Indianapolis News, Indianapolis, Marion County, 17 March 1897 — Page 5

THE INDIANAPOLIS NEWS, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 17. 1897.

OF THE THISTLE

birrfcit! L ASUt

BKTWKEN THE HltiUAXI* LOWLAXDKR.

of fko People In HoUcIoob Hotter* — Their Snprratl-

te-LIf* I» B«»nn> Svotlnnd.

I

of Un ISftCifcren'A del!n«*tn the dB*r;ct of Logrieali««r tho ]Jn« of *th<s CkmfTopbi^tly the Qramdtvtde the W#hlan is from the Uwvlo c«*oidera.tion of race chorao-■'-ston 1* not atrlotly cartoe. «rtifJ« the southern portion of ig‘lowlonda. with the peooliar jh heomt. the extreme northern (jKirt two the lEcbteml KnKlteh tmerblended ■with Gaelic l#*rn». Drumtochty la not on the maps of Scotall It la properiy a glen wiUUn the tadow of the hilla. It has one long rpet, ftanked with atone houaew, over hoae rough face* taa-roaes clamber and hose bite of la*ns «-ud tiwUlsed side tads, and even tha km stone fencee, are gay with vines and flowers the whole long The houses are Joined together. If ooesstanaily one be detached. It la a "villa.'* and not a residence. Lane* radlete from ths mala street to the open (try and about the village—If such a may dignify the small community— outlying farms, and near by hs the ••aula lclrtc,’• with Its •'klrk-yard” and room," In which the elders held

tenant yields loyal service to his landlord, ths noble heritor, but there la not the subserviency which In feudal days marked the position of chieftain and follower. The religious independence which animated Jean Geddas to an heroic stoolboifirbardment of an ecclcslaat'cal heed In St. Giles, Edinburgh, during the Reformation, In 1637, thereby forever silencing liturgy reading in the Established church, Sand which, in the Disruption of 1843 aseert;ed itself tor free Idrk government, has ’measurably modified social conditions. The dignity which made a deposed queen don her ermtned mantle, the last emblem of her sovereignty before going forth |to hear her doom from the lips of treacherous lordly ambassadors, governs | — --

i pathos of highlander and lowlander j quicken each thought and punctuate each

; sentence.

The Onelle Laagaaare. j The Gaelic language U of Celtic origin, allied to the guttural Erse or Irish, the | Mankm and the Welsh, with Us kindred ; dialects. Cornish and Breton. The idioms of the English, as spoken in the hlgh- ] lands, are of the siruetural Gaelic, but I variations of dialect prevail In every shire. The highlander* claim that the J Gaelic was the first language of the world. If. indeed, it be of IQdenJc origin, Jealous lAUth surely tempted Eve with the sinuous beauty of her form and not with the sweetness of her voice. Some of the words have birth in a gargle; others are | formed wKh the tongue and lips. In a manner which only may be described as mouthing. It is a written and spoken language, though for more than two hundred years it has not been taught In the schools except by an occasional lesson, and then through the Scriptures. It is the knowledge and use of the Gaelic which creates the real distinction between the highlands and the lowlands. A Jealousy has always tinctured the intercourse of the two sections, springing from innate prejudice and misconception of each other’s character. The highlander never forgets that his forefathers once dominated the lowlands; he never forgets that the lowlander is the better farmer and has the more arable land. These reasons, to him, are excuses for sectional hatred. The lowlandera do not know the Gaelic. They do not want to know It; prejudice forbids the learning. One lowland woman vainly and tersely expressed her aversion: “Na, na; I’ll no' learn the Gaelic; It makes the

mooth big.”

The English of the two sections is Ipoken wth different accent and pronunciation. Aboun (about) the highlander pronounces “aboon.” while the lowlander compromises with o and u and says “abin," with a short i. The language is irregular in construction—has no letter J, and. like the French, no neuter gender. To the untutored ear It Is unmusical, full of warbling gasps and syllabic swishes. To the comprehending, inaccuracy is quickly detected by the ear where, perhaps knowledge of the written language would not immediately convey the reason for the irregularity; a fact which indicates the real musical element, however poor the instrument for its transmission. Occasional words are Latin derivatives, as, for instance, Dla

from Deus.

MacLaren. with an ear attuiled to sweet sounds, converted his name John into the more musical Ian, which is pronounced E-nng, with tho accent on the first syllable and a broad a. In

./v-ov

/

m. i i'lfl i

DRUMTOCHTY.

the conduct of the humblest. And the flfe&ty which the ttttle favorite dog tfurtred tor his royal mietrees warms many a Scottish heart to her memory and to that of the princely hero of Jacobite song. Not long ago a minister of a kirk preached a eermon, arraigning Mary and lYlnoa Charlie, To add to the offense, he spoke the GaeHc indifferently. “Oh! And lent be tie bold (mean, contemptible) one?” Mid a highland teeele. “Isn’t he bo4d!“ There was no other word of scorn

for hta. ,

Disappearance of the Cotters. Formerly, the farm residence, leoa=d for. a term of years, waa surrourxted by the huts of the cotters, low-thatched buildings, with no floor but the ground. The cotters performed the rough farm labor, but their hopeless poverty eventually forced them from the country in search of more generous living, and since the Disruption they have almost entirely disappeared. Even the hute have been rased. The evanishment of this class lessened In one degree the olden la.rd devotion. And yet there remains in the former character enough of caste humlLty to make bia sturdy religious indepemlknce an incongruity. St la a proud humility— a loyalty to the government, which decldta the poor man’s social status, forever precluding advancement; a forced «mceaston to the power which arrogates to itself his temporal direction. But beyond civil espionage, he will not perm-t any government to trespass. His ooul is his Inalienable possession; the welfare of it ha consideration. Covenanter and Dlsruptianlst, he has fought for his spiritual rights. Such independence Ian Mariaren has portrayed In the Drumtochty people, who are fairly representative of any high-

land section.

The Scofdh are deductive, rather than receptive; they have a reason for the faith within. They are no blind followers of a lender. Other fiction writers of Scotch Lie have drawn close to the heart of things and have revealed that heart, pulsing with truth and a big generosity. But it Is Kadaren who, with an art so reined as to be the very spirit of art, tor the Scots with a k>v.ng com-

human nature and a critical of pathos and humor,

travail of the Established church in •43 brought forth the free kirk, and the hour of it* sorrow * known as The Disruption. The Established church is supported by government; the bestowal of a living is the prerogative of the heritor (duke or lord); the free church is main-

tamed by

■I a surplus over the going to the poor. With

tbe rtse of the free kirk came the manse and school, supported also by subscription. This division worked hardship to the Schoolmasters of the Established church, who suffertd for conscience’s sake, as did their fathers, if in less heroic measure. They found their clientage rodueed to the families of a f&w poor farmers; beyond this they had only a stipend for maintenance; the potato cwo fix.led: there waa no money to pay r. and often, *.e, like his humr cotter brother, waa borne under by tide of direful rircumatances. " * Itor, having the privilege of beMv.ng, could fill it with whom J worthy or unworthy. It was in rebel Hon . against such autocracy that the Disruption had inception. Two sendees aiv. conducted m the k rk, the Gaelic first and the English following. Tbc highlander iovea h.a language, and rooe&ls ths pulpit Intrusion of one who at speak R fluently. And freib« days preceding the Disiacumtxnt of a living created

by graver faults than

■ tosgus, ''/i

m adherent of the free are those of the ‘‘Autd who are not worth ipgenius which has r wiih Its little Joys and sight of an admiring knew Maclaren dur»ce for the kirk D. W. Tod now as one who, in seker after note thetie Scot, that is ha* spoken for a in poetry which

scriptural Gaelic it is written Eoin, Eoin xlv, 1, reads; “Na biodh bhur cridhe, fo thrioblald’; Dia creldibh an-nam-sa mar an ceudna.” The literal translation reads: “Not let your hearts under trouble; you are believing in God,

believe In me (Just) the same ”

Dla (God), an thus used, is pronounced Te-ah, but when used as indicating an action directed toward God It is written Dhia, and pronounced Ge-ah, withH soft g; as thus, in the phrase, “seirbhis

do Dhla,” (service to God).

A New Testament edition contains also “Salim Dhibhidh” (Psalms of David). t ubllshed in 1826, at Dunildin. otherwise idlnburgh, commonly called “Auld : Reekie.” even by wiser folk than witless

Jock Gordon.

A Poetical Language The Gaelic is a poetical language, bedight with the imaginative adornment of those olden Aslan tribes from which it sprung. It is sweet with tender endearments. The English equivalents are frequently inadequate for revelation of the real beauty. "Stach a’ chagar" is the “Rock of Whispers,” a famous echoing place on the Atlantic coast between Campbeltown and Tarbert, In Argyleahlre. Here the wind sweeps up from the sea in such mighty directness as to make walking against it a feat; and the great rock harks back the sea's voice. Nearly every name of village or town has historical or legendary origin. The idea of entrance to a house is conveyed by two words—“ben,” through the front part and “but,” through the back part or kitchen. One is "but” the “hoose”; but “come ben" (come in), has a depth of meaning literal translation can not give. The spirit of the invitation is, • come into the front part of the house, come into th.e Inner sanctuary.” The Gaelic is like the highland character, outwardly severe and harsh, at times forbidding; inwardly a fire of impetuosity and strength and poetical Imagery. The Scotch are not the exponents of grace and suavity; they are not diplomates. Their fearlessness, their honesty, their firm defense of civil $nd spiritual rights have been asserted in their country's crises. They have a scorn for soul smallness and moral cowardice. A minister recently preaching in a highland kirk, satirised the backboneless of his congregation—and satire with a Scotchman is no blunt weapon—"When ye see a jelly-fish that the tide will be washing onto the sand.” he said, “pick the pulr mollusc up and gently lay him back in the water. It—Is—thy—brother.” The harsh Gaelic was painful to the French-loving ears of Queen Mary. Tho almost barbaric roughness of her country people offended her higher culture dally and hourly, and the surveillance of the stern Scots was the thorn in the rose for the gay French retinue. Faithful servitors of war, they were grim guardians of a hapless lady’s peace. Brave and courageous they always have been, whether fighting for “Prince Chairlle.” who was “so lang a-comin’,” or for their later spiritual rights. To bo tardy or slow is to be like “Prince Chairlle” for whom Flora McDonald lamented, and fot whom erring Jeannie Graham went to her grave enshrouded in the plaid which he had wrapped about her one stormy night at sea, long years before. The expression has come to be the humorous conveyance of a rebuke. The frequent Gaelic construction makes one quaintness of the highland dialects. As Maclaren's Flora says: “I will be going unto my father.” But there is pure English spoken. The cultured folk of Inverness, with those of Dublin, Ireland, are said to speak the purest English of any people in the world. The Iligblaad Horae. Simplicity marks the arrangement of the Highland village home. The house ^usually has only three or four rooms, which with the meager furnishing and the various contrivances tor space economy. make It habitable. There Is little of the ornamentation which pleasure-loving or comfort-loving people demand. The rooms are of a fair site. The press bed is ubqultous. Living-room and kitchen have the recess in the wall, either curtained or shielded with a door which seems the entrance to another room or closet. The curtains are usually double; the inner one of deUcatriy colored paper muslin, pinked at the edge, the outer of a gayly-flowered damask. The mattress !* filled with chaff, which makes a light, fluffy bed unlike chaff beds known in this country, and the pillows are filled with chicken down. A damask valance conceals the lower pan cf the aperture wbioh serve* as a ckw*.. In a moist, ookl climate such a bed i* not objectionable. except from a sanitary point of view. The rooms arp heated

In which coal is burned. In the kitchen frequently a miserable excuse for a stove Is set In th* fire-place. This range ha* an oven and two pot-holes, and gives forth the minimum of heat. The primitive griddle and pot-hooks aerve for baking the oaten cake, the oread most used. This iron griddle, a trout a foot in diameter. flat and smooth. Is suspended over the fire by the hooks clinched to it in three places. The oaten cake is made of meal finer than that procurable elsewhere It is shortened slightly, eometimes salted, moistened with hot water, rolled to an eighth of an Inch in thickness and slowly baked. When done it in Eke pie eru» f , and for serving is cut Into sections called faria It is sometimes ‘railed thicker and baked on another griddle, thicker in the middle than at the sides, when it becomes a “bannock”; or, it is toasted before the fire in a toaster made of small barrel-hoops and wire, with long claw-like handles. The housewives of the coast villages where the briny breath of the sea blows over everything, use less salt than their Inland sisters. Vegetables are used, though not largely. Beans are not cooked at all, being tough and unpalatable. Small fruits are served either in the natural state or preserved in jelly, jam or marmalade. Canned fruit Is never seen, but canned meats and soups are common. Cakes are seldom home-baked, but aU fine and fancy varieties, us well as white bread, are bought at bakeries, where accessible. The baker's loaf costs 1 coni more than the American loaf, but weighs more, and is of a superior quality. Crackers are not made. Scones are. flaky, baking powder biscuits, slightly sweetened. Children are given oatmeal morning and night. While frequent-eat-ing is the rule—four or five meals a day for- the gentle folk—the cookery is so nutritious and plain that even dyspeptic stomachs do not rebel. The Scotch are frugal through climatic necessity, as well as by temperament. With poor fires and a sullen soil, the temptation to elaborate menus Is not strong. Tea Is served at meals and to the chance caller. The hospitality which, In feudal days, never denied welcome and shelter to any wayfarer, whether friend or foe, still blesses in the observance. The simple dietary shows resultant good in the exquisite complexions of the young girls. The red steals into the cheeks in a little spot, which. with exercise, widens and deepens to the loveliest rose. There are reasonably sure to be books in the house, and the blue china in the dresser pr wall-racks of the kitchen are often antique. The Burns cottage at Ayr has the press bed and the crockery racks, as well as the thatched roof which was formerly universal, but which is now being superseded by slate. The thatched houses are warm. When the house is ready for roofing, small branches of trees are laid thickly over the rafters; over this covering Is spread a layer of turf or peat, bough with the libers of grass or heather, and almost Impervious to water. When the turf is all laid, a bunch of long, strong straw is doubled, and, beginning at the eaves, bunch after bunch Is pushed deep into the turf with a small, sharp instrument called a divet. The bunches overlap, as do shingles. The top Is finished with a turf cone. The roof Is about one foot thick when completed, and the effect Is neat and pictur-

esque.

The floor Is sometimes made of wood, but more frequently of a composition resembling asphalt, made of smlddy-coom

(smith shop refuse) and lime. A stone paving, white with daily scrubbing, Is before the fire-place. There Is a story of a highland laddie, who. on seeing a railroad train for the first time, rushed Into

the house frantically, shouting: “Feyther! Feyther! here’s a smlddy runnln' awa’ wi’ a wheen (lot of) hooses, and

tihey’ve gone doun by the toun!” A ve-

hicle resembling a cart, and not much more comfortable than that introduced Into Scotland by Queen Margaret, is the

usual means of locomotion between vil-

lages. A vehicle is a “machine.”

Yield of the Land.

The lowlands produce wheat and oats, and are more fertile than the highlands, which yield barley, oats and wheat. The hilly pasturage of the highlands makes kine-keeplng a necessity. Previous to the potato famine in '43 the tattle were fed potatoes, but they now are fed neeps (turnips), and thrive on them. The housewife makes butter and cheese. The butter, salted and packed in kegs, is generally sold twice a year in the nearest town. Sheep browse on the heather of the hills in the winter. When old and tough it is burned to allow browsing of the new. green herbage. The heather is so tough and its roots so long and tenacious that a hill may be climbed by supporting the feet in the tangled growth and grasping the stalks, hand over hand. It is an evergreen, growing about four feet high, and bearing a purple blossom The white blossom is sometimes seen though rarely, and is very beautiful. It has no marketable value. The besom or broom for sweeping the earthen floor is made of bunches of heather, stoutly tied together In two places, after the blossoms have been thrashed off. “The broom, the golden broom,” popular!) supposed to be native to Scotland, is sel dom seen. The whin, mentioned in Drumtochty tales, is a prickly, spiny shrub, bearing a beautiful yellow flower. Like the heather. It has the cedar fragrance, though not so pungent. Wool is shipped to manufacturers, sometimes in England, who stipulate a certain quantity of heavy cloth for a certain quantity of wool. If the wool be of poor quality, the cloth corresponds. Weaving and spinning are no longer domestic duties. The excessive climatic moisture forb ds orchard fruit. The few straggling trees give barren yield, but the slow-ripening is productive of fine small fruit. Strawberries are large and luscious, as also are black currants, raspberries and the grozet (gooseberry), which Is exceptionally plump. Grapes are not arbored, but are either trailed over the stone wall which incloses the garden, or are tied to poles so that each vine gets the full benefit of the sun. a necessity where the rain is so steady as to be "off” or “on.” But the moisture which is fatal to large fruit growth. Is conducive to flower culture. Scotland Is a land of flowers, cultivated and wild. They abound everywhere. Brae and bank and glen are carpeted ■with violets, deeply colored and fragrant. Hare-bells, bluebells, cowslips and forget-me-nots nod in field and border, burn and highway. Before the snow is gone, the snow-drops lift their dainty, starry heads above the whit* coverlet. The braes are sometimes wooded with small trees, birch or firs, and the foliage of all grow'ng thiftgs Is of a gorgeous beauty and late lingering. Great pride is shown in the cultivation of flowers, though their prodigality does not Insure house decoration. It would seem as though these rugged people live close to nature’s heart, but despise the effeminacies of cultured civilization. Kenmore. at the east end of Loch Tay. whose waters are swelled by hundreds of mountain rivulets in the rainy weather, shows the perfection of floriculture. The village has only one long street, leading from the loch to the vine-covered gates that give entrahee to the Marquis of Breadalbane’s beautiful grounds. The marchioness each year awards a prize to the best-kept house and garden. The gardens are bordered with lobelia and boxwood, and the rows of flowers are divided by narrow, white stone walks. And Breadalbane’s motto, “Follow me," emblazoned upon his eoat-of-arms. is mure persuasive to this lowly village tlwm

mandatory.

Superatttloa and Music of Highlands The days are long in the upper highlands, and on the Tarbert coast or Lochfyne, the great herring fisheries, the light lingers on the sea tpi midnight. Islay, between which and America nothing but water Intervenes, so that the tide is strong and dangerous, can be seen clearly. And. In other directions, far-off islands shine in the belated sunset splen. dor like fairy isles. The dawn comes trailing In the footsteps of the twilight, and the early morning silence of the fishing towns of Tarbert and Rothesay Is broken by the cries of the fishwives, who come up from the nets with creels of fish on their backs, hoarsely singing: “Fine herrln’, fine, large herrln' the momln'." But woe to the fishwife who shows herself outdoors when the fishermen put off to sea. Her hair will be entangled in something wilder than seaweed, and the cruel, hungry waves will be as nothing to the touch of her master's hand; for bad luck surely follows a fishing party whose path Is crossed by

a woman.

The putting out to sea is a pretty picture. As the sun goes down, the boats, one of two hundred, push off, with the boatmen singing, and the oars splashing. but never a hint of the wives, who are supposed to watch the fishers “sailing Into the west." The olden highlanders were believers In second sight, and claimed to see visions, to dream dreams and to foretell the future. The gift In Gaelic was Talshitar-

augh from Taish. an unreal or shadowy appearance, and those possessing the faculty were Taishatrin. or visionaries. Superstition has come down In legend and freet (Incantation). One freei used to Insure the recovery of a sick child Is this: The mother goes down to the sea and throws a handful of gravel into the water as the tide recedes; running back, still spr.nkling the gravel and muttering the Incantation as the tide rushes back. Along with the freet has droned the legendary song. There are few highland spots that have not historical association with some native melody. The minstrelsy of the harper and recital of the bard have been preserved through succeeding generations; and patriotism rings in countless songs before which legion poor "America” In her borrowed melody, stands abashed. The highlanders are a music-loving people. In a well-executed pibroch they hear the call to arras, the gathering of the clans, the march over brae and through glen, the onslaught, cries of warriors and -clash of weapons, and, in the last mournful strain, the dying tones of a chieftain's requiem. And there is sentiment, too, of a tender wholesomeness unlike the languishing efforts of many feeble imitators; a sentiment of home, of love and of the “aln countrie." the “land o' the Leal.” There is a song prefaced with the words traditionally ascribed to Mary Queen of Scots, who, on the night before her execution, exclaimed: “There's Mary Beaton and Mary Seaton and Mary Carmichael and me.” and following this mournful reflection of the queen of ^he "four Maries” is a tender remembrance of that Mary Mother, whose only fault in a ribald age was that of dissimulation. There are stirring JacobMje songs, with their veiled meaning, still sung, and older harmonies whose authors are long ago forgotten, adapted to words of Burns or Hogg. There are bag-pipe tunes that set the pulse tingling and the feet tapping. There are others of funereal solemnity. Of the hundreds of songs known and sung in every highland home, none is sweeter as to words or music than the later "Rothesay Bay,” the words by Dinah Muloch Craik, the music by Gatty— “Then a bit sigh stirs my bosom And a wee tear blinds my e'e; And I think of that far countrie Wha’ I wad like to be. But I rise content 1' the morning To wark while wark I may. J’ the yellow harst field o’ Ardbeg, Aboun sweet Rothesay Bay.” • OLLAH TOPH.

NEWS OF THE CHURCHES-

EVOLUTION OF THE EVE.

A Scientific Theory of Itz Develop-

ment.

The ancient question: Can matter think? Is now matched by a much more Interesting and profitable one: Can the human skin see? The latest Inquirer in this field answers bluntly, not only that under proper conditions It can, but that It is precisely by this means that we do see: that. In short, the eye Is simply a modification of the tissue which covers our bodies. Precisely how this modification has come about and the marvelously intricate and sensitive mechanism by which we become aware of the external world have developed in a wonderful chapter. It has been worked out in detail by H. M. Barnard, of Cambridge, England, building on the foundations laid by Graaf, Spencer, Lankuster

and others.

Before all. It Is necessary to understand how completely latter day science has revolutionized the old and once universal view that the world was made for man, and that, for example, the commonest color in nature was green because it was the most restful and grateful to the eye. The present view is exactly the opposite. So far from the earth having been made for man, the latter represents simply an adaptive development from the lower orders of life, and all our organs of sense, like those of other animals, have arisen simply in response to the call of nature. The conclusion of Mr. Barnard's long and beautifully conducted research is that "the eye arose as a local modification of tissues induced by the excessive crowding of the pigmented granules at spots most frequently and brilliantly illuminated, and that this crowding of the pigmented granules explains both the origin of the eye itself and its functions as an organ.” Aatonlahlng as this view at first appears, Its probability becomes evident as Mr. Barnard leads the reader through the maze of primitive organs with which na ture first made an attempt to utilize light as an aid in the struggle of her creatures for existence. If a piece of ordinary skin, sqy the thumb, is cut across, it will be found to cons.st of a stratified series of different types of skin, very much like unto the different layers ehown In an outcropping of rocks. In invertebrate animals the skin is not greatly differentiated, while In the vertebrate Its layers are enarply defined. This has given rise to two different types of eyes—the “pineal eye” and the vertebrate eye proper. The dissection of a skull will show back of the eyes a conical body known as the pineoj gland, that was once supposed to be thiseat of the soul, and is now believed to be the first Instrument with whien the developing animal gained sight. The retina here, according to Mr. Barnard’s technical description, "arose by a secondary multiplication of the epithelial sensory cells for the appreciation of the variations of intensity of irritation caused by the movement of the pigmented granules of the skin toward the exterior, while the dioptric apparatus arose from the accumulation at the surface or slime, wholly or partially produced by the excessive discharge of the pigmented granules.” In a little simpler language, when strong light fell upon the sensitive tissue of the as yet blind animal, this set up an irritation which resulted in the accumulation at the surface of the skin of minute particles, drawn thither as water is lifted up by the sunlight Into the clouds. This watery, and hence refractive, mass would eventually be Inclosed by a process of invagination, a very common occurrence. The formation of a lens brought the pineal "eye” to its highest functional level. At this point It began to decline and is now merely a vestige. Formed when our remote ancestors possessed omy an undifferentiated epidermis of the invertebrate type, In the process of time, when the skin lost this simple character and began to consist of a number of different layers, the pineal eye gave way to another of far

higher powers.”

It is the view of Mr. Barnard that one series of cells budded off from the “palisade" layers-a name derived from their appearance in cross section, while others the pigment-bearing cells, for example, migrated through the palisade layers, and these together built up a layer of a

- u.

type. The cell* of the paltwUl now be irritated by the

wholly new sade layer w

variation in Intensity of the pressure of the pigment matter traversing them under the attraction action of the light, and these cells became sensory by association with the nerve terminals. Hence are formed gradually thickening nerve strands of the epidermal type, while the palisade cells around the periphery of the primitive retina appear to have lengthened, and eventually to have come to form a primitive surface lens, moved by fibrils developed out of the surround-

ing connective tissue.

The final process was the enclosure or invagination of this whole modified area, a step that was promoted first from the retina becoming bulged inward by the accumulation of slimp fluids in the cavity, and second by the lens being attached by ftbrils to the place of entrance of the optic nerve, and disturbed by the same accumulation. In the process of adaptation necessary to complete the vertebrate eye, the kind we now wear, the lens had to be Isolated, the aqueous chamber developed, and iris formed by the thinning away of the fibrous substance covering the lens. So through an ever ascending scries, which required millions upon millions of years to perfect, this wonderful organ which is altogether man's most priceless physical possession, grew up out of the pulpy mass that covers his bones. In the beginning out very antique forefathers had but one sense, that of touch. This type of animal is represented in the protozoa, a microscopic bit of gelatine-like substance called protoplasm. This animal can not hear or see, it can merely feel, like a blind, deaf and dumb man. As we ascend the scale we shall find animals that can distinguish between light and dark, and these types will be preserved because they are better able to make their way about and hence prosper in the universal struggle to live. Among these will appear yet more highly favored individuals who will begin to distinguish colors and these transmitting to their descendants this marvelous new accomplishment, will give rise to a race that for the moment, that is to sav, for a few million years, will be “the foremost in the files of time.” So we may trace the ascending series up to man himself, without a break, without a single “missing link.” Our eyes came as all our faculties have come, simply In re sponse to a deep want, which, incidentally. waa born when our present earth was floating in the womb of cosmos. |

A GREAT ANGLICAN CELEBRATION. The Thirteen Hnndredth Anniversary of St. Auwaatlne’s Lauding. Protestant Episcopal Bishops Potter, of New York, Lawrence er Maasachuse; ta, Whittaker of Pennsylvania, Whitehead of Pittsburg, and almost every other bishop In the United States, almost all In Canada, and rectors In great numbers In both countries, are planning to attend the thirteen-hundredth anniveraay celebration of the landing of St. Augustine In England. This great event, which will bring to London high dignitaries of the Anglican communion from all over the world, will be celebrated In the ancient Church of St- Augustine at Canterbury. There will be a grand musical proff™* 1 * and the most Imposing procession of learned prelates that the world, perhaps, has ever seen. Three notable sermons are to be preached, and as they are to be historical, they m«y oe expected to touch upon the subject of what, in Its opinion, the Church of England does and does not owe to the Church of Rome. These sermons will be* delivered by the lord bishops of RIpon. Armagh and London. Under the direction of the Dean ojf Canterbury, who is the Dr. Farrar quite well known in this country, the bishops will visit the Island of Thanet, off the coast of Kent, where Augustine, as missionary to the “heathen" of his day, first landed. The work of Augustine, while acknowledged to have been a great one by the Church of England, Is dewigjl by it to have introduced Christianity Into England—and here comes in the controversy with Rome, which may be expected to rage anew over the observance of this historic event. Immediately after the St. Augustine celebration the Third Lambeth Conference of Bishops of the Anglican Communion of the world will sit in the famous Lambeth palace In London. Calls to this conference were issued by the late Archbishop of Canterbury Just before his sudden death. The conference is not a legislative body, but meets for discussion and to see how best to promote the church work of the world. TEN MILLION DOLLAR CATHEDRAL. Some of the Purposes For Which It Is To Re Built. The fact that Presbyterians, Unitarians and even Jews aro contributing money to build the great $10,000,000 Episcopal cathedral in New York having been widely published, criticisms in not few numbers have appeared concerning the alleged folly of putting such a vast sum Into one building, even if that building be one dedicated to the service of God. Some of these criticisms have been made by missionaries in the West, who point out the Imperative needs of growing towns around them Others have been made by missionaries abroad, one of whom says that $1 will maintain a Chinese child in school for a whole year; $10,000,000 that number of Chinese children for a year. None doubt tho honesty of these critics, or of the needs which provoke their criticisms. But the gentlemen responsible for this vast cathedral project explain in reply that their work is to be a means to several grand ends. One- of these ends is that, given such an enormous plant so to speak, there is certain to go out from it, In after years, an amount of money to the West as could never be collected from a small church and parish, so that this project, so far from being against the interest of mission fields west and foreign, is really bo aid them. Another end is that the cathedral is to be made the center of a vast system of church and philanthropic activity in New York— a city that demands such activity as no other In America does. While New York gives large sums to go abroad, it is needful, sometimes, say the cathedral projectors, to begin some charity work at home. Ore critic affects ridicule of Bishop Potter’s statement that the cathedral in New York will be national. The reply made is that it will be national in the largest sense, an example of art, of devition, of philanthropy, whose Influence will be felt throughout the whole country for generations to come.

Trinity Chnrch Jubilee. Famous Trinity church. New York, is to celebrate, in May, its bi-centennary. The celebration is to last the whole of the week beginning May 2, but the jubilee day proper will be Wednesday, May 5. Trinity parish maintains half a dozen or more chapels throughout the city, and two of the most famous parishes—Grace, at Tenth and Broadway, and St. George. In Stuyvesant Square, were founded by it. These chapels are. In two cases, at least, far larger and finer than Trinity church itself, but the old colonial name. “Chapels of Ease," is. still retained, the "ease” not meaning indolence, but convenience—located conveniently for members of the parish to reach without venturing too far from their homes. The rector will send a congratulatory letter to the congregation worshiping In each of these chapels, and the vicars will preach historical sermons. The Bishop of New York, who delays his trip abroad in order to do it. will deliver the salutatory address on the jubilee day. and there will be what It Is aimed to make the most ambitious church musical service ever rendered In America. The Governor of the State, the mayor of the city, bishops In great numbers, and distinguished citizens will be special guests. The corporation is considering some act of large benevolence as a fitting and substantial memorial of the two-hundredth anniversary of its remarkable career.

A Queer State of Church Alfnlrs. The Abbott Incident concerning the construction to be put upon the story of Jonah and the whale, and the legal status In the State of New York of churches organized under the Congregational polity, have developed some almost Gllhert.an facts. Under the strict parochial policy societies cm preach, and have preached to them euything they please. One of tbEsm may even deny the div.nlty of Christ and the existence of God Himself, and yet another Congregational church, so It is affirmed, can say nothing. No matter what he thought, it remains a Congregational body. But if a society robes its pastor In white or purpL instead of black; .t it permit* three tabs to the clerical stock instead of two; or if it chooses to chant the Psalms or recite the Apostles’ creed, a Congregation build.ng society, strictly on legal grounds, may confiscate its place of worship after seeing the practice go on for a period of two years. This would seem to reach to the hight of | _ supervised Congregationalism, or n other words a contradiction in terms. The Abbott Inc dent having revealed the bight to which thia novel law has lifted them, Congregationallsts of New York are taking steps to have the law repealed, that they may get down aga.n In good order and in good congregational company.

Jews and Farms,

For some years efforts have been made in connection with different American Jewish organizations to encourage agriculture. but practically nothing was done apart from the founding of one or two agricultural colonies from time to time, which failed to realize the sanguine hopes of their promoters. With the Russian landslide to America, it was thought opportune to begin something In this direction, and under the auspices of the Baron de Hlrsch fund an agricultural school has been for a few years in successful operation at Woodbine. In New Jersey, m charge of Professor Sabsovich. It is expected that the graduates of the school, who may continue their studies at the best agricultural schools In the country, will become teachers in this field, and thus promote agricultural pursuits among their brethren, especially In the West. The Rev. Dr. Krauskoff, of Philadelphia, who has been advocating a national farm school, to teach agriculture to the children of immigrants, expects to open one at Doylestown. Pa., on or about April 1. Thus far $20,000 has been raised by subscriptions, and a farm of 122 acres has been purchased, equipped with all necesaary buildings. Bishop Hartsell In Africa. President Cleveland headed the subscription list in aid of the new hospital in Liberia, of which Professor and Mrs. Camphor are to have charge, and which Bishop Hartzell. on his present episcopal visitation to Africa is to formally open. The raising of the hospital fund was undertaken by Mr*. Jane R. Roberts, wid-

ow of ex-PresIdent Roberts, of Liberia. She is a great-granddaughter of Pocahontas, now living in London. She went to President Cleveland during his first term, and while on a visit to this country. and he not only headed the snbseriptlon Hat, but gave her on autograph letter of commendation. Opposite his name he wrote ’’$100.” and following It Mrs. Roberts secured $2,900 more. The money is ndw in a New York bank, and $5,000 more is needed for the hospital, which is to be the first In Liberia. Bishop Hartzell. while on his way from Liverpool to the West African coast, narrowly escaped shipwreck, his steamer, a small one. colliding with and sinking a aalling craft. Before his return Bishop Hartzell goes into the interior to hold the Congo conference, and then to the East coast. He has now Just arrived In Liberia.

SHORT SUNDAY SERMONS.

I«ove of Mercy. Mercy must not be professed and practiced only, but loved. It Is like God's and Christ's, when It has Ks spring In the heart, and it* stream* flow spontaneously whenever and wherever there Is opportunity. Howard, who in hls day was reckoned the prince of philanthropies. 0x0* a man of groat mercy. He was animated and directed by a conscious union to Christ, a* a sinner saved through infinite grace, and love, and mercy; and mercy in him acted by a law of the new nature; it acted everywhere and always without partiality and without hypocrisy. It was love that Influenced Howard. In all philanthropies and charities love of mercy should be our controlling impulse. Every one should do his part In the great and blessed work of helping those who can not help themselves. To prescribe the duty of other people, and neglect our own, is not praiseworthy, nor beneficial to anybody. Every man should do hls beat for his unfortunate, needy fellow-men, In the place he holds, and with the means he ha*.—Christian Intelligencer. Endureth Forever. Yesterday a friend took an opal and pressed It In his palm, and held it there for a few moments, and then took It out and showed it to me, and it was all flashing with light and with color from the heart of it. So God takes you and me. poor stones with no light of life in -us, and He holds us in His palm, and He presses us to Hls heart, and then takes us, as it were, away from Him for the moment, and out from us there flash patience and courage, and hope and love, which Hls heart and Hls warmth^ have put into us. They will die and be forgotten. but the great hand that holds and the great heart that presses and the great soul that inspires will not die and will not be forgotten. The grass wlthereth and the flower fadeth, but the word of our God endureth forever.—Lyman Abbott, D. D. Serving: Others. The old conception of personal Christianity was that it meant hardly more than securing one's own salvation. This was Its principal aim. Being of spiritual use to others was involved, but was secondary in importance But now the purpose of service to others has assumed the greater prominence, and it is held that the surest way to secure one's own salvation is to spend one’s self in loyal effort to win others to Jesus Christ. The personal aim Is not lest to sight. But it Is pursued from a new point cf view and Us relation to other motives is altered. This result has come about as the result of study and imitation of Jesus, who came "not to be ministered unto, but to minister,” that is, to serve.—The Con-' gregationalist. * The Remedy For the Evil. If decreased church attendance is as alarming a factor In our country as alleged, the remedy for the evil is In the hands of the pulpit and the pew, or of those whom the Lord holds responsible for filling Hls house. Neighbors and friends must be urged to hear the gospel. Kindly Interest must be shown In the high and low. in the rich and poor, and a cordial welcome extended to such as may occasionally attend the services. Pastor and people must alike make their Influence tell. It Is not enough for the one to be In the pulpit to proclaim the Gospel, or for the other to sit In the pew and hear It, but ‘one and all must live it and make It known by the wayside and in all relations.-The Presbyterian. The Old Way Best. Fashions proverbially change. What is ridiculous now was just in the mode years ago. So the ruling habits In the standard plays and amusements of society change. It is not fashionable now after a manner to be religious. What was expected formerly In young people is old-style now, and it is considered absurd to enforce obsolete rules of piety of long ago. That is what is the matter with the whole class of home duties, the school exercises and church requirements. All is now to be new, and set free from former traditions. The crop of such modern sowing is beginning to appear. Of some things it can be safely said, "The old is better.”— Reformed Church Messenger. The Rending of a Good Book. A pump may be connected with a very deep well of very good water, and yet need a pitcher of water to be brought from another source to be poured in at the top before It can work. So with the mind sometimes The reading of a good book helps it Into running older.—Episcopal Recorder. Openm a Path For All. They should own who can administer; ; not they who hoard and conceal; not they who, the greater proprietors they i are. are only the greater beggars, but i they whose work carves out work for more, opens a path for all.—Ralph Waldo | Emerson.

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