Indianapolis Times, Volume 38, Number 245, Indianapolis, Marion County, 18 January 1927 — Page 4

Indianapolis Times ROY W. HOWARD, President. GURLEY, Editor. WM. A. MAYBORN, Bus. Mgr. Member of the Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance • • • Client of the United Press and the NEA Service * • * Member of the Audit Bureau of Circulations. Published dally except Sunday by Indianapolis Times Publishing Cos., 214-220 W. Maryland St., Indianapolis • * • Subscription Rates: Indianapolis—Ten Cents a Week. Elsewhere —Twelve Cents a Week * * • PHONE—MA in 3500.

No law shall be passed restraining the free interchange of thought and opinion, or restricting the right to speak, write, or print freely, on any subject whatever.—Constitution of Indiana.

KELLOGG DOESN’T YET UNDERSTAND The country must express itself still more strongly. The Government at Washington doesu t yet understand. It doesn’t understand that the people are determined not to be led into a war that would have no meaning. It doesn’t understand that the people want an end of armed intervention in Nicaragua and an end of unfair bullying tactics toward Mexico. The people of this peaceful country have only one recourse, and that is the ballot. They can punish the perpetrators of a useless war by using their ballots at the next election. But the next election is a long way off. The clash with Mexico, so busily sought by certain interests, may then be past stopping. In many cities unofficial but effective ballots are being cast now. The results of these ballots ire being spread before the State Department and the White House. Already Secretary Kellogg and President Coolidge are aware that several thousand American citizens have written “no” against the Government’s program, while only a small handful has written "yes.” Many thousands more are yet to be heard from. If you have not voted yet cut out the coupon on the first page of this newspaper and mail it to this office today. * * * Yesterday morning it appeared for a time that Kellogg was prepared to listen to reason. In the Washington Post, whose news and editorial columns tiave constantly reflected the Administration’s views, t here appeared a leading article beginning with these words: "Anew policy of conciliation and compromise with respect to the Mexican and Nicaraguan situation is now being essayed by Secretary of State Kellogg,” etc. At the same time there was sent out from Washington a David Lawrence dispatch beginning: A break in diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States has been indefinitely postponed.” Since Lawrence makes it his business to write nothing displeasing to the Administration, his dispatch, coupled with the new note in the Washington Post, led many to believe Secretary Kellogg had come to.realize the temper of the country. But during the day Kellogg issued a statement to the press. He said: “There has been no change whatever in this Government's policy toward Nicaragua as offered in the President's message. “From the beginning of the trouble, over a year ago, the United States has offered its good offices and exerted its influence to compose the difficulty. “The same attitude has existed ever since Diaz was elected president, nor is any change contemplated.” * * • The secretary's statement can be read two ways. If there is no change in the policy offered in the President’s message, then we will read further public assaults by the President against Mexico —vague charges of gun-running, without asking the Mexican government whether the charges are true and whether gun-running, if any, is sanctioned by the Mexican government, and without pointing out the difference between American gun-running ad Mexican gun-running, if any difference. If no change is contemplated, then the original idea of forcing a break with Mexico remains in the mind of the secretary. That is one .way of reading his statement. The otlier way is to put the emphasis, as perhaps he intended, on his assertion that “from the beginning the United States has exerted its influence to compose the difficulty,” and will continue to do this. You are asked, >n that case, to forget the manner n which the United States has exerted its influence —a manner that has aroused all Latin-America to resentment—and believe that peaceful negotiations will proceed. * * * If the first construction is correct, the country must declare its approval, and declare it emphatically. If the second is true, the country must register, lust as clearly, its determination that this difficulty hall be adjusted without recourse to war. For—and here, perhaps, is the explanation of the ■hanged tone heard from the war makers —the presnt Congress will adjourn in six weeks. With Congress adjourned there will be no hand o check the present irresponsible head of the Department of State. * * 4 It is necessary for the public to speak now. If you haven’t voted—today is the day to do it. TALKING TO EUROPE it costs $25 a minute to talk from New York to .ondon over the new trans-Atlantic radio telephone ystem, but the “line is busy” news had to be given ilmost at the start. Dozens who fought for the chance to spend their ?25 a minute were told that their names would be out on file and it might be possible for them to chew the rag ’ with a London friend in a day or two. Novelty, of course, explains much of the demand. The human ego gets much relish out of bei.ig first in anything epochal. Business demands explains some more. But granting both reasons, here’s wagering that sentimentality explained the bulk of the business. The big business man wanted to say “Hello, mama” to mama in London. Wife, daughter, sweetheart, son, sister, brother, rather received, we wager, more calls than Union Hosiery, Inc., or Ltd. OTHER WAGES While in the spirit of generosity the lawmakers might consider the wage paid to the professors and educators at the Indiana University. the standard of salaries In that institution, the most important in the State, was fixed several years ago. Comparison with the salaries paid in other Sta,te universities in the Middle West, shows that Indiana pays lesß than the others for the training of its future leadership. One of the results is that there is a constant mptation for those who are worthwhile and who

are most useful to leave and go elsewhere. Carried on too long Indiana University is destined to become a third or fourth rate school and the young men and women of this State will go to other schools. The people will kick less about such a raise than they will about the lawmakers taking more money for themselves. HIGHER PRICED LEGISLATORS The members of the Legislature believe so firmly that they are worth more money that they voted to raise their pay in spite of a warning that to do so does violence to the Constitution. Quite in spirit with the age, of course, is this method of getting more money. In other spheres, it is called by a different name. But it is always the proper thing to get the money, apparently. That the lawmaker is underpaid is admitted. That past bodies have justified any increase, on the basis of giving back anything to the public, may be debated. But the cost of living in the capital is such as to make the six-dollar-a-day salary, most attractive in 1881, when the sum was fixed, not so attractive. What would have happened to any one of these members, however, had he gone around before election and declared that whatever the law may be, he intended to Jimmy an extra four dollars a day out of the treasury? Probably most of the members would have been elected, had they had this courage. For the truth is that the people do not discriminate much on these jobs, but take whatever the party whose ticket they happen to be voting, gives them. Os course, none of them would have this courage to openly advocate such a method of getting money but few would have been hurt politically. Which is probably the reason that the members now understand that they need pay little attention to the opinions of the Attorney General hut can afford to take any route to financial safety. It is unfortunate that all the people can not so easily get what they want in the way of wages. A USEFUL DECISION Two years too late to make much difference so far as Mai Daugherty is concerned, the United States Supreme Court has ruled that the United States Senate has authority to compel him to testify before a Senate committee. Daugherty, a banker, brother ol Harry M. Daugherty, then Attorney General, refused to give needed information when the Senate was investigating the Justice Department. The Senate’ll authority—obvious enough, of course—had never been tested in the courts. Mai Daugherty’s attorneys took advantage of this fact and succeeded in keeping the Attorney General s brother out of the committee’s hands. The court's decision, however, is of great value. It means that Congress in the future will be able to obtain information it needs. It means, for instance, that the leading charicter in the Pennsylvania and Illinois election scandals can be compelled to tell what they know. ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE 1 he pasture over the fence always looks greener. That queer quirk in human nature explains why comedians want to do tragedy and why tradegians desire the lighter parts. Chaplin has long had that desire for the tragic role. There has even been talk of his doing Ham'ct. But it remains for real life rather than the stage to provide him with the chanceTake a look at the photographs of Chaplin, posed as he arrived in New York after the cross-continental trip that followed the divorce suit announcement. Read the statement from him that constitutes the “lines” in this, his latest drama. Put the two, the picture and the lines together, and you are witnessing the consummate actor in the greatest performance of his long career. As for the financial stake—it is in keeping with the importance of the part. Charles Chaplin is playing for millions In a piece entitled “The Saddest Man in the World.” MONEY? OH, PSHAW! Lady Houston of London recently was willed six million pounds, about $30,000,000. The will made the lady very miserable and unhappy. She began to give the money away. Oh, just small sums! Little bequests of SIOO,OOO here and here—to the gardener, the housekeeper, to a nephew, a dear old lady she once knew. “Money means absolutely nothing to me,” she said, wearily-and pathetically. “Why do I need money? I have my yacht and my garden and my homes and my cars and horses and—” Saying which, the lady took her interviewer through her palace to show her art treasures. Probably he didn’t dare laugh right out loud at all! No need to be alarmed because Gus Comstock drank eighty-five cups of coffee. They all came from a restaurant percolator. A man fought off two Chicago bandits to save 25 cents. He gave them no quarter. A pessimist is a man who has met too many optimists. Brig. Gen. Reilly says the soldiers haven't barracks fit to live in. Maybe they’re being sent to Nicaragua as a treat. This week we’re voting against the radio announcer who blows a horn and says, “We’re certainly having a hot old time here tonight.” Seattle police are giving good conduct emblems to drivers who didn’t violate the traffic laws in 1926. They haven’t found their man yet. Now that the trans-Atlantic telephone is working, the next thing you’ll see if some commuter rushing for the 7:47 to get to his office in Piccadilly Circus on time. This is the age of electricity but hot air still flourish ’'s

THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES

Tracy 'Ma' Ferguson Nothing in Herself—Being Jim’s Wife Counted,

By M. E. Tracy After a hectic administration and a crushing defeat for re-election, Miriam A. Ferguson, first woman Governor of Texas, retires from office at noon today. At the beginning of her term those unfamiliar with the facts tried to drape it with a significance it never deserved. She was an accident pure and simple, running as a substitute for her husband, who was barred at the last moment. The fact that she was a woman had nothing to do with her success. The fact that she was Jim Ferguson’s wife was everything. . At that, her chances would have been hopeless but for the Klan issue. Through a combination of circumstances too involved for explanations, Texas found itself compelled to accept Mrs. Ferguson or a klansman. The State shut both eyes and voted, but with never a doubt that it was electing Jim Ferguson, though his wife’s name appeared on the ballot. ♦ Two Memorable Things Mrs. Ferguson’s term in office will be remembered for two things—first, a highway scandal that rocked the State and made Dan Moodey her logical opponent, and, second, a pardoning record that has astounded everybody. In spite of reports that she would issue no clemency proclamations after last Friday, Governor Ferguson has kept right on signing them. According to the latest check, she had issued 3,291, and it is estimated that the total will reach 3,500. What staggers people most is the fact that murderers top the list, nearly 400 of them having been pardoned either fully or conditionally. Extreme Begets Extreme Texas wants no repetiton of this orgy of forgiveness. A bill has already been presented to the Legislature for the submission of a constitutional amendment which would deprive Governors of the exclusive right to issue pardons and place it in the hands of a board consisting of the Governor, the chief justice and the attorney general. Under present conditions the amendment would pass. Extremes always lead to extremes. Governor Ferguson's 111-advised use of the pardoning power may result in a popular decree whereby few convicts ever will know the meaning of mercy. Loved Too Well An old lady is dying in Brussels. They call her the “Mad Empress Charlotte.” It was her misfortune to have loved not wisely but too well. She worshipped the unhappy Maximilian, who took her to Mexico as a bride. She thought him a great man, destined to create and rule a great empire. She could not credit his downfall and seems never to have realized that he died before a firing squad. For sixty years she has dwelt in a realm of dreams, harmless, beautiful, pathetic. Human life presents no greater tragedy than a disordered mind In an attractive body, no more appalling problem, no deeper mystery. Changing Policy “There has been no change whatsoever In the Government's policy toward Nicaragua offered in the President's message,” says Secretary Kellogg. “From the beginning of the trouble, over a year ago,” he says, “the United States has offered its good offices and exerted its influence to compose the difficulty. The same attitude has existed ever since Diaz was elected president, nor is any change contemplated.” You get the Impression that we have treated other presidents and other revolutions in exactly the same way we are treating those under discussion, but where were our marines when Chamorro overthrew Solorzano? Colorzano was duly and constitutionally elected, hut the United States made no effort In his behalf when his defeated opponent drove him from office by force of arms. Ideal Relation What George Young said after winning the greatest swimming match on record and a $25,000 prize was that he would build a home in Los Angeles and put his mother in It. What his -mother said was that she hoped they would put her boy in a good warm bed and let him rest. The relationship between the two must be very ideal. Let us hope that success on the son’s part doesn’t change it. Useful 'Pork’ The treasury and postofiice joint commission has recommended 225 projects to Congress, the cost of which would be more than $150,000,000. This represents a startling expansion in the public buildings program and the cry of “pork” rises automatically from those who haven’t received what they feel is a fair cut. We talk a great deal about public which the Government erects, scoffingly when they are for other communities, but pridefully and insistently when they are for our own. Asa matter of common sense, its public buildings represent one of the soundest and most, worth-while Investments the Government makes. In a few cases they may have been overdone, but in a majority, and In spite of the large sums exvended. thev are still inadeauate.

CAR PUH OVER JK COMIRG

Joe Penner Brings the Grandest Wheeze Ever to ‘The Greenwich Village Follies’

By Walter I>. Hickman Nervous feet that never dance; a voice with the grandest wheeze and a face that has a cross-word puzzle 100k —that’s Joe Penner. Never remember running across this eccentric comedian before. Maybe somebody will 2 tell me that he has e n te r t a i ned me many times before. Penner is a comedian with a nervous way about him. He jumps into this scene, that riot and then comes on for his own specialty, a song in which the grand wheeze is effect. And when you expect grand melody to match Ruth Conley the grand wheeze, Penner gives you some gorgeous pantomime with several good wheezes for fine measure. You will find Penner very Times Readers Voice Views To the Editor of The Times: On the night, of Jan. 14 a number of veterans of the World War met at Tomlinson Hall to devise some method whereby they could receive their loans from the banks on their adjusted compensation certificates. There were several suggestions made by the speaker and also by the veterans. One of the speaker’s suggestions was the appointment of a committee to go to Washington. Then the writer of this letter suggested that we should give to the public a letter stating our views. This suggestion received the approval of about 80 per cent of the veterans present. They believe that the banks should give this loan. Bank Ask Accounts As it now stands a veteran must have an account with the bank to which he applies for his loan, or must show that he has had one. Secretary of the Treasury Mellon gave out the statement through the newspapers a few days ago that the banks were willing to pay the loans, but he refused to say in what way they were making them. When asked why they will not make the loan to all veterans, the bankers say there is nothing in the certificates assuring them that the Government will repay them In case the veterans does not. They refer to Section 502, Subdivision C, where it states that the director may, in his discretion, accept the certificate and note, cancel the note (but not the certificate), and pay the bank, in full satisfaction of its claim, the amount of the unpaid principal due It and the unpaid interest accrued at the rate fixed in the note, up to the date of the check issued to the hank. Capital rules the Nation and the banking Interests are that force, so why, then, do they refuse to pay back to their own Interests? Another reason the bankers give for not loaning on the certificates is that the rate of Interest set forth is not sufficient and they would handle the paper at a loss or would no more than break even at the best. I wish to State that if they broke even, they have done far better than we veterans have been able to do. Why Not Help? If this great and good country of ours thought enough of the boys to have given us this relief, why can’t the bankers help? If we are the boys who fought, and were willing to fight, protecting the bankers’ Interests and sacrificing our own lives, why can’t the bankers sacrifice a little time to these same boys in their time of need? Many of our families are without food and the other necessities of life. The humane side of the situation alone should be sufficient to prompt them to do their duty. The veterans believe that the public should have the facts concerning the bonus, and we have taken this way of telling them. A VETERAN.

Our Own Little An to Show

much present in the new edition of the Greenwhieh Village Follies. Among the other fun makers you will find Tom Howard, Joe Lyons and Walter Fairmont in “The Spy,” one of the cleverest sketches in this revue; Penner and Sam Hearn in “The Window Cleaners,” a burlesque affair which is not new in its nature; Grace Rivers and eight other girls in a burlesque song number, “Faded Flowers;” Hearn, Joe Lyons and Tom Howard in two funny affairs, “Go Ahead Sing,” and “Go Ahead Hat;” Irene Delroy in a very plain affair with a bed called. “Moving In;” Howard, Fenner and Lyons in “The Trickster,” an old idea, but put over in great style by these three funmakers; “Suicide” with about five attempts at it, funny; and others. Then you have Bailey and Barnum, one with the banjo and the other -with the voice, solid hits. Those who do a good deal of the singing are Irene Delroy, Arnold Gluck, Evelyn Hoey, Ruth Conley, especially in a burlesque takeoff on “Wouldn’t You,” with Sam Hearn and others. Chief in the dancing, of course, are the Sixteen Amercian Rickets, girls who know how to dance and girls who look like a million dollars and then some, and girls who do new dance formations, many of them as pretty as they are new. One of the finest dancing organizations that we have had here for iany months. Must not forget to mention Kendall Cappa, a man who does marvelous things with his feet. Then the two ballet dancers, Mile. Vlasta Maslova and Bayard Rauth, In several finely done numbers. Both are artists. The best song number In the review is “Whistle Away Your Blues.” Here is a real number, and this company knows how to put it over with telling effect. The prettiest number in the show is "Cinderella,” and with “The Firefly Ballet” running it a close second. Some of the sketches are overspiced. Some suggest a mighty rapid pace, but this is to be found in nearly all of the new 4 revues. And yet you will find Joe Penner handing out some of the most individual comedy that a revue may boast of. Joe Penner is the Joe Cook of this organization. You know what to expect in the “Greenwich Village Follies,” and this edition continues successfully the trademark. At English's all week. lIARKY HAS DIFFERENT WAY TO SELL HIS COMEDY Harry Holmes does not attempt to “sell” his comedy like anybody on the stage today. He probably knows how to get a comedy point out of general confusion as well if not better than most entertainers. Holmes starts with a dim light playing upon his strange facial makeup. He yells Band screams, whispers and sighs his assault 4 upon life in general, i mostly about his j unhappy married W state. Things be- * come so general In '! confusion that his assistants carry the battle into a box and an aisle . of the theater. I. then he braves all (L ' m danger as lights k° on unafraid in m HH full view of the audience. And the Harry Holmes big thing about all of his nonsense that there is a point to it. His attempt to make a chicken do the Charleston in a panic as well as a scream. I think lam doing him an unfair trick to even discuss a thing that he does because the less you know what Holmes is going to stage, the better you will fall for his fun. He easily is winner on the current bill at Keith’s. There is artistry to all of his madness of comedy. ' Using sketches which are frequently seen in legitimate revues, Lew Ueymour and Jessie Howard present “All Over Town Revue.” Some of their sketches are not new

to the revue stage, but are probably new to vaudeville. They know how to inject jazzy and rapid tunes between sketches, the result being that Seymour and Howard, with their assistants, have a smart and rapid variety offering. For vaudeville, it strikes a new r note, although It is revue in nature. Some of the dance numbers are well done. A1 Shaw and Sam Lee, recently with Ed Wynn in “The Grab Bag,” are doing their eccentric talking and dance routine. James Kelso and Belle De Monde have an eccentric comedy offering which they call "A Revue for Two.” Their opening travesty on a pair of flat hunters is their funniest attempt at burlesque. Marguerite Padula and Monroe Purcell use two grand pianos in their offering, “Ivory Novelties.” Miss Padula some seasons ago left a lingering impression with me, and this season she more than impressed her advancement upon my memory. This woman knows how to present a piano and vocal offering which is different and at the same time has class and merit. Frank Jerome and Evelyn open the bill with “A Breeze From Broadway.” Art poses are offered by Beulah Stewart and May Day in “Parisian Art.” At Keith's all week. HUNKS OF WOOD AND REAL MELODY Once a xylophone player always a xylophone. That may not be true but it seems to me that it is more difficult for a xylophone player to be different. The only way out is. to have a company and be a little more eccentric than the 9 others. And yet being an extreme and with a dancer, Beatrice Byrne, as the company. Elry his program as movements In percourse h% creates when he goes after wicked blues, he Beatrice Byrne gets it with as much ease and as sure as a great pianist would create melody. He changes wigs to correspond with the type or color of his melody. And yet, I wish he would devote more time to straight and big playing because he is an artist on the xylophone. By using Miss Byrne to open the act and to dance to liis music, Elcota and Byrne have an offering of real merit as well as eccentric appeal. Alexander Sisters go in for violin harmony, dancing and singing before elaborate sets. One of the sisters, dressed mostly in a violin, opens the act with a little violin music and some musical conversation. The act has flash and speed. It seems that the fat and heavy comics are coming back into favor on the variety stage. Or at least they seem to me to be more frequent than usual. In Watts and Howley the man is the sized edition. He sings songs with rather rapid (Turn to Page 7)

Stage Verdict ENGLISH’S Joe Penner, comedian, is going to be the talk of the town this week. He is with the Greenwich Village Follies. A big show with as fine a dancing organization as one would want to see. LY’RIC —Elcota, a xylophone player, proves that such a musician may be 4 both an artist and an eccentric comedian. KEITH’S —A comedian who is different from all the others —Harry Holmes. PALACE—The Welder Sisters with four young men have a pleasing dance offering and offer several good musical numbers by the two girls.

JAN. 18, 1927

Work Don't Hold Up if You Can Win and Have Stopper Left.

By Milton C. Work The pointer for today is: Declarer should not hold up if he can win the trick and still liav* a stopper left. With three cards and two stoppers in the suit originally led, such as Ace-King-x or Ace-Queen-x, it is generally better t.o win the first trick, pass the second and take the third; rather than pass the first and take the second and third. There is always a chance —if the first be passed —that some other suit will be opened in which the Declarer may not have two sure stoppers. The taking of the first trick Is especially important when doing so makes up another stopper in the suit and failing to do so would not. For example, suppose Closed Hand (South) has Ace-Jack-x and Dummy xx, that West leads a small card and that East plays the King; holding up would limit the Declarer to one trick in the suit because East would immediately return the lead through South’s Ace-Jack; but Declarer, if he won the first trick, would have a good chance of taking another because his Jack-x probably would be led up to. In this case,! the usual location of the danger' hand would be reversed and Declarer should plan his campaign with the idea of keeping the adverse lead on his left, rather than on his right. A similar situation would occur with a holding of Jack-x in Dummy and Ace-Ten-x in Closed Hand; or some such holding as a singleton Queen in Dummy, Ace-Ten-x in Closed Hand, and the play of the adverse King by Third Hand on Dummy’s Queen. There are occasional hands In which a Declarer, In order to cinch the game, should sacrifice the possibility of winning a second trick in the suit. Suppose, for example, he havo small cards In Dummy and King-Queen-x in Closed Hand; that a small card not the lowest) is led, and that Third Hand play the Jack. By winning the trick he still would have the suit stopped against a lead from his left, but not if the lead should come from the right. If the only long suit to be finessed be in Dummy (like Ace-Ten-x-x-x there, and Queen-Jack-x in Closed Hand), and if making four tricks in that suit would insure game, the situation would be different from the general one, and in that case Declarer should pffss the first trick, deliberately giving up the hope of a second trick in the adverse suit, so as to exhaust the adversary on his right before the suit is established. Such cases, however, are rare; as a general rule the first trick should be -won when it leaves a stopper,i even if it boa stopper only should* the suit be led by the adversary non-hold-up situation. (Copyright, John F. Dille Company.) Work, the International authority on Auction Bridge, will answer questions on the game for Times readers who write to him through The Times, ihrlosing a self-addressed, stamped envelope.

Questions and Answers

You can get an answer to any question of fact or information by writing to The Indianapolis Times Washington Bureau. 1322 New York Are.. Washington. D. C.. inclosing 2 cents in stamps for reply. Medical, legal and marital advice cannot be given nor can extended research be undertaken. All other questions will receive a personal reply. Unsignod requests cannot be answered. All letters are confidential.—Editor. Does the planet Mars have vegetable and animal life? Observations by astronomers and physicists of Mars at Its nearest approaches to the earth show that it has clouds which could not be created unless both'air and water were present. It is assumed, therefore, that there may be and probably is vegetation there. Whether animal life exists on the planet no one really knows. If there is It must be of such a character that it can stand extreme cold, for the atmosphere of Mars is so thin and scanty that whilel the temperature may reach 68 degrees Fahrenheit in the daytime, at night it doubtless drops much below zero. An extremely hardy form of animal life would be necessary to endure such conditions of sudden temperature changes. How do persons lose their American citizenship? By naturalization in a foreign country; entering the military army or naval service of a foreign country; desertion from the United States Army or Navy in time of war; conviction for treason and other high crimes or misdemeanor; making a homestead entry in a foreign country on which permanent residence is required; entering the civil service of a foreign country and taking an oath of allegiance; renouncing American citizenship before a court of competent jurisdiction or protracted residence aboard without taking steps to preserve one’s status as an American citizen. Are there any women producers in the United States? Gloria Swanson and Mary Pickford produce their own pictures. Miss Swanson is head of the Swanson Producing Corporation and Miss Pickford of the Mary Pickford Company, both of which supply their product to the United Artists Corporation. What is the meaning of the name Doris? It is from the Greek and means “sea.” | Which State adopted compulsory education first? Which country? Massachusetts adopted compulsory education in 1852, followed by New York in 1853. Holland adopted compulsory education in the sixteenth century*