Indianapolis Times, Volume 34, Number 207, Indianapolis, Marion County, 9 January 1922 — Page 13

LEAGUE’S WORK FOR TWO YEARS SUMMARIZED Second Anniversary Finds Abandonment by U. S. of Isolation Theory. FIFTY-ONE IN ASSEMBLY NEW I'ORK, Jan. 9.—The League o t Nations is two years olil tomorrow. In view of the Washington conference and America's abandonment of {he isolation theory, the League of Nations News Bureau has made public a brief resume of the league’s work which it is feit is very largely unknown in this country. Two years ago when the league came into being it was composed of but thirteen former allied powers. Since then all the allied powers except America have joined; the thirteen former neutral powers invited to adhere have done so; and two of the four ex-enemy states and half a dozen new states born in the war have been admitted. Today, on its second anniversary, the league numbers lifty-one nations, the largest collection ol’ states ever brought together. In those two years there has been built up a loose, flexible association of cooperating nations able to focus attention on any international problem from a purely humanitarian project to the most serious diplomatic issue. The outline of a general international structure has been drawn to be filled in as time and experience seem to justify. In certain major matters of common interest most of the world’s nations, whether of Europe, the Americas', Asia or Africa, have learned to confer about a common table. MANY DEPARTMENTS NOW FUNCTIONING. There are now functioning an annual assembly of fifty-one nations; a council of the eight larger nations; a permanent court of Justice; a permanent secratariat; technical organizations on international health, finance, economics and freedom of communications and transit; an interational labor office; permanent committees on armaments and mandates; special bodies on the suppression of the international opium and white slave traffics, repatrication of prls mers, the relief of typhus in Poland, the protection of minorities, and the administration of the Saar Basin and the Free City of Danzig. The league’s first task, of course, is to prevent war. Already five disputes threatening world peace have been brought before it. Three have been settled finally and two are in negotiation. Procedure wholly new in diplomacy has been used on several occasions, but force never. The first conflict settled was that between Sweden and Finland over the strategic Asland Islands, when detailed negotiations gave the sovereignty of the islands to Finland, assured absolute protection to their predominant Swedish population, and effected their neutralization through a ten-power treaty. Second was the Polish-Lithuania dispute, where the league has prevented the hostilities threatened by Zoligovski’s seizure of Vilna and offered a project of settlement which is still being negotiated. TROUBLE ALLAYED IN UPPER SILESIA.

Third was the Upper Silesia dispute which, because of the deadlock between Great Britain and France, threatened the break-up of the entente, and which was solved only when the league was called in and drew up an entirely new form of solution safeguarding economic as well as nationality interests. Fourth was the Yugo-Slav invasion of Albania, when Lloyd George's telegram to the league requesting the application of the economic blockade against Servia for having begun hostilities without arbitration and the immediate public sessions of the council sent Yngo-Slav exchange tumbling, held up an important loan and forced the Yugo-Slav government to withdraw its troops behind the frontier. Finally, the three-cornered Tacna-Arica dispute was argued M length in public session on demand of Bolivia and although the results were not conclusive it is interesting to note that Chile has since Initiated direct negotiations with Peru on the question and has definitely proposed a plebiscite. But the mere settlement of disputes already arisen is not sufficient guarantee of peace, for if disputes are allowed to develop until they become critical, the time Is certain to come when one amongst them will get out of hand and the world’s peace be again ruptured. Consequently, an even more constructive work has been undertaken first in setting about removing as many general causes of difficulty as possible and second in providing a permanent machinery to be ready at all times. ASSEMBLY CROWNS PEACE WORK. The crown of that work is the assembly, where representatives of the fiftyone league members come together automatically on the first Monday in every September to discuss any question which any nation wishes to bring up as affecting the peace or well-being of the world. Through Its two sessions at Geneva the assembly has become a well-oiled, smooth-running forum, without power of compulsion, but with great moral authority. The council, consisting of representatives of Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan permanently and of Belgium, Brazil, Spain and China temporarily, is holding its sixteenth meeting at Geneva. It is a small, informal body charged with the general direction of the league and abie In emergencies to meet on a week's notice. It was just some such body as this that Sir Edward Grey failed to find when the Austrian crisis of 1914 precipitated the World War and which the recent four-power treaty aims to set up for Pacific questions. The third central body is the secretariat, an international civil service of about 250 people and over thirty nationalities, charged with carrying on all the daily work of the league, serving as an international center of experts named for their knowledge rather than their politics, and specifically entrusted with the publication of all treaties registered by league members, some 250 of which have already been received. Its headquarters are in the former Hotel National, at Geneva, which the league •or33ased at a cost of about $1,000,000. COURT FOLLOWS I.EGAL PRINCIPLE. Next Is the permanent court of international Justice, a court of law basing its judgment not on diplomatic adjustment, but on legal principle, and entrusted, with the council, in making effective the covenant’s fundamental principle that no nation shall go to war without arbitration or conciliation. Here the league has achieved its greatest single triumph, for as against the failure of The Hague and other conferences It has succeeded in creating a court of eleven judges and four deputy Judges which will bold its first meeting on Jan. 30. This court is of peculiar interest to America because Elibu Root helped draft its statute and John Bassett Moore sits as one of its judges. Beyond these bodies are the technical organizations, so-ealleld, because dealing in technical questions as distinct from political and diplomatic. Most highly developed is that on freedom of communications and transit, which has already held an international meeting of forty nations at Barcelona and worked out draft treaties aiming to assure a readier flowe of trade between nations by removing certain of the unnecessary war barriers. Next is that on finance and economics which directed the Brussels financial conference of some thirty-

five nations, including the United States and Germany, worked out the details of the so-called Ter Meulen Bcheme, and laid down a complete program for the reconstruction of Austria, which only awaits the release of Hens by the United States to be put into operation. Finally, is the health organization for co-ordinat-ing the activites of the various nations for the prevention of world epidemics, as shown in the work already undertaken in helping relieve typhus in Poland by means of about a million dollars, contributed by the members of the league and in the perestn conference at London, which America is officially attending, for the international standardization of antitoxic sera. HUMANITARIAN TASKS ENTRUSTED. Certain humanitarian tasks were also entrusted to the league in the peace treaties. First, is the oversight of the mandated territories containing about 13,000,000 backward peoples. Though the United States several times delayed this work by protests on points of detail, the mandates for former German Southwest Africa and the former German Pacific Islands were confirmed a year ago; the Japanese and the Australlon governments have already sent in the required annual reports, and the permanent mandates commission composed of colonial experts begun its work of oversight. At the same time, the Saar Valley, a vital coal area of about 625,000 people between Germany and France, has been a*mlnistered for over a year by a laegue commission composed of a French, Belgian, Danish, Canadian and Snarlouisian member: and the free city of Danzig ha. been enabled to work out its difficult relationships with Germany and Poland through the protection of the league. Similarly, some dozen treaties have been signed with nearly all the nations of Eastern Europe and the Balkans promising certain minimum rights to their racial, religious or linguistic minorities

and recognizing the league as the agency of interpretation or appeal. So, also, two important pre-war social projects have been taken over by the league. As regards the suppression of the traffic in opium, the expert advisory committee has begun its work and the council and the assembly have gone far beyond anything ever before attempted in Initiating definite plans not only that the traffic be controlled, but that the production be limited to purely legitimate needs. As regards the suppression of the international white slave traffic, a conference of thirty nations was held at Geneva last spring; anew convention was drawn up and indorsed by the assembly, an<l twenty-three nations hav* already put their signatures to it. Moreover, certain specific humanitarian emergencies have been met. Under direction of Dr. Nansen over 400,000 prisoners of war, many of whom had been in exile for five and six years, have been returned to their homes. The plight of the 800,000 Russian refugees squeezed out of Russia into the neighboring States and that of unnumbered thousands of Armenian women and children dragged off into Turkish harems are slowly being ameliorated through the league. Where the league has achieved leas* success is in reduction of armaments. Progress has been Impossible in navat questions because of America's absence, and delayed in military matters by Europe’s unstable political situation. Nevertheless, certain preparatory work has been effected; the question of budgetary limitation and statistical information studied; and two corollary projects, the suppression of the traffic In arms and munitions to backward countries and the control of the private manufacture of arms, initiated. In the last two years, then, it may safely be said that the League of Nations has built up a flexible structure for international cooperation; has solved several serious conflicts between nations ana established the machinery for solving others that may arise; has begun the creation of anew kind of international

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INDIANA DAILY TIMES, MONDAY, JANUARY 9, 1922.

law; has advanced certain highly humanitarian projects; has provided a broad forum for International conference whether on general or technical questions; and demonstrated that nations can cooperate without losing their sovereignty, without using force and with mutual advatnage to all. SHANK TO APPEAR IN SQUARE DANCE Mayor’s Fiftieth Anniversary to He Celebrated. The fiftieth birthday anniversary of Mayor Samuel Lewis Shank has been chosen by the Marion Club as a proper occasion to stage a celebration for the Republican landslide in the municipal election. The event will take the form of a birthday ball, to which the public is invited, at Tomlinson hall. Mr. Shank has asked that the program Include an old-fashioned square dance, in which he says he Is proficient. Leonard M. Quill Is chairman of the general committee In charge with Carson Harris as assistant chairman, Walter E. Shelborne, secretary, and Harry T. Henrsey, treasurer. Tickets will be on sale at the Marlon Club and elsewhere in a few days, Mr. Quill announced. TELLS OF BEING LURED TO HOTEL. Lured to a South Illinois street hotel through an alleged promise of marriage Billie Warren, 18, who says her home is at University Heights, found herself In a cellroom at police headquarters today. Charles Henderson, 19, 1153 College avenue, also was arrested. They are charged with a statutory offense. The girl told the police matron that she had quarreled with her mother and had left her home.

OrangesBetter Because Juicier

ELDERS POISONED FROM DRINKING AT SACRAMENT Seven Become Violently 111 After Communion Service. GRAND RAPIDS. Mich., Jan. 9 Several of the eight elders of the Seventh Reformed Church who were poisoned at the altar yesterday when they drank from the sacramental cup In which by error someone had poured a poisonous furniture polish instead of wine, are reported today to be in a serious condition. Others are recovering. Elder S. Folkerstma had been ill for some time before taking the poison and it is feared that the poisoning will prove fatal to him. H. Teurkeurs also is reported to be dangerously ill from the lethal drink. The eight elders had been called to the altar to receive the sacrament from the Rev. Arnold J. Lmmnel, preparatory to administration of the rite to members of the congregation. One by one, after partaking of the communion drink, the ciders toppled over on tho floor, groaning and moaning in agony. Several developed convulsions. The congregation was thrown into nr uproar and tho pastor immediately adjourned the service. The stricken elders were removed to their homes where physicians are attending them. iJ ' According to Rot. Van Lummel, the new choir loft of the church was completed last week and varnished with a polish containing nicotine and potash. The polish remaining when the job was completed was placed in a jug, Rev. Van Lummel said, and it Is believed that this

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jug was mistaken for that containing j the sacramental wine. . Besides Teukeurs and Folkerstma, the ; stricken elders are C. Heemsstro. J. Hoogstener, John Rlewald, A. Deßruin, Daniel J. Vanderworp and R. B- Bos. STABLE RULE TO COME TO RUSSIA Goodrich Tells About FamineStricken Country. The present rulers of Russia will bring j a stable government to that country, for- j mer Governor James P. Goodrich, said yesterday before an auditorium crowded with men and women at the Memorial Presbyterian Church, Eleventh street and Ashland avenue, in explaining the misfortunes of that country. Mr. Goodrich had been in Itussia several months with the American Relief Administration. Many thousand people in Russia are doomed to die by starvation unless aid is sent by the rest of the world, he said, j “The most surrising thing to me about i the whole famine situation in the barren : Volga district,’’ said Mr. Goodrich, “is j tho stoicism and the fatailism, the unconcern with which the'doomed peasants' face starvation, and with which their neighbors who have their own means of* sustenance for several months hoarded ! in their granaries sit calmly by and j watch this terrible suffering and end come to those who are fortunate." Mr. Goodrich, will leave for New York : shortly, where he will superintend the: spending of the $20,000,000 which was appropriated by the American Congress, for the purchase of food for the famine stricken country. Thl3 fund will be augmented by $1,000,000 from the soviet government. Ten million bushels of grain already have been shipped to the country.

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