution in Philadelphia in 1787 could have been informed that 142 years later the political boss of that same city would spend one million dollars in an effort to obtain a senatorial chair, you may depend on it they would have made that thing impossible. a a it It would not be so bad if it were an indictment of Vare alone, but it is also an indictment of the people of Pennsylvania, and it would not be so bad if they 1 alone were guilty, but the same shameful condition prevails in other states if this grand and glorious Union too numerous to mention. tt tt tt Possibly it would be a good idea to stop immigration and call home our foreign missionaries until our voting livestock could be converted into respectable citizenship. And be it remembered, the immigrant is not so much to blame as the native-born American with a tall family tree who buys the immigrant on election day. a a a IT is a fine thing to have night schools for immigrants, but we need far more some night schools for the descendants of generations who have been here for a century or more, the W’ell born and the well educated who take no interest whatever in their own government. Americanize the American and the immigrant will Americanize himself! u u The profiteers of France made many millions out of the war necessities of their country, but there is genuine eloquence in the fact that Clemeneeau, who did more for France than anybody else, left an estate worth only $50,000. a a One is not surprised by the tender provisions of Clemenceau’s will, such as his arranging to have cherished keepsakes buried with him, for he was a good hater and good haters, as a rule, are sentimental. The man who can love his enemies is so cold the corpuscles skate up and down his blood vessels; he can forget old friends without a struggle and hand the water pitcher to the tenderest memories of life. an n ANY ONE who ever carried a cane can understand the Tiger’s affection for his old walking stick, for that is man's most intimate possession. Four years ago we lost an old bamboo stick w r e had carried for twenty years and we have been lonesome ever since. Next to a cane comes a watch, then a kpif* and AhPn . fntinfcain non. , „ KpsL

FREDERICK By LANDIS

... - ‘ A 'i

M. E. Tracy SAYS:

Her Efforts to Overthrow Capitalism Have Lead Russia Into Many Strange ByWays. FRENCH taxis are being equipped with radios. Maurice, the chauffeur who introduced the fashion, says it soothes his patrons, especially in a traffic jam, makes them contented, no matter how the fare mounts. Morphine probably would do as well. Putting that aside, why not install a radio in the French chamber of deputies, where something of a soothing nature seems to be needed? * tt tt Last Tuesday Bouillon Lafont, French budget reporter, announced a 10 per cent cut of the military program for 1930. Nationalist deputies came back with the charge that Germany was preparing secret chemicals and fortifications which called for an increase, instead of a cut. On the other hand, Edouard Daladier, leader of the extreme left, declared the proposed budget still was too high, and wanted to know what Germany’s army of 78.000 could do against a French army of more than 300,000? tt n tt War Talk Keeps Up IN SPITE of the League of Nations, Kellogg pact, and World Court, there still is a great deal of war talk, especially when it comes to making budgets and providing profits. Disarmament would be much less of a problem but for the feed bag which goes with preparedness. More war scares originate in fear of being separated from the pie counter at home than in expectation of attack from abroad. tt a That also is true of war. Look at China. For eighteen years the Chinese have been fighting, and while love of liberty may have been responsible for some of it, love of the pie counter has been responsible for more. For here they are again—another gt ng of war lords trying to get control of the country, or part of it, at least, with foreigners rushing to cover, and foreign warships steaming up the rivers. There must be a great deal of vitality in China to endure such a reign of lawlessness. tt tt a Russia Spends Money SPEAKING of budgets, Russia is not cutting hers for next year, but increasing it by 43 Yz per cent. From any other country the news would be startling, but in Russia it means only business expansion, for there the government runs everything. There, tax paying provides not only for schools and courts, but for houses, transportation and the dinner table. It sounds fine, until one Is reminded of the tyranny involved. a a a If you were living in Russia this year, you would find no holiday at Christmas. Instead, you would work as usual, and if you happened to live in Moscow and took home some toys and a little tree at night for the sake of tradition, you would find yourself liable to prosecution. Her efforts to overthrow capitalism have led Russia into many strange byways. For one thing, they have led her to assume that religion was a bulwark of capitalism, and that it would be impossible to destroy one without destroying the other. Wherefore, Russia has been drawn into an open attack on religion of every form, which, of course, includes Christmas. tt tt a Have Rights Left THE petty regulating about which we complain in this country seems rather tame when compared to what is going on in some other countries. Even Volsteadism takes on an insipid hue beside the edicts of Mussolini and the firing squads of the Soviet. Though the average American may be denied his hooch by law, he still can belong to a party that is against the government, sing a hymn, vote for a strike and tell his children about Santa Claus without the risk of being arrested. n tt a Foolish as we Americans may have been in some of our attempts to purify society, we have not been foolish enough to impoverish ourselves. or surrender our basic rights. The very privilege of complaining, which we exercise with such gusto legarding prohibition, traffic rules and the like, shows how much better off we are than some of our neighbors. Such criticisms as are common in this country would land the average Russian or Italian in jail, if not worse.

~ -r QDAV ' 15 THC^

HENRY CLAY NOMINATED December 12 ON Dec. 12, 1831. Henry Clay, then a United States senator, was unanimously nominated for the presidency by the Whigs. Clay was defeated overwhelmingly bv Jackson, largely on account of his 'tariff theories, and his unwise choice, as a party issue, of the defense of the rational bank. The defeated candidate lost few opportunities of opposing the administration of Jackson in subsequent controversies. Throughout this period of his career, Clay shared the honors of the senate in its time of meridian glory with Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, and Thomas H. Benton. Today also is the anniversary of the birth of Mary Todd Lincoln, wife of Abraham Lincoln, on Dec. 12, 1818. And on Dec. 12, 1803, congress submitted the twelve original amendments to the ConsUturion to the

— —-J ( ■ & DAILY HEALTH SERVICE

‘Miracle Cures’ Are Not Cures

BY DR. MORRIS FISHBEIN, Editor Journal of the American Medical Association and of Hygeia, the Health Magazine. AGAIN and again within the last few months newspapers have mentioned the miracle cures which were being worked by a Spanish physician named Asuero at San Sebastian" in Spain. Outside the gates of his home thousands of crippled and ill swarmed and waited for him to apply his new and magical method. The Americans are not the only people who crave miracles. The French gave us Coue and his system of autosuggestion, and there is hardly a place in the world that has not its legend of some miracle healer - . The Spanish physician Asuero combined the power of suggestion with what was alleged to be a scientific method. With a cautery he touched,the nerve endings in the nose and he

IT SEEMS TO ME

IT does not seem to me that we have much to boast about in the matter of Haiti. It will be said by some, “Oh, you’re always against everything American.” Well, I do think the invader is always wrong, and this time, at least, opinion does have foundation in facts. Haiti is wild and Haiti is savage. The marines went there way back in 1915. Shortly before the landing, revolutionists had taken the president out of the French legation and literally tore him to pieces in public square. That was a grievous fault. Certainly there was some argument for intervention then. If we had not gone in to restore order a foreign power might have assumed the job. Still, I am not sure that it was inevitably just and right for us to assume the role of guardian. Haitian affairs were in a mess, but, after all, it was their mess. There are people who prefer even bloody anarchy at the hands of their fellows than enlightened rule from outsiders. tt n a Memories THIS seems to be true of Haitians. who are a liberty loving people. Moreover, the island has known its era of magnificence. From our point of view the native civilization is savage, but it has produced its own wonders, including a famous jungle palace which is the marvel of the West Indies. A case can be made for nonintervention at the very beginning, but it is easier to let that pass and argue on the subsequent events. We went to the island on the ground that it was necessary for us to stabilize conditions. There also was a gesture of generosity in the movement. We would teach this distressed little land the elementary principles of self-gov-ernment. Now, we certainly went about this in the wrong way, for the structure which we set up was in essence a military dictatorship, even though a few empty forms of independence were allowed to remain. Nor can it be said that our difficulties lay wholly in the fact that most of the islanders were illiterate and uncivilized. After all, the present fracas began with a student riot and the hand of the American marine officers always has fallen the heaviest upon the most articulate and intelligent of Haitians. There was no great incentive for an islander to learn to write, for if he did so he might attempt some criticism of the alien government and land in jail. Again and again editors were put in prison for the expression of opinion which was a long way short of revolutionary. o tt tt Our Foes THERE is no possible reason for saying that we have done well in Haiti. Results show that this simply is not true. At the end of fourteen years the entire island is aroused against us. This outburst is by no means confined to savage men from inland ltiiagm Tha peuna saso. st the

Here’s the Answer!

claimed by this method to be able to control all sorts of pains and to cure paralysis. As usual, all the cases of hysterical paralysis from miles around were brought to the miracle worker. Willing to be healed after they had willed for a long time to be paralyzed, they promptly walked. Those cases which represented actual paralysis due to disease or degeneration of nerve or muscle tissue did not walk, but were overlooked in the excitement and the encomiums attendant on those who miraculously had recovered. The joker in the case of the Asuero system is the fact that a number of physicians have shown on various occasions that stimulation or cauterization of the nerve endings in the nose and particularly of the sphenopalatine ganglion forms of headache and to some definite relationship to certain types of intestinal disturbance. The

cities, whom we have trained, hate us with passion. There must be a kink in the curriculum somewhere or other. 9 Possibly stem necessity compels us to remain and it may even be that no form of rule is possible except that of a despotic military sort. If that can be shown, our final choice may be to sing within our

Questions and Answers

What is fiat money? Paper currency which is not redeemable in coin, the value of which rests upon the decree of the government. What is the area of the city of New York? How long is it? In its full extent the city of New York covers an area of 320 square miles, in which is included a part of New York bay. It has a length of thirty-five miles. How many different kinds of animals are there? There are more than 500,000 species of all kinds; the number in each class of the animal kingdom being estimated as follows: 7,000 mammals, 20,000 birds, 5,000 reptiles, 2,000 amphibians, 13,000 fish, 60,000 mollusks, 360,000 insects, besides a host of lower invertebrates. What is the distinguishing feature of the Diesel engine? It is a modification of the type of oil-engine which bums heavy oil such as petroleum having a flash point above 73 degrees Fahrenheit. It differs from the normal engine of this type in that no external ignition needs to be applied, and that no actual explosion takes place. What are the essential provisions of the law passed by congress affecting citizenship of married women? The law effective Sept. 22, 1922, provides that on and after that date American women who marry alien husbands shall retain their American citizenship. Exceptions are made in the case of American women who marry aliens not eligible to American citizenship. In such cases, they lose their American citizenship and can not regain iV during the continuation of the marital status. American women who married alien husbands before September 22. 1922, lost their American citizenship. They can regain it by applying to a court of record in the United States petitioning the court that they be restored to American citizenship.

Daily Thought

He that reproveth a scomer getteth to himself shame; and he that rebuketh a wicked man getteth himself a blot.—Proverbs 9:7. tt tt Reprove thy friend privately aomroaod him pHhlnay '—finlnn,

exact relationships are not definitely established. However, in his application of the treatment to the nose of the Spanish physician used the mesmeric art, fixing the patient with his gaze, any saying confidently that the symptoms for which relief was sought would disappear and that the patient would recover function. The hysteria of the mob added to the impression. Who remembers Emile Coue and where is his method today? It needed only a brief period to complete the vogue of Asuero. Spanish periodicals announce that he is now planning to leave San Sebastian and that he will establish himself in South America. With proper exploitation he would do well in our country, which ever is ready to welcome new miracle workers, faith healers, and any sort of cultist who chooses to disregard the facts of science.

lIEYWOOD y BROUN

own borders of liberty and pipe a different tune in the small and distant island. But in that case let us be frank about it. There is no use in adding insult to machine gun bullets. When you shoot young men who say and honestly believe that they are fighting for freedom, it is too much to tell them in the lulls between volleys that all this is done for their own good. To this, the embattled rebel has every right to say, “Shoot, if you must, but spare us at least your piety.” a a tt Small War y REALIZE that what goes on in \ Haiti is of singularly small consequence to all of us up here. Life goes on much the same in New York, Chicago and the wheat fields of Kansas no matter what our policy may be along the edges of those faroff jungles. Some of our boys will die, but only a few. The chances are that not one of them will be known to you or me. The war we make is but a tiny one. Still, there will be some to whom these men were close. They will want to know, “Why?” Can it possibly be said with any clean countenance that this time Americans are asked to sacrifice themselves to make the world safe for democracy? I hardly think so. Once the habit of “just one more round” Is formed, there never will be any quitting time. Haitians are dead. What did they die for? I don’t know. Perhaps somebody in Washington can tell us. I am curious to know. Kindness and cannon go poorly together. Possibly we have good intentions, but we have even better machine guns. (Copyright. 1929. by The Times)

The Right Thing to Do Good manners and good form are not affectations to be despised as something “put on.” There are reasons for the forms of etiquet that have become part of the equipment of cultured people. Failure to do the “right thing” at the right moment shows a lack of good breeding, of consideration for others, that is inexcusable in this day and age. Our Washington bureau has a packet of eight of its authoritative and informative bulletins, covering etiquet for every occasion, that it will send to any reader. The titles are: 1. Social Etiquet 5. Etiquet of Weddings 2. The Etiquet of Travel 6. Origins of Etiquet 3. Dinner Etiquet 7 Etiquet for Children 4. Etiquet of Dress 3. Personality and Charm If you want this packet, fill out the coupon below and mail as directedCLIP COUPON HERE FTIQUET EDITOR, Washington bureau, The Indianapolis Times, 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C. I want the packet of eight bulletins on ETIC.UET, and enclose herewith 25 cents in coin, or loose, uncancelled United States postage stamps tr* cover postage and handling costs. NAME STREET AND NUMBER CITY STATE I am & reader of The Indianapolis Time*. (Code No.)

Ideals and opinions expressed in this column are those oi one oi America’s most interesting writers, and are presented without regard to their agreement or disagreement with the editorial attitude of this paper.—The Editor.

? o

SCIENCE By DAVID DIETZ—

Famous Scientists Join to Further the 'Book of the Month Idea,’ Designed to Bring About More Selective and Intelligent Reading. THE "book-of-the-month” idea has hit science now and as a result the Scientific Book Club has been organized. A group of scientists, including many of the most distinguished ones In America, form the editorial and advisory committees of the club. Members will receive a bookreview magazine each month, containing a full review of the designated book of the month. It also will contain reviews of other selected scientific books. Members may choose either the designated book or any one of the others reviewed. “The launching of the Scientific Book Club is an indication oi the interest in science that is rapidly developing in America,” says Dr. Kirtley F. Mather, head of the department of geology of Harvard university. Dr. Mather is chairman of the editorial committee. “I am fully convinced that there are thousands of intelligent men and women who are eagerly searching for reliable and truthful information concerning the great contributions to knowledge which have resulted from the widening spread and deepening hold of scientific habits of mind, both in this country and abroad.” he says. “These individuals are continually on the lookout for opportunities to keep in touch with the current achievements in the realm of science.” tt tt B Guidance “ak TOW. as never before, men and IN women must look to science in the building of a better world and the improvement of human affairs,” Dr. Mather continues. “Consequently, there must be adequate machinery for accelerating the spread of scientific information throughout the civilized world. “The average layman can select for himself those books of fiction and biography which appeal most to his taste, but few are qualified to pass upon the scientific value and technical accuracy of scientific books. Only men of science are in a position to offer guidance in this direction.” The editorial committee of the new club includes four members in addition to Dr. Mather, the chairman. They are: Dr. Arthur H. Compton, professor of physics at the University of Chicago, winner of the Nobel prize for his work on the nature of light. Dr. Edwin G. Conkin, professor of biology at Princeton university. Dr. Harlan T. Stetson, formerly of Harvard college, now director of the Perkins observatory at Ohio Wesleyan university. Dr. Edwin L. Thorndike, famous educational authority and professor of educational psychology at Teachers’ college, Columbia university. The caliber of this committee is such that one need not fear that there will be any question of the scientific accuracy or technical value of any book which receives their mark of approval. In addition, an advisory committee of ten members of equally eminent standing in the world of science, has been created to aid the editorial committee. u a b Valuable EACH member of the advisory committee is a man with an international reputation. The list follows: Dr. Isaiah Bowman, director of the American Geographical Society. Dr. Rollo W. Brown, author and literary critic. Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, anthropologist of the Smithsonian institution. Dr. J. McKeen Cattell, psychologist and editor of Science. Dr. Vernon Kellogg, permanent secretary of the National Research council. Dr. Burton E. Livingston, permanent secretary ot the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. Robert A. Millikan, famous physicist, Nobel prize-winner, and chairman of the executive committee of the California Institute of Technology. Dr. Michael I. Pupin, inventor and professor of electro-mechanics at Columbia university. Dr. Forest R. Moulton, famous astronomer. Dr. Harlow Shapley, director of the Harvard observatory. Under such excellent auspices, it seems to this writer that the Scientific Book Club should perform a useful and valuable service to the reading pubic. It is a hopeful sign of the times that the leading scientists realize the necessity of aiding in the dissemination of accurate scientific knowledge.