Indianapolis Times, Volume 39, Number 187, Indianapolis, Marion County, 14 December 1927 — Page 6

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Schools and Politics The school board members, fully within their rights, have voted to abolish the positions 'ey' the three assistants to the superintendent of Schools. * But the people will demand, and have a a-ight to demand, the reason for the action ‘which is admittedly a means of getting rid of 1 he three persons who how hold these positions, ' : or the resolution which abolishes the jobs i ;akes it possible to name three or more by different names. The people believed that the school syss in should not be in politics and have created it system that was expected to abolish all politics from the schools. When the present majority was elected to the school board things began to happen which i uggest that a very bad kind of politics has been injected into the school system. The influence of the builder of ventilators became so pronounced and open that it is known that he had the temerity to represent that he could deliver any position in the school system. His opinions, apparently, have been the controlling advice and his word has been final. It is more than a matter of common knowledge that he has presumed to promise that the majority members would make good on any premises he made. lit may be true that the new superintendent m schools needs no assistants whatever. It may be true that the present assistant superintendents have failed to carry out his policies. It may be true that he has a better way of administering school affairs and a better system of organization which will increase the efficiency of the schools and give to the pupils better training. That is the final test, of course. The school system has but one purpose. That is to give education. But the people know that whenever and wherever selfish interests or political interests have gained control of schools, at least one generation of pupils has paid the price in poor training and lessened ability to enter the competitive world. It would be more than tragic if the political ambitions of any bloc or of any individual who finds it profitable to sell things to the public schools should let hates or greeds dictate the public school policy. The least that can be expected is a frank explanation of why these jobs are abolished. Z The people are entitled to know why. ; are entitled to know what is to be gamed—or what lost. Coolidge and the World Court Shall the United States make another effort to Join the world court or will the American people allow a handful of Senators in Washington to thwart their widely expressed desire? Monday a Nation-wide petition was presented to President Coolidge conveying the “urgent hope” that he “would indicate the willingness” of this country “to continue negotiations with a view to removing the difficulties which stand in the way of consummating the adherence of the United States to the permanent court.” The communication conveys to the President the belief that a vast number of people throughout the country are far from satisfied with the present status of the question and that the differences between this country and the signatory states, however troublesome, are not sufficiently fundamental or important to prevent our adherence. Nearly 500 names were attached to the letter, representing a cross-section of the thinking people of the Nation. That it is the desire of the American people to see the United States a member of the world court can hardly be denied. The Democratic party is on record as favoring it; the Republican party, through Presidents Harding and Coolidge, and its great lead-

(Ft. Wayne News- Sentinel) (Republican) Dean Paul V. McNutt of the law school of Indiana University, in his recent address to Ft. Wayne Daughters of the American Revolution, performed an important service in showing that back of most pacifist agitation stand the paid propagandists who make a living by “furthering will o’ the wisps and vague ideas.’’ Those who preach against preparedness are in grave error, since, as Dean McNutt reminds us, “one-half of Vim casualties In wars have been due to failure to train men during times of peace.’’ As against the claim of the pacifists that it is criminal to prepare for war, the head of the State university’s school of law set forth that “the real national crime of the United §tates has been in sending men ito war untrained.” Being a normal, intelligent citizen. Dean McNutt, who has himself experienced the horrors of war, does not want a repetition of . that horror. “We all want peace,” he declares, “but we must build upon known facts and experiences, rather than upon theories.” Who are those who agitate the cause of extreme pacifism? Many of them are well-meaning oitizens who have no time for communist philosophy as such. But while not every one who belongs to a peace society is a communist, most of these organizations are, even if unwittingly, supporting the communist purpose. For every communist is a pacifist, so far as the

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What Other Editors Think

United States is concerned, and a militarist so far as Soviet Russian is concerned. Dean McNutt, aware that it is among the first duties of patriotic citizens to defend their country, has taken strong issue with those who oppose the R. O. T. C. Fortunately, these ultra-pacifists are in a minority, but by subtle, insidious methods, they are expanding their influence; and so Dean McNutt has sounded a timely warning. (Kokomo Dispatch) (Democratic) A pleasing sidelight on the State conference of Indiana Democratic workers at Indianapolis last Wednesday was the fact that throughout the sessions there was evidence that idealism in government again is finding stanch supporters among political workers. At this disheartening period in the history of our Nation, when political crookedness besets us everywhere, it is at least suspicious to find party workers voicing an appreciation of the proper concept of self-government. Miss Lucy Elliott of Tipton, who is secretary of the Ninth congressional district Democratic organization, gave expression to this hopeful trend in thought, when she declared: “If the Democratic party attempts to apologize for the idealism of Woodrow Wilson, you can count me out.” This disposition to cling to lofty

ers like the former Secretaries of State Hughes and Elihu Root, has sponsored it; the individual leaders and representative groups of American citizens have openly urged that we join. Yet we are kept out of it because of technicalities, unfortunately phrased reservations, or for other reasons neither fundamental nor Important. Said President Coolidge in his inaugural address of March 4, 1925:* In conformity with the principle that a display of reason rather than a threat of force should be the determining factor in the intercourse among nations, we have long advocated the peaceful settlement of disputes by methods of arbitration and have negotiated many treaties to secure that result. The same considerations should lead to our adherence to the permanent court of international justice. Where great principles are involved, where great movements are under way which promise much for the welfare of humanity by reason of the very fact that many other nations have given such movements their actual support, we ought not to withhold our own sanction because of any small and inessential difference, but only upon the ground of the most important and compelling fundamental reasons. We ought not to barter away our independence or our sovereignty, but we ought to engage in no refinements of logic, no sophistries and no subterfuges, to argue away the undoubted duty of this country by reason of the might of its numbers, the power of its resources, and its position of leadership in the world, actively and comprehensively to signify its approval and to bear its full share of the responsibility of a candid and disinterested attempt at the establishment of a tribunal for the administration of even-handed Justice between nation and nation. In no state paper does the logic of President Coolidge appear to better advantage than in this. And It is to be hoped, as the petition of Monday suggests, that the President will indicate his willingness to continue along the same line. The Senate, in framing the conditions upon which the United States would adhere to the world court, deliberately or otherwise threw the President’s recommendations to the winds, and indulged In so many refinements of logic, sophistries and subterfuges that we were finally finessed out of the court. These reservations were more sounding than sound, more superficial than fundamental, and one of the most useful acts the President could do before he leaves the White House, as he has expressed his intention of doing, would be to tell the Senate so. Life, the Novelist Truth is always stranger than fiction because life is a far greater artist than the greatest novelists. The other day in a small Spanish town an old mfiD was admitted to the hospital and died there. About the same time an old woman who had wandered into the town was also admitted and died there. Their bodies lay side by side in the mortuary chapel. But before they could be buried, the mayo: had to have certain information. He must know, If possible, where the dead were bom, when, where they lived, and whether married or unmarried. As to the old man the facts were easy. He was born, lived and died in the town. But it seemed more difficult as to the stranger. But at the last moment an old priest appeared on the scene and gave the much wanted facts. The old woman, too, came from that part of the country. In fact, she nad been married to the dead man, had run away from him with another man, lived part of her life in South America and had then returned to the land of her forefathers, a battered old wreck. Divided by life’s passions, man and wife were united in death—the death that stills all the old hates and loves. Repeal Some Fool Laws • It would be a good thing if this or any other Congress would devote a large part of its time to repealing fool laws instead of enacting more of them. There are so many laws now that the smartest lawyer in the country couldn’t keep track of them if he put in eight hours a day poking his nose into State and National statute books. A fair sample of fool laws is the one prohibiting the transportation of fight films from one State to another. Anybody can exhibit the film once he gets it, and without violating the law; and it’s no crime for any citizen to look at the film. But it is illegal to transport it from one State to another. The result Is an entirely new 6et of bootleggers. • Otherwise fairly respectable citizens, they become violators of the law when they bootleg across a State line something they can freely have and exhibit once they bootleg It into the State where their theaters happen to be. This is just one fool law. There are hundreds of others.

aims rather than prostitute principles of imaginary advantages, was received with an enthusiasm that indicated general approval. Evans Woollen, also, made plain the truth of this trend by declaring that he is “sick and tired” of hearing politicians harping about prosperity, when as a matter of fact prosperity is as nothing compared with a proper concept of citizenship and a right sense of obligations on the part of officials. The striking difference between “practical politics” and the idealism as exemplified by Wilson, was splendidly illustrated by Woollen. He presented facts showing that although a Republican Congress made an exhaustive probe 01 war expenditures during the Wilson administration it returned only five minor indictment? charging corruption during a period when this Nation was making expenditures at the rate of a million and a half dollars per hour. Not a single official of the administration was even accused of graft. As compared with what the public already knows concerning subsequent administrations with high officials guilty of grand larceny, bribery and corruption of unspeakable character, voters generally should be about ready to stop sheer' ig at idealism. A poliuual party that becomes too “practical” for Idealism in government is about as hope* less as a human being who decides not to depend upon a deity.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

M. E. TRACY SAYS: “The basic presumption of Our Form of Government Is That Plain People Know Enough to Pick Reasonably Good Governors, Lawmakers and Judges and That These Will Perform Their Duties Reasonably Well”

Several years ago William Allen White did his State a lot of good by writing that famous editorial, “What’s the Matter With Kansas?” The time seems right for some editor to perform a similar service for Oklahoma. What has happened to cause all this uproar in the “sooner” State? More important than that, what Is going to happen? nun What Next in Oklahoma? A Stafcehouse surrounded by National Guardsmen, with no one allowed to enter except by their permission; a rump session of the Legislature called at 2 o’clock in the morning, meeting in a room on the eighth floor of a downtown hotel and impeaching not only the Governor but the chief Justice and the president of the State board of agriculture; a Supreme Court opinion that the Legislature has no right to meet in special session unless called by the Governor and a district court injunction forbidding it to consider charges of impeachment—where do we go from here? # a Government at Odds The question of whether Governor Johnston ought to be Impeached has come to be overshadowed by several others. The three branches of government—executive, legislative and judicial—obviously are undertaking to checkmate each other. Co-ordination has ceased, and Oklahoma is faced with the problem of determining where the authority of each begins and ends. This problem is not peculiar to Oklahoma, but goes with our form of government and is likely to make its appearance at any time, not only in any of the fortyeight States, but in the Nation itself. M M M Block Central Authority Separation of government into three distinct branches was intended to create such a system of checks and balances as would prevent any branch from becoming tyrannical. Pear of tyranny was inherent to the spirit that fought the American revolution and established the United States. The fathers of this country, took every precaution to prevent tl i development of centralized authority whether from a geographical or political standpoint. Not satisfied with that dual sovereignty which went with a nation composed of autonomous States, they did everything possible to make the executive, legislative and judicial powers independent of each other. Not only that, but they clothed each with a certain degiee of authority which might be used to curb the other two under certain conditions. * Check by. Common Sense The executive can veto bills and measures passed by the Legislature, the court can pass on the constitutionality of laws and the Legislature can impeach high public officials. These extra powers were conveyed to enhance the system of checks and balances by which the fathers hoped to guarantee a just and liberal form of government. The greatest check on which they relied, however, was plain common sense. V They undoubtedly foresaw that coordination depends on the intelligent selection of officials, as well as the exercise of good judgment and self-control by those officials. The basic presumption of our form of government is that plain people know enough to pick reasonably good governors, law makers and judges and that these In turn, will perform their duties reasonably well. Legal Hair Splitting Legally, we can elect an Imbecile President of the United States; legally, the Supreme Court can so construe a provision of the Constitution as to nullify it, and legally a Legislature can impeach a Governor for spitting on the floor. Legally, the Governor of Oklahoma may have been within his rights when he refused to call a special session of the Legislature and then call out the militia to prevent one; legally, the Supreme Court of Oklahoma may have been within its rights in declaring that a special session of the Legislature could not be held unless called by Governor; legally, a district judge may have been within his rights when he en;oined the Legislature from meeting, and legally, the Legislature may be within its rightrtn asserting authority to meet on its own motion for purposes of impeachment. n n m Up to Citizenship You need something beyond sheer legality In a government by, for and of the people. For one thing, you need honest, conscientious interest in public affairs. For another, you need citizenship that visualizes government as something besides a place where henchmen and healers can connect with the public pay roll. For still another, you need a civic consciousness that ranks higher than ward politics.

Ought to Be Able to Find a Good Man in That Crowd!

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THE STORY OF CIVILIZATION Sophocles—The First Psychologist Written for The Times by Will Durant

SOPHOCLES wrote one hundred plays, of which seven remain. If these reveal his greatness let imagination conceive his genius. At the age of 25 he exhibited his first tragedy; at 27 he won his first prize; whereupon the defeated Aeschylus went off in a huff to Sicily. For thirty years Sophocles was undisputed master in the Theater of Dfonysus; he was twenty times victorious, and never received less than the second award; his last prize came to him sixty years after his first. What strikes us in these dramas is the appearance of introspection and psychological analysis. Aeschylus Is a moralist. Euripides a sociologist; but Sophocles is a psychologist, intent not merely on representing a dramatic situation, but on seeing each part with such inward sympathy that every man seems right while he speaks. So in Ajax we find no emphasis upon mere physical deeds; vhat lures Sophocles is the study of madness. The goddess Athene has made Ajax insane in punishment for his scorn of her at Troy. It is not the first time in history or literature that we find the gods more inhuman than man. Enraged by the award of Achilles’ arm to Odysseus. Ajax goes forth to kill Agamemnon and Menelaus, as responsible for the award; but like Quixote he attacks instead, in his delirium, a flock of oxen and sheep. Defeated, he resolves on suicide, and rejects with Hamlet-like brooding the pleadings of his wife: “Thou vexest me too much. Knowest thou not That I no more am debtor to the gods That I should do them service?” So he goes off alonee with his

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The Rales

1. The idea of letter golf is to change one word to another and do it in par, a given number of strokes. Thus, to change COW to HEN, in three strokes, COW, HOW, HEW, HEN. 2. You can change only one letter at a time. 3. You must have a oomplete word, of common usage, for each jump. Slang words and abbreviations don’t count. 4. The order of letters cannot be changed.

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sword and wanders mad by the sea. "Come and look on me, O Death, O Death!—and yet in yonder world I shall dwell with thee, speak enough with thee; And thee I call, thou light of golden day, Thou Sun, who drivest on thy glorious car, Thee for this last time, never more again. O Light! O sacred land that was my home! O Salamis! where stands my father’s hearth; Thou glorious Athens, with thy kindred race; Ye streams and rivers here, and Troia’s plains, To you that led my life, I bid farewell; This last, last word does Ajax sneak to you; \ All else I speak in Hades to the dead. (Falls on his sword and dies.)” MM M | THIS is still in the romanticheroic mood; not till we come to Sophocles’ masterpiece do we reach the summit of his art and thought Oedipus Tyrannus (Oedipus Rex, King Oedipus) is the most famous of all Greek plays; imitated by Caesar, Lucullus, Seneca, Corneille, Voltaire, Drydfti; and taken with almost literal homage as the inspiration of a currently fashionable psychology. On the stage its impressive opening prepares the reader for great things; a throng of citizens—men, women, boys, girls, infants—sits before the doors of Oedipus’ palace in Thebes, holding boughs of laurel and olive as signs of supplication. A plague has fallen upon the city, and the people have come to implore that something be done to appease the insatiable gods. Oedipus meanwhile has sent Creon to seek guidance from the oracle at Delphi; Creon returns to say that according to the oracle the plague will leave Thebes only with the assassin of Laius, its former king. This is a perfect instance of that method which Horace advised, of plunging in medias ros. beginning a play or a tale with some dramatic episode, and bringing in the preparatory, information later on. Sophocles nad the advantage that his audience knew the story; for the legend of Laius, Oedipus and the Ephinx was part of the folklore of the Greeks. An oracle had told Laius and his queen, Jocasta, that they would have a son who would slay his father and marry his mother. For the first time in history two parents wanted a girl; buit the son came; and to avoid fulfillment of the oracle he was exposed on the mountains after the delicate Grsek fashion of controlling population. There a shepherd found him, called him Oedipus from his swollen feet, and gave him to the king and queen of Corinth, who reared him as their son. Grown up, Oedipus learns, again from the oracle, that he is destined to kill his father and to marry his mother. He flees at once from Corinth, thinking so to leave his parents at a distance. But on the road he meets an old man, quarrels with him and kills him; he does not know that it is his own father. Nearing Thebes he encounters the Sphinx, a creature with the face of a woman, the tail of a lion and the wings of a bird; and hears her famous riddle: “What is that which is four-footed, three-footed and twofooted?” The Sphinx destroyed all who could not answer; and the terrified Thebans had made a solemn vow to have as their next king the man who (could solve the riddle, for the Sphinx had agreed to commit suicide as soon as the answer came. Oedipus replied: “Man, for as a child he crawls on four feet, as an adult he walks on two, and as an old man he adds a cane.” There must have been a goodly element of mercy In the Sphinx, for the answer was accepted as correct, and the Sphinx plunged to death. The Thebans hailed Oedipus, and when Laius failed to return they made the young man king. By the custom of the land the

new ruler married the former queen, and had by her four children, among them Antigone. nun NOTHING could be more tragic than the dawning upon the mind of Oedipus that he is the murderer of his father and the husband of his mother. Jocasta herself refuses to believe it; it is only a mad dream. “It hath been the lot _of many men in dreams,” she ‘ says, summarizing Freud, “to think themselves partners of their mother’s bed. But he passes most easily through life to whom these things become trifles” (11. 9800. When she realizes who Oedipus is she kills herself, and Oedipus, mad with horror and remorse, gouges out his own eyes and leaves Thebes with only Antigone to help him. In another play—Oedipus at Colonus—we see the blind exile bent over his daughter’s arm, living out a bitter old age by begging his bread. At last he enters the sacred grove, forbidding his daughter to follow him, and he does not return. “What form of death He died knows no man. . . . But either someone whom the gods had sent To guide his steps, or else the abyss of earth. In friendly mood had opened wide its jaws Without one pang. Anft so the man was led With naught to mourn for—did not not leave the world As worn with pain and sickness; but his end. If any ever was, was wonderful.” (11. 1622f.) Here again, as in all Greek tragedy, the theme is the hereditary punishment of crime; the sins ox the fathers are visited upon their children Sophocles, conservative though he is, begins to doubt the justice of it, and at times he speaks with a pessimism as dark as Euripides:— “Only to gods in heaven Comes no old age, nor death of anything; All else is turmoiled by our master Time. The earth’s strength fades and manhood’s glory fades; Faith dies, and unfaith blossoms like a flower. And who shall find In the open seats of men Or secret places of his own heart’s love, One wind blow true forever? (Oedipus at Colonus 11. 607f)| Man, in this dark philosophy, is a plaything of the gods, as Lear was to put it; or, in modern phraseology, the individual Is the victim of ancestral causes out of his control. Indeed, the tragedy Is that man, so great, should seem so helpless; it would be a lesser evil if man himself were not so like a god. Hence the terrible lines at the end of Oedipus REX—that no man should be counted happy until he is dead. Sophocles hopes these ills will be remedied, and counsels resignation, like German Sophocles, Goethe; but his pessimism is the vestibule to the rebellious radicalism of Euripides—as Job led Ecclesiastes, a!nd Goethe to Heine. In each nation the road seems to go from belief to unbelief, from hone to wondering doubt; religion, as someone has said, is at the cradle of every civilizaiton, and philosophy is at its grave. Let us trust that man will some day make a religion that will serve adults as well as children, and a philosophy that will be as true for laughing children as for tired men. MUM IT seems ridiculous to conclude this story of Sophocles by telling how, in his old age, he became infatuated with the hetaira Theorsis, and had a son by her. His legitimate son, lophon, fearing (according to an uncertain tale) that the poet would bequeath hia wealth to Theoris’ offspring, brought his father to court on a charge of financial incompetence. Sophocles offered no other defense than* to read a chorus from a play which he was writing, whereupon

DEO. 14, 1927

Times Readers Voice Views

The name and address of the author must accompany every contribution, but on request will not be published. Letters not exceeding 200 words will receive preference. To the Editor: Notwithstanding the fact that the writer is fully aware that “a fool convinced against his will is of the same opinion still,” and that the only thing to be gained in a discussion of religious matters or principles is that each thinks the other is a bigger fool than he thought before, we venture the following reply to a “A Reader,” under date of Dec. 1, 1927; We agree in one thing. I, too, do not believe in capital punishment for various reasons. Still I do not class the executioner as a murderer. He is not taking a human life because of hate or revenge. “Woa to him who sheds innocent blood.” How about him who sheds sinful blood not for revenge but because the world as a whole will be safer and happier. “He that hateth his brother is a murderer and no murderer hath eternal life.” There will be many a surprise verdict of “Guilty of murder” in the final day for those who never even killed a fly, yet secretly hated a fellow being. The purpose back of an act counts, not what you do nor the results. * Moses slew the Egyptian not for personal gain, but for the people of his nation and it was accounted to him as righteousness not murder. ANOTHER READER. To the Editor: Those who quote the Bible on the Snyder case, I notice, quote from the old testament. Why not advance a step farther and quote from Christ’s sermon on the mount, found in St. Matthew’s, chapters five, six and seven? See what He says in the fifth chapter of St. Matthew, beginning with the twenty-first verse and concluding the chapter about killing, calling your brother a fool, committing adultery (found in the twentyseventh and twenty-eighth verse), and last but not least read what He says about divorce, found in the thirty-first and thirty-second verses. Notice also what He says of divorce in the tenth chapter, St. Mark, second to thirteenth verses. The Bible tells us “if we break one of the commandments, we are guilty of all.” How many of us never broke any commandment? “None are perfect, no not one,” says the Bible. I do not believe however that murderers should go free, but I do not believe in killing them, for “Vengeance is mine, and I will repay, sayeth the Lord.” I do not believe two wrongs make a right, and I think an executioner 4s a murderer and a cold-blooded one. I indorse life sentences, but never death penalties. Christ said, “Let him that is without sin cast the first stone.” A TIMES READER.

Questions and Answers

You can set an answer to an; question of fact or Information by writing to The Indianapolis Times Washington Bureau. 1322 New York Ave., Washington, D. C.. inclosing 2 cents In stamps for reply. Medical, legal and marital advice cannot be given nor can extended research be undertaken. A'l other questions will receive a personal reply. Unsigned requests cannot be answered. All letters are confldentlal.—Editor. Has any one climbed to the top of Mt. Everest? No. How many miles of track has the Canadian Pacific Railroad? 14,409 fnilefc. Where in the Bible is bread called “the staff of life”? Ezekiel 4:14; 5:16 and 14:13. When does the next presidential election occur? Nov. 6, 1928. What is the nationality and meaning of the name Tyler? It is of English origin and means “tilemaker.”

Old Masters

Angels from the realms of glory. Wing your flight o’er all the earth; Ye who sang creation’s story Now proclaim Messiah’s birth; Come and worship, Worship Christ, the new-born King. Sinners, wrung with true repentance, Doomed, for guilt, to endless pains, Justice now revokes the sentence, Mercy calls you—break your chains; Come and worship; Worship Christ, the new-born King. —James Montgomery: From “Good Tidings of Great Joy to All People." the judges not only acquitted him but escorted him home. Born many years before Euripides, he outlived him by several months and put on mourning for him; then, in the same year, 406 B. C., he, too, died. It was his good fortune to pass from the scene before the defeat of Athens in the Pelponnesian war and at the end of the heroic age. Pericles was dead, Herodotus and Aeschytus; now Sophocles and Euripides, and in a few years, Socrates. Legend tells how Dionysius appeared to Lysander as the Spartans besieged Athens and demanded a safe-conduct for the poet’s friends, who wished to bury him in the sepulchre of his fathers at Decela. The Greeks rendered him divine honors; for in their noble conception, all great men were gods. The poet, Simmias, v/rote his epitaph:— “Creep gently ivy, ever gently creep, Where Sophocles sleeps on in calm repose; / Thy pale green treraes o’er the marble sweep, While all around shall bloom the purple rose. There let the vine with rich, full clusters hang, Its fair young tendrils flung around the stone; Due meed for that sweet wisdom which he sang N By Muses and by Graces called their own.” (Copyright. X 927, by Dr. Will Durant.) * (To Be Continued)