Indianapolis Times, Volume 35, Number 200, Indianapolis, Marion County, 30 December 1922 — Page 14
14
Much History Made During thè Past Year
Prosperity, Discolitent and Two Big* Strikes Among Notable Developments in America —Europe in Turmoil. By EDWARD W. PICKARD Momentous events and developments marked thè year 1922, both at home and abroad. In America these included thè great strikes of coal miners and railroad shopmen; thè passage by Congress of a new taritf bill, and thè generai defeat of thè Republican party in thè November elections. Among thè most noteworthy events elsewhere Avere thè establishment of thè Irish Free State; thè election of a new pope; thè ront of thè Greeks in Asia Minor and thè regeneration of thè Turkish state, followed by thè Near
East peace conference at Lausanne; thè downfall of Prime Minister Lloyd George, and thè triumph of thè Fascisti in Italy. Althcugh thè people of thè United States enjoyed a fair amuunt of prosperity throughout thè year, they were discontented and dissatisfled, and showed it when they went to thè polis in November. Seemingly they did not like thè new tariff law, and thè big strikes and thè matter of prohibition enforcement also had their effect then. Economie and flnancial conditions in some of thè European countries showed little or no improvement, due in pari to thè continued state of unsettlement concerning thè German reparations and to thè renewed turmoil in thè Near East. Other countries* notably Italy and Czeche Slovakia, moved definitely toward stabiiization and prospertity. Communism and socialism suffered a tremendous setback in Italy when thè Fascisti rebelled against those doctrines and tcok over thè control of thè govemment. As in 1921, December was marked by an international conference In Washington, for President Harding had invited thè Central American republics to send delegates there to discuss liinitatlon of armaments and < er questions. They met on Dee. 4.
INTERNATIONAL
January sound thè great powers stili engaged in formulatili" treaties and agreements in thè Washington conference on armaments and Pacific Ocean problems, and on Feb. 1 thè delegates, in plenary session, adopted thè five*power naval limitation treaty with an agreement on Pacific fortificati ons; passed resolutions declaring thè open door In China and approved a treaty for thè restriction of thè use of polson gas and submarine. l } In warfare. On Feb_ 6 thè delegates signed all thè treaties and thè conference adjourned sine die.
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and in four days President Harding submitted thè treaties to thè Senate. By thè end of March thè Senate had ratified all these treaties, as well as one with Japan, by which thè troublesome question of American rights on thè island of Tap was settled. Great Britain and Japan also, in thè course of time, ratified thè conference paets, and, like thè United States, took steps toward putting into effect thè terms of thè treaty on naval limitation. But France delayed action and her example was followed by severa! smaller nations. Finances Are Problem. Rehabilitation of Europe, economie and flnancial, was thè great problem that confronted thè world and its solution depended to a considerable extent on a settlement of thè German reparations matter. This had not been reached when thè year come to a ctose. The Germana steadily maintained that complete enforcement of thè treaty of Versailles would ruin Germany and be disastrous for thè rest of Europe, though Dr. Wirth, thè chan cellor, held that Germany must and would ultimately pay thè reparations bill. Berlin insisted that a lor.g moratorium be granted on all thè payments and that an international loan to Germany be arranged. France, depending on thè reparations money for reconstruction and continually on thè vrge of bankruptcy, would not listen to propositions for thè reduction of thè war bill, and from tini e to time made preparations to put into effect eanctions against Germany, such as occupving thè Ruhr district and thè nati onal forests in thè Rhineland. Always Great Britain oblected to this until late in thè year when Bonar Law had succeeded Lloyd George as prime minister. Conference Called On Aprii 10 an economie and financial conference, called by thè allied supreme council, opened in Genoa, Germany and Russia were invited to partecipate, under certaln restrictions, but soon aster thè sessions began thè delegates of those two nations concluded a treaty cancelline their war debts and thè treaty of Brest-Litovsk and establishing full diplomatic rela-
great powers, despite thè protesta of eions. Surprised and angered, thè thè neutrals, barred thè Germans from further participation in thè discussion of Russian affairs, which was thè most important subject before thè conference then. The allied nations offered to give flnancial aid to Russia under certain conditions, but Belgium refused to agree to this and a day or two later thè French withdrew their assent, charging that Lloyd George was practicing trickery to gair control of thè Russian oil fields. Meanwhile thè soviet delegates were making such excessive demands that thè uselessness of further negotiations became evident and thè conference adjourned aster adopting an eight months’ truce with Russia. It was agreed that another meeting to deal with Moscow should be held at The lingue. The United States declined an invitation to this conference. This second meeting lasted from June 15 to July 20 and ended without result becauso thè other nations could not stomach thè excessive demands of thè Russians for credits in return for concessions. Turks Make War Mustapha Kemal Pasha and thè Turkish nationalists, who had disavowed all thè doings of thè Turkish government at Constantinople, spent thè summer in secretly preparing for a great offensive against thè Gree’ts in Anatolia. They opened thè attack on Aug. 23 and took thè enemy completely by surprisè. Within one week thè Greek armies had been routed and driven back to Smyrna and other coast positions and Athens was askìng for an armistice and agreeing to get out of Asia Minor. Kemal occupied Smyrna on Sept. 9 and Ave days later a large pari of thè city was destroyed by flames. Great Britain, which had been sponsor for tfie Greek venture in Asia Minor, was alarmed by thè exprossed intention of thè nationalists to take possession of Constantinople and thè rest of thè old Turkish empire, ami she called on her dominions and France, Italy, Serbia, Itoumania and Greeco to join her in thè defense of thè Dardanelles. France, which had been givlng aid and comfort to thè Turks, and Italy objected to military operations against (he Kemalists, and some of thè British dominions were noticeably cool. However, Britain hurried reinforcements to her land and naval forces In thè Near East and let thè Turk and thè world know that she would act alone if necessary. Armistice Signed The allies on Sept. 23, Invited thè nationalists to a peace conference, agreeing to return to tliem Constantlnople, Adrianople and eastern Thrace in return for thè guaranteed freedom of thè straits. Kemal insisted that Russia must be included. and thè allies agreed that thè soviet government should partielpate In settlement of thè question of thè Dardanelles. Aster several trying days, when war seerned almost unavoidable, thè allies and nationalists met at Mudania on Oct. 3 to arrange an armistice. A
THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES
week later a protocol was signed providing for thè evacuation or eastern Thrace by Greece within flfteen days and lts delivery to Turkey within forty-flve days, and yleldlng to thè Kemalists thè civil control of Constantinople pending a peace conference. This conference opened In Lausanne, Switzerland, Nov. 20, with thè prospect of being long in sesslon. The United States declined full participation, but sent Ambassador Child, Minister Crew, Admiral Bristol to guard thè interests of America and Americane, these being especially in connection with thè oli flelds of Mosul. The conference had to deal with thè frontiera of thè Turkish state, both in Europe and in Mesopotamla, where thè oil fields are located. The matter of thè control of thè straits also was thè subject of jealous contention. On Nov. -21 Adrianople and eastern Thrace were turned over to thè Turks, but thè allies retained military control of Constantinople. Justtee Court Meets The international permanent court of justice, perhaps thè greatest' achievement of thè League of Nations so far, held its flrst session in The Hague on February 15. The council of thè leagueTmet in London on July 17, and Ave days later announced that thè British mandate for Palestine and thè French mandate for Syria were approved. The assembly of thè league began its annual sessjon in Geneva Sept. 4, with Augustin Ed wards of Chili Presiding Hungary was admitted to thè league. On May la thè conference to settle thè old Tacna-Arica dispute between Chili and Perù opened in Washington and in due time carne to a successful conclusion, adopting a compromise pian suggested by Secretary Hughes Colombia and Venezuela settled their boundary dispute on Aprii 9. Esthonia Latvia, Lithuania and Albania were reeognized by thè United States as soverelgn States on July 27.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Witli Michael Collins as its head, thè provisiona] governinent of thè Irisli Free State was established in January, aster Dail Eireann had eccepted thè treaty witli England and De Vaierà had refused to accede. Immediately thè republlcans, now rebela, started a warfaro that lasted throughout thè year and was marked by lnnumerable assassinations and other outrages. The Fr <*o State forces gradually galned possesslon of most of tho territori - where tho rebels wore strong and tho flghting degenerated into 1 ushwhacking. On Aug. 22 Prosident Collins tvas killed In un ambuscade and William Cosgrovo waa elected to sueceod hlm. Ersldne Chlldors, chiof aid of De Valeria, waa capturod and executed, as were other Ropubllcan leader. The Irisii Free State formally carne lnto being on Doc. 6, with Timothy Healy ss govcrnor generai. Prime Minister Lloyd George held power through all thè vlclssltudes of thè year until Oct. 19. On that day
Noijed Humorist Wants Booze Back IRVTN S. COBB The Nation should resolve on this New Year to repeal thè Volstead act, in thè opinion of Irvin S. Cobb, noted humorist.
thè conservatìves in parllament decided to abandon thè coalition and act in future as a separate party. The premier was thus deprived of his majority and promptly resigned, with his cabinet. A. Bonar Law, chosen leader of thè conservatìves, succeeded hlm, formod a new ministry and called an election for Nov. 15. At thè polis he won contro! of parli.ament. Under thè leadership of Benito Mussolini, thè Fascisti of Italy, organized primarily to protect thè country against thè communists, fought a long and successful battio. Gainlng steadily In strength and finaìly, dissatisfled with thè weak policles of Premier Facta, compelled his resignation on Oct. 26. Mussolini was made premier. Greece's disaster in Asia Minor resulted In thè second abdicatlon of King Const.antlne on Sept. 26, in thè face of a re volt by thè returning troops. Next day thè orown prlnce, George, was sworn as king and a new government installed. The revolutìonlsts in control caused thè arresi of varimi® former cabinet officers and generala on thè charge of high treason in connection with thè debacle in Anatolia, and slx of tliem, lncludlng three former premlers, were condemned to death. M. Briend resigned as premier of France on Jan. 12 becauso his policles at thè Cannes conference were opposed. He was succeeded by M. Poincaré, whose policles Included strict enforcement of tho treaty of Versailles. Pope Dies Pope Bonedict XV di ed on Jan. 22. ar.d on Feb. 2 thè Sacred College met in Rome to chooso his successor. Tour days later Cardinal Achille Ratti, archblshop of Mllan, was eiected. and on Feb. 12 he was crowned pope as Plux XI. To thè accotint of affairs in Turkey re lai ed above ls to bo adih-d thè down fall of thè suitan. Coi -idered by lhe Angora government to be a tool of th<-
British, and consequently a traltor, he was deposed on Nov. 1. The soverelgnty of thè nation was declared to be in thè hands of thè people and thè nome changed from Ottoman Empire to State of Turkey. The dethroned ruler took refuge on Malta. On Nov. 18 his nephew, Abdul Medjid Effendi, was eiected saliph of thè Moslem church. Affairs in China were, as usuai, almost too confused for und wstanding. On Aprii 21 Gen. Chang Tso Lin, governor of Manchuria, seized Peking and Tientsin, and on May 4 he was defeated by General Wu and driven back into Manchuria. In June thè old Chinese Parliament met, President Tsu resigned and Li Yuan-Hung was made president, with Wu Ting-Fang as premier. Sun Yat Sen, head of thè southern China government, was driv-
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en out of Canton on June 16, but in August he turned up as thè controlling figure In a conference In Shanghai called to establish a finn government for united China. Germany devoted herself through tho year largely to efforts to evade thè payment of reparations, to determine work to regain her foreign trade, and to thè printing of innumerable billions of paper marks. Tho value of thè mark fluctuated widely, reaching a low level of more than 8,000 for a dollar. On June 24 Dr. Walter Rathenau, foreign minister, was assassinated in Berlin by reaotionaries. Chancellor Wirth and his cabinet were forced out of office Nov. 14 and Wilhelm Cuno became chancellor. The former Kaiser married Princess Hermine o£ Reuss at Doorn, Holland, on Nov. 5.
DEC!
Slowly returning H conditions, Russia cc* money and recognlticß for industriai concessH tho year thè smallo™ lics votes to Join thè ■ Moscow. J
DOMESI AFFAI®
The people of B| States, despite thè* they were relativelß ous, w'ere not contenß rentals and thè pritl (Continued on Pan