Indianapolis Times, Volume 39, Number 163, Indianapolis, Marion County, 16 November 1927 — Page 10

PAGE 10

%GIVILIZSriON -2tL—-fry DR.WILL DURANT—-

mHE vast peninsula contains 1,750,000 square miles—as much as Europe west of Russia; it is 3,000 miles from north to sputh, and in it are 300,000,000 people, each a soul that sees the universe revolving about it as the center of all movement and meaning. It is a continent rather than a country, with every variety of climate and physical feature. In the north the snow-crowned Himalayas, loftiest mountains in the world, run across from east to west for 1,500 miles. On those heights great river systems form; the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Ganges. Among the mountains dwell Mongol tribes that form an ethnic transition to Tibet and China; in the river valleys nearly 200,000,000 “Aryans”' dwell; and in the Deccan, or lower half of the great triangle, are the blackskinned Dravidians, remnants of the race which the invading Aryans drove down from the north. Here and there (constituting oneflfth of the land) the primitive jungle remains, breeding place of lions, tigers, leopards, wolves and snakes that make life as dangerous in India as in the streets of Chicago and New York. Every year the lords of the jungle soothe their hunger with 50,000 Hindus. South of the river valleys the sun rules like an unchecked despot; and heat makes the religion, the history and the v character of the Hindu. One traveler assures us that “the heat is quite tolerable in the winter months.” Englishmen cannot stay there much more than five years at a time, and if 100,000 of them rule 300,00,000 Hindus it is because they have not remained there long enough. Let them stay, and they will take on the quietude of the Hindu, as they tend to take on his superstitions. • * * SHE history of India is far more obscure than that of China. The Hindus love poetry much more than history, and before Buddha we have hardly anything but legend. The Rig-Veda is a vast collection of folklore dating from 1400 B. C., and telling with Oriental color and imagination the story of the Aryan conquest of India. We know nothing of these origins except that they were a fair-skinned, warlike and nomadic people who came from Central Asia over the Himalayas into India, conquered the Dravidians, and established themselves as the ruling caste of the land. Their high birth rate forced them to seek new pastures; their word for war meant “a desire for more cows” —which is a sincerer name than our idealistic phrase for incorporated homicide. Their language, Sanskrit, became the speech of most of the people of India, and formed the origin of those “Indo-European” tongues to which our own English, like Greek and Latin and their derivatives, belongs. That process of the north sweeping down upon the settled and easygoing south has been the main stream of history, on which civilization has risen and fallen like epochal undulations. • * • r ""I HE Mongols poured down I upon Pekin, the Aryans upon L: J Dravidians, the Achaeans and Dorians upon the Cretans and Aegfeans, the Latins upon the aborigines of Italy, the Romans upon the Carthaginians, the Germans upon the Romans, the Lombards upon the Italians, the French upon the Spanish, the English upon the world. Forever the North produces warriors , and the South produces saints and the weak inherit heaven. So the conquered natives retreated into the Deccan and tilled

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the soil; and as long as they paid the tithe their conaperors left them in peace. There was little slavery in the village anl little serfdom; each family held and bequeathed its land in common and partook, through its head, in the village rule. Great distances and primitive transport left more local autonomy, and freedom under ancient despotisms than our narrow world, crossed and bound with rails and wires and winged speech, can know again under the shibboleths of liberty. But though there was no slavery there was caste. The white-skinned handsome conquerors refused to marry with the almost negroid Dravidians; caste meant color; it meant purity of blood, fidelity to one’s ancestors and to their traditional occupations. The lowest caste was of the black and simple Sudras, servants or propertyless peasantry; above them the Vaisyas, owners of land and other wealth; above these the Kshatryas, warriors, and at the pinlmcle, the Brahmans, priests. It was a civilization, or a form of slavery, not all the world unlike the partition of classes in Plato’s ideal state. And to this day the mystery remains how the man of war and the man of wealth could have been for eo many centuries subject to the priest. • * • * Y/jHO were these omnipotent W Brahmans? They were, first l—J of all, the only literate class among the Hindus and essentially they are that now. It was they who had carried down by memory, across many generations, the legends and poetry of their race; they who had transmitted those terrible epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, which run to a million words; they who had put together the Upanishads (or secret conferences) in which for the first time in history the problems of metaphysics and theology were elaborated into a system of cosmic thought. Long before Parmenides and Plato these Brahman priests played with delight the game of philosophy. Gradually, under their hands, the faith of the Hindus had developed from simple animism to the subtlest theology. Their sacred books, the Vedas, revaaL a primitive pantheon of nature gods; sun, fire, light, wind, water, trees, sex—all were divine.

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and all were worshiped; in the end there were thirty million gods. Here in this congested metropolis Os deities most of our western gods took their origin; even Zeus (Jupiter, Dios, Deus, deity, divinity) was originally the Sanskrit Dyaus, god of the sky—at first, it seems, the sky itself, worshiped directly as the most divine of all things. • • • LOWLY the priests reduced this maze to order by naming Brahma as chief and source of all the gods. First Cause, Soul of the World, ultimate and only reality. He (or it, for Brahma was impartially neuter) was a formless deity, more closely resembling nothing than anything*e!se; recall the Brahma who, to explain the essence of the soul, removed the bark from a tree, then peeled off layer after layer of the trupk until nothing remained, and then said, “That thou art.” This vague pantheism merged with the ancient animism in the doctrine that a soul was hidden in everything and in every man as part of the world-soul; the individual had, so to speak, a borrowed life, as a passing form of ths infinite sport; his separate individuality was only a delusion—tyfaya. If lived virtuously his soul would, at his death, pass through a suture in his skull and become a part of the World-Soul, losing its narrow personality; but if he sinned his soul would pass into another body, and suffer through one transmigration after another till the law of justice (Karma) should be fulfilled and every sin atoned for. This simple theology did not content the Hindu people, in whose warm imagination myths multiplied with the fertility of India’s jungle, Vishnu, the Preserver, was finally taken over by the Brahmans and made the second person of a trinity, of which the third person was the terrible Siva, god of evil and destruction, of birth and death. Superstition and magic rites flourished in the worship of Siva; ikons (the lingam and the, voni) were made in great quantities to represent the reproductive structures; to this day these amulets are worn to secure fertility, and phallic worship remains a part of one of the oldest religions in the world. • • • TTI O other faith could equal popular Brahmanism in the abundanco of its superstitions and tjie complexity of its ritual. To wash in the Ganges is to cleanse the soul of all sin; to die in the holy

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city of Behares is to pass directly to union with Brahma; to wear the sacred thread and repeat the name of a god many times a day is to win protection against every evil. 'Add to this oblations, charms, exorcisms, astrology, Incantations, oracles, vows, palmistry, divination (from signs in the sky, from dreams; from holes eaten into cloth by mice), 2,728,812 priests, a million fortune tellers, yogis, fakirs and holy things. (Copyright, 1927, Will Durant) (To Be Continued) STUDENTS WILL WRITE Mechanical Engineering Group at Purdue Will Pen Editorials. Bv Timet Special LAFAYETTE, Ind., Nov. 16— Seventeen honor students in the school of mechanical engineering at Purdue University have signed for a special course In technical editorial writing that will be conducted during the school year, with the cooperation of the Heating and Ventilating Magazine of New York. This is the first instance of such a course so operating that the work of the class will appear in the regular columns of a national engineering magazine. The formation of this class was the idea of P. E. Fensler, a Purdue graduate, and associate editor of the magazine, following unsuccessful efforts to obtain editorial assistants. Political League Organizes Incorporation papers were filed with Secretary of State Frederick E. Schortemeier, Tuesday, for the Citizens’ Liberty League. Purposes set forth are “political and not for profit.” Headquarters will be kt Elkhart. Incorporators are Charles M. Kremer, Elkhart; John Testo, Elkhart, and Peter Miller, South Bend.

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