Indianapolis Times, Volume 39, Number 172, Indianapolis, Marion County, 26 November 1927 — Page 11

' NOV. 26, 1927.

IMVILI^TIONI '-2£- — 0)/ DR.WILL DURANT '

ONLY the Greeks have chiseled stone more nobly; and in all the sculpture of the Renaissance there is nothing to equal Egyptian statuary. Again it is not their colossi that impress us today; the Sphinx and the obelisks and the gigantesque images of Rameses 11. and Amenhotep 111. move us to echo the pitiless word of pagan Goethe before the Strassburg Cathedral—barbarous. In these monstrosities, and almost everywhere in the sculpture of Egypt, we are bored by repetition convention, and such a lack of individuality as could come only from a people priest-ridden and enslaved. Sometimes, however, the artist rises to personality and mastery in the face of all rules and precedents; he gives us the delicate beauty of

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Prince Ewibre and the masculine strength of Amenemhet 111. But for the most part it is the lesser figures that thrill us, the careful portraits that rival at once the calm of Periclean, and the realism of Hellenestic sculpture at their best. As we stand before the limestone statue of the sitting scribe, or, better, before the marvelously human figure of the “Sheikh El-Beled,” or, better, still, the gentle profile of Iknaton, or, best of all (and among the oldest) the head of Chephren carved in hardest diorite, we feel ourselves in the presence of mastery, the sense of worship .tomes upon us, and we long to know and honor the nameless sculptors who lavished on these figures that patience which is the price of perfection. As sculpture was in its origins an

accessory of architecture and an adornment of the tomb, so out of scultpure came the bas-relief, and, out Os this, painting—both of them designed at first to commemorate the dead. Os Egyptian painting little remains, for time makes short shift of colors, and the artists of Egypt longed for permanence. They painted the walls of tombs for superstitious masters who believed, apparently, that pictured symbols would be mistaken for reality by the gods; they rivalled the Chinese in painting birds and fowl and flowers; they covered walls with glazed tiles whose brilliant blue was made to pierce elaborate design in gold leaf; they wove tapestries equal in texture, color and design to the best of modern works; above all. they developed, as other sculptors did not, the art of composition, grouping figures admirably, for example, in the paintings of the Empire on the Theban tombs. u m n BUT architecture, sculpture and painting were only the most

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conspicuous of Egyptian arts; within the home were a hundred kinds of beauty fashioned by careful hands. . . The relics in Tutenkhamon s tomb revealed to us the luxury of Egyptian furniture, the exquisite design and ornamentation of every part; chairs covered with silver and gold, beds of sumptuous workmanship, jewel boxes, perfume baskets and vases surpassed only by China s best. In all this art there were hardly any artists, hardly any figures named and individualized with fond anecdote so posterity might commemorate them. We hear of the great architects Ineni and Senmut, but only because their work as designers was part of their function as political officials. For the rest, the artists of Egypt are not even what kings are to us—names. Their masters looked upon them as menials, and would not havo thought for a moment of letting a sculptor carve his name upon the work of his hands. And yet it is only the artist’s work

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that remains to us now of Egypt's past; the pomp and circumstance of her kings are the laughing stock of time. Other nations may have built with a finer sense of .fitness and symmetry, or carved more subtly the features of individual men, or painted more understandingly the life of all mankind in one face, but there is a strength and majesty in Egyptian art which have never been reached again. n a tt Nevertheless, while iknaton sang, the Empire was ceasing to be. Three hundred letters found some years ago among the ruin's of his capital reveal the dissolution of the imperial bends. Most of the ’etters were addressed to Iknaton by the kings of Asia Minor, and warned the Pharaoh of the invasion of his lands by the Hittites from the north and the Hebrews from the south. Iknaton read, turned his face from thoughts of war and wrote beautiful hymns to the sun. When Iknaton had “gone west’’

(as the Egyptians named death) and Tutenkhamon, still in his youth, had followed him, three warrior kings— Harmhab Seti I. and Rameses 11. went forth to war and bound the subject states to the empire again. Rameses 11., the Alexander of Egypt, forced his way recklessly through Palestine, laid waste its cities, and brought back to Egypt thousands of slaves and hundreds of wives. When he died, after a reign of six-ty-seven years (1292-1225), he left a hundred sons and half a hundred daughters to testify to his character by their number and their proportion. But no military bravery could save Egypt from those economic forces without, and those psychological and moral forces within, that were making for her decay. The foundations of th% state had been sapped by an obscurantist priesthood and a ruthless monarchy; individualistic immorality had loosened all the bonds of order, and everywhere among the exploited slaves there was talk of revolution.

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It was probably in the time of Rameses H. that the Egyptian ’Jews broke their chains and fled from the land of bondage. Meanwhile on every frontier trouble brewed. The prosperity of the country had come in part from its strategic place on the main line of south-Mediterranean trade; its metals and its ships had given it mastery over Libya on the west and Phoenicia, < Syria and Palestine on the east and north. But now at the other end of this trade route—in Assyria, Babylon and Persia—new nations were growing to maturity and power, were strengthening themselves with enterprise and invention, and were daring to compete in industry and trade with the self-satisfied and luxurious Egyptians. The Phoenicians were perfecting the trireme galley (with three banks of oars), and with it they were wresting from Egypt the commerce of the sea. I Trade moved less and less over the mountains and deserts of Asia Minor to Egypt and northern Africa; it

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moved more and more—because at far less expense and with less peril —in ships that passed through the Black Sea and the Aegean to Troy and Crete and Greece. The islands blossomed, and the northern shores of the Mediterranean became peopled with energetic tribes like those which Agamemnon led to Troy. Persia, Phoenicia, Greece, Sicily and Rome flourished; Egypt, Judea, Assyria. Babylon and Carthage, on the deserted land routes of the death of an entire civilization, shows. n tt tt 'F'GYPT lost her trade, her gold, •*-' her power, at last even her pride; one by one her rivals crept down upon her soil, harrassed her, conquered her, and laid her waste. In 945 B. C. the Libwans came in from the western hills; in 722 the Ethiopians came up from the south; in 670 the Assyrians swept oVer the plains from the east. (To Be Continued) (Copyright, 1927. by Will' Durant)