Indianapolis News, Indianapolis, Marion County, 2 January 1897 — Page 7

THE INDIANAPOLIS NEWS. SATURDAY. JANUARY 2. 1897.

iT PERFECTED.

WBrOLI'FlON* THAT NKW YivAK fHOBISBt.

tke

um of Htcli Aulborlil* - * la Val>ri»«rlWH»at« at Salcaea Oa Xrxt laiportaat Aekl«a«> teata mm* Dav*l«pa»«*nU.

CcpyrU-i. >»*. *■ *- McC!ur* Oo. ts a •antral Waa mmmg aoientitlc that w« ar. on the eve of great <U»oov<;rk*s. Thia Idea haa been by the eclenUflc d«velo|>inenia it year. Sotna of these have neaaure epoch-making and are hum an tty with many utility which It opinions from men and authority in respective specialties, aa to, what, ecial acien title and Induetriwi value, , Juet begun aeema likely to bring

Katur-c of the X BLmym.

1 believe *th« future development of the X-ray phenomena will be in the direution of eurgioxl diagnosis. It i> as «r«eta boon to mankind aa the invention of the ophthalmoscope and juat aa the latter inatmment faa« proved ita worth from the Am day to this and has saved louaands of people from total blindness ► will the X-rays be beneflekd to the race and aave life and limb to of sufferer*. It will, of course, to be greatly Improved. The one nthtl • quality which prevents us so m applying n to the denseet part body with perfect eutscea*. la its tty for traveling in straight lines, or rather being entirely absorbed ' intervening bodies. Light rays do not necessarily go through all subetances as is well known, and they are not all absorbed, except when falling on certain substances which are called from their appearance dead black. It being practically impossible to reflect X-rays to st exteot we might atm resort to

that ia, to allowing them

__ I teak from any surface in , or itee regular way. Such a feat enable ua to inspect special secof the body, which we are not now to inspect, with considerable ac-

the harmful physical ef-

X-raya spoken of so much redo not behave U to be, as haa tried the result of chemical ac4 we go along the light apec- „ "W-nlcgj effect* gal weaker

wa approach the violet light. That some persuffered, however, Is an but I think it le the

" ». - Ifc*

j provement in the general rapid transit j systems of the world. The development of ordinary surface roads In the United 1 States, while it has not reached a climax. ! has advanced wonderfully In nearly I every large city In the country except New York cHy. and oven there the general adoption of electric traction is only a question of time. These trolley roads i reaching as they do out into the suburbs I and connecting oitiea. villages and towns, are forcing the steam railroads to great ' lengths in the matter of successful competition. I think the ultimate result of I this will be the widespread resort to electric power on steam railroads. Already we have had evidence of It In the j B, A O. tunnel In Baltimore, the N. Y. A I S. H. at New Haven, places on the Burlington A Mt. Holly branch of the j Pennsylvania road in New Jersey, and i at Nantasket beach, on the N. Y., N. H. I A H. Altogether, I think that the epoch of general electric railroading ia well ! started. J. O. 8. WKTZLBR. New (tillties To Be Devised From

the Kite.

Some very notable advances have teen made In the science of kite-flying during j the past year. The great utility of the | kite tor military purposes has been conclusively proved. In the line of signaling, especially, the kite has shown its adaptability even more than tho captive balloon. Ocr recent feat at Bayonne, X. J., of carrying a telephone wire through the air tn a kite-string, and dropping it to the earth one thousand feet away from where the kite was anchored, so that signals could be transmitted back and forth, is another distinct advance In the science. Ita practical utility la great, and could I have teen In the rear of General Grant at Vicksburg, for instance, with such a device, I would have teen able to have exchanged messages with the Confederate* pent up in the city. It could be accomplished during any siege, in fact, and during the night time, when Its presence would not te known to an enemy. However, the advances of tb« past year have been. In a measure, conclusive, and I think the next development will be In th* line of midnight air photography. By this

Streets

atmos-

ve a tendency to ty from the tube, strike the skin,

I think. for research

■aumundlog the

_ r e tube#, aro charged

and have |

away

..tiy —■ ——- -

vriy short time

J*.’ A person working these rays should, therebands with glove* and

That X-rays may purpose,. w<* (o « .... —'i ~ - .* does an encouraging field

the fon

Hh Mt, it resent an encouraging

m-i

l€

of Compressed Al*. Of science, with, pe r -

of the X-reya, h|u» in the past year as

a result of the efoanufacturers of air com-

number of factories,

T sad other industries have

means of power transrailroad and the MetGoropany have experi-

' K ardte and Hoadlults are proving ^.tcle Sam’s crack has been succeasful-

compreased-alr apparalon of ita machinery and

— - ors are us i n g

plants, the the excava-

irtt reservoir in New . the Pullman Palace bop tools at their Pullants being run almost is bsing pumped, _mrble, granite and }s being mined by air of technical literaJ by the appearnagazine devoted of compressed carries material h has teen pal-

and sundry of hand and

ded.

fork has been air, that its f it* many ransfe from the cleancooling of the temAnmher building Clocks by it. For within the comet to see imporautical and eeo- .. Street railway* its merits. Conjrer* who have held the .xample of the prosdopt it. The era of ipon ua, and we wilt Ifully in the industries now use our "tender escb moment of our A. E. XENNEY. In LoBK-Dlsinace ..— of Electric Power, greatest electrical developi past year has been the utllra Falls for producing think the moral effect evement will ultimately the general aspect of ntry districts. This will lately expanded caelectrlc power at _ tting It over lotig have already bejt If the work goes on transmission the commonWhat Is Is that dtellies no longer . Perhaps is still the m the Falls examples of icrlcan water

are out

r Joamiles to twentylUlns; ing-

ten and

I mean the taking of pictures in cameras

the kite string at night.

itely

suspended from

Large city diatrlots have teen accurately pilotogr&pned by mpana of kite* during the daytime, but no midair kite photographs have been taken at night. I am experimenting in this direction, and I am convinced that very satisfactory and useful results will ulttmatoty be reached.

rhly sensitive plate manipulated ' am confident of being able to objects on the earth below

which could not be distinguished by the human eye. If this condition actually ex

ista, mb a wide <

and hostile pictured and the' condition of an enemy become known to a general whose foe need not know he la In the neighborhood. Tlie Idea would be useful also In time of peace in photographing large assemblages, celebrations, multitudes of people, or exhlbtttona. WILLIAM A. ’EDDY. Military lefenee. It seems to he the general opinion among United State* army officer* that the development of military science In the Immediate future will be In the direction of simplified fortifications, greater utilization of the bicycle, and the extended use of some form of automatic gun. The modern army engineer sees little use In raising great mounds of earth such as used to be done when testy end even permanent works were needed. The blggei the earth work the greater the mark for the enemy’s guns. A hole in th« ground has been the theoretical formula for fort bulldtng, and now that We possess field pieces with disappearing carriages it can he practically carried out. A gun that is capable of rbring out of an innocent looking hole, pouring forth great volley* of d«*th-dsaling bullets and then sinking out of sight, leaving hardly a trace of ite preeenoe and nothing • to fire at. is certainly formidable enough to Invest the new theory with all needful logic. It would be to ah enemy what the hollow rood near Waterloo was to the culrrasriere, of Napoleon. In his last report. General Mile* recommended the greater use of the b.cyclelcr military purposes. He even intimated the deel^ily^tetebtehing^a complete* equipped bicycle corps. Tula naa oeen openly discussed at Governor s Lsteod and U accepted there as bis opinion of thmost probable advance of the noar^ fu-

ture. So

Gerard has overcome tne uuuuun* ... France by Inventing a apodal form of folding bicycle. It ha* Proved to be well adauted for gejitffikl use. Twenty-two me*? of the HWuy-seventh Infantry recently made a tour of WW miles on it, each man gett-te off °t hte wheel end carry ip* it on bte Pick over rough places three hundred separate times d The 8 rifle of^he^future will be the automatic rifle. This is the conclusion of military men, not only of th s but of other countries. General Wllle, a German army expert on the subject of firearms says decisively that it irtll ultimately be the rifle in general use by the armies of the world. Its particular point of merit is Its capacity for doing awaywith the mechanical operation of loading. In effect it does its own loading, leaving the soldier free to attend to the business of firing, thus concentrating his attention on his opponent and rendering bis atm surer. As pointed out by General Wide, the force of the recoil of the automatic gun is employed for charging and closlng_ the breech and the ftrer h

sh

80 that Uie numoer w buum» ui*vi(«.#^vg without an effort is precisely the same as the total contents of the magazine. The only comparatively weak part of the automatic gun lies In its springs, but as they have been found after tests made in Austria to withstand the wear and tear of from 10.000 to 14.000 discharges, this does not count for much. _ , THEODORE WATERS. She Did Not Know. Washington Star. "Ha* that story an interesting plot?” asked one young woman. "I really couldn’t tell," replied the other. “I don’t believe there Is, however.” - "Why—aren’t you reading it? "Yes. But It’s in dialect. Thare^s no use putting plot in a dialect story. Its a* likely a* not that you’d never discover it, and if you did It would be Just that much mori to puxxle your mind over. OimiOUS ELECTRICAL FIRE*. Spark* from -arc lamp* in an apartment store ignited cloaks on a tab;*- undernwnb. An elevator motor wee burned out, having been left running when this employee left the ■tore, the motor brush** being badly adjusted. • net* gnawed the IneulaUpn from a wire which lay on a see p4pe, an are was eetatetehed between the wire and the gae-plpe, netting fire

to the gas.

Pin- occurred In a basement, owing to dripping water failing on an electrical measuring instrument, thereby short-obrcuitlng M. No damage wa* done beyond the lorn of the In-

st rumen-.

An electric pressing Iron was allowed to stand with the current turned on. The heated iron after a Wm* set Are to the table, and the flames communicated to the surrounthng com-

bustible material.

A portable incandescent lamp was allowed to renten lighted lying on a mattret*. The heat from the lamp Ignited the doth and excririor of ths mattress, and tte Ire spread through

the basement end store.

A stage hand was onisred to turn out an te' candescent lamp. and. not knowing how to do It. Instead of turning the switch he wrapped » damp towel around the lamp. Awn* time afterward the towel wa* diecovered smoldering. A carpenter dropped a nut on ape coils of a rheostat. shart-clrcuMtn* Atm with an Iron frame resting against a gas pipe An arc was formed between the frame and the pipe, the

matted and the escaping fas Ignited

toes.

■uKuim in a theater, on being hoisted, nttam with a W-camke-power tncanlarap. The common sis* is sixteen canTtoe heat from the lamp Ignited the

was discovered, with no

Jo.

gasoline comded with wagon was demolished " The accident of a tuptorman of anear up te the scene • ■- -• •• w- tiirniMtot :frt» v«*e **" **#»» ‘Wd A vpfkfk. from

mm¥m “r.ir.

i. aad

r

i

LATEST ACHIEVEMENTS

MW AKER1CAN INDUSTRY

STUDIES OF THE BRAIN. Ita (Velarlif In Man and Quadrupeds

Compared.

In a paper. "Preliminary Studies Upon Ihe Brain Waifht G f Mammals.” Prof. Max Weber, of Amzterdam, gives some very interesting facts regarding the absolute weight of the brain In different animals, and the relation which the weight of the brain holds to the weight of the body at large. It should be said that Professor Weber’s researches are the most extensive that have ever teen made on the subject, and they correspondingly emphasize the value of his conclusions. He finds that in absolute brain weights man is surpassed only by the elephant’s and whale’s; but in realttive weight—i. In the ratio of brain weight to body weight—he is surpassed by the squirrels and mice, and by many forms qf both old world and new world monkeys. It 1s found, too, as the result of a comparison of the smaller and larger quadrupeds, that the brain weight does not increase in proportion to the body weight; on the contrary, It may be accepted as a general rule, that within any natural order of mammals the brain weight diminishes as the body weight Increases. In other words, within any special group the smaller the animal, the larger as a rule is

the brain.

As a supplement to Professor Weber’s researches. It should be said that no absolute relationship has yet been determined to exist between the size of the brain and mental capacity, the latter being largely, or even principally, dependent upon the quality of the brain material; but. In a general way, it may be admitted that the larger the brain in proportion to the body, the greater will te the amount of brain force generate! by it. In tracing the evolution of .certain life forma—the mammals, for example—it is interesting to note how comparatively small were the brains of the fish appearing species, and how steadily they advanced In size with the progres* of time. In some of the Eocene Dlnoscerata, for example, animals which nearly equaled the elephant in size, the brain was so small that It could have been passed through the mural arches of the lumbar or sacral vertebral. In the giant Jurassic reptile Brontosaurus, which measured probably fifty feet In length, the entire weight of the skull does not appear to have exceeded that of the fourth verte-

bra of the neck.

Oceanic Levels and the Depression

of the Mediterranean.

Two peculiarities have for many years been assumed for the Mediterranean baaln; that H was practically deficient in ttdej and that its surface waa depressed a meter or more below that of the Atlantic ocean, The first supposition has had seemingly only careless or imperfect observation for Its basis, as It 1s now wellknown that the tidal oscillations of the water are-considerable and well marked at many localities. The assumed depression of the water level was seemingly grounded on accurhte measurements, made at different times, and was confirmed by Bourd&loue, who in 1860 was charged by the French government to carry a series of levels through France for the purpose of establishing datum lines in the Interior directly referable to the mean level of the sea at Marseilles. A confirmation of the difference of levels was thought to be found tn the steady Inflow of surface water through the •traits of Gibraltar, a condition that is well-known to be antagonized by the counter currents, which are found at no great depth beneath the surface. The cause of this low-lying level, as compared with the level of the Atlantic ocean, was considered to be the excess of evaporation over precipitation and inflows due to a uniformly dry and hot climate, and the passage across the basin of water-ob-sorbing winds coming from the super-

heated African desert.

'ILrouarh the use of Instruments of a higher degree of precision than had form■Ty been employed, especially the medi-

con-

the

present head of the "Leveling Commission" of France—it has recently been determined that the difference in level which has so generally teen accepted and long figured as a teaching of all text-books of geography, does not, in fact, exist. In other words, the Mediterranean sea holds the same level as the Atlantic ocean; furthermore, the concurrent results of observations made at different parts of the Uthoral Europe and Africa, as on the Danish, Italian and African coasts, would seem to Indicate that an absolutely (or very nearly that) uniform level is maintained over nearly all parts of the Euro-

pean seas.

Who Invented tbe Alphabet. Working ia tbe island of Crete, where be has made a series of discoveries which have shed new light on the origin of European civilisation. Arthur J. Evans, the eminent English archaeologist, has discovered fragments of an InscripiJon which carries back the discovery of writing for centuries beyond the date hitherto assigned. Not merely this, but the home of the invention, commonly awarded to tho ingenious Phoenicians, Is transferred to another race, the mysterious apd prehistoric Mycenaeane, whose remains now oonstJ*ute the most interesting problem of

antiquity.

A year ago at the Oxford meeting of the British Association, Evans demonstrated the existence of a prehistoric Cretan script, evolved by gradual simplification and selection from an earlier "picture-writing,” akin to that of Egypt and Babylon. This script is first found in association with the curious seals and scarabs which the ancients were fond of carving, and whioh have themselves served to trace the advancement of art and approximately the hiktory. of these early people. Succeeding this prim.live script came another, more conventionalized and often linear, revealing the progress made in the art. In his last exploring tour, however, Evans brought to light an inscribed historic relic, far surpassing these in interest and importance. It consists of a fragment of what may be described as a steatite, or soapstone table of Offerings to Zeus, bearing a pan of what appears to te a dedication of nine letters, with two punctuation marks, answering to the same early Cretan script found in the seals. It was found In the lowest level of Mycenaen stratum, containing numerous native objects, in the great cave of Mt. Dikta, which, according to the Greek legend, was the

birthplace of Zeus.

This early script precedes, by centuries, the most ancient records of Phoenician writing, and supplies very close analogies to what may be supposed to have been the pictorial prototypes of several of the Phoenician characters. It stands, on the

erTy been em marmetre—a

trivanee devised

other hand, in direct relation to the syl-1 table characters used at a later date by the Greeks in Cyprus. About half the characters used by the Cretans are believed to be represented in th- fragment, and, if this te true, the Phoenicians, who borrowed this alphabet, added but little to it, since their own contained but sixteen characters. In J the succeeding Improvement, through Homeric time*, the number wa* increased with some changes and the addition of signs for the vowels, so that the alphabet of classical Greece emerges with twenty-two to twenty-four characters, substantially that which is used by the European race to-day. It is now altogether probable that other relics will be found, snowing the Cretan script In its entirety, though the great step In the history of the art of writing, implied in the evolution of symbols of phonetic value from primitive pictographs (picture-writings) has now besn conclusively shown to have taken place cm European soil, and been accomplished by a European and not an Asiatic or Semitic race. But the Intereating question yet remains—who was this people? There ia no question that they belong to the brilliant prehistoric race, who developed the^civilIzat’on and art to which the name of Mycenaen or Myken&en is provisionally

given.

So far as excavation* have yet extended, this race seems to have found ita

and probably extended their outpost* ns far as southern Francs and Spain. It is not improbable that the chief god of the Greeks, Zeus, was one of their earliest ruler*, and from them many, if not most, of the charming myths and legend* which comprise the beginning of Greek literature, must have been handed down. Of later origin than the civilization of Euphrates and the Nile, they appear to have borrowed nothing from these, until their own culture had reached a brilliant and independent maturity. To trace the origin of this remarkable people, to reconstruct from scattered remains their history, their wanderings and achievements, and to find the causes of their lecaderjce and dispersal, is to-day the most fascinating field of antiquarian research. Y'et. twenty years ago, there was not so much as a surmise that the Mycenaean* had even existed—so rapidly does knowledge progress in our day. A Nest-Building Fish. Mr. Bashford Dean, author of a recently published work on "Fishes, Living and Fossil," gives some curious and not less interesting detail regarding one of the very few fishes that are known to construct nests In which the eggs of the female are deposited. The common stickleback. which constructs a nest woveflt of a glutinous thread, is probably the bestknown type of a piscine having this habit. The fish whose methods Mr. Dean describes, is the amia calva, a ganoid of the American fresh waters. At the opening of spring, it leaves the deep waters of the lakes, where it has taken refuge during the cold of winter, and seeks to warm Itself in the shallow waters of the border, selecting particularly the tufts of matted vegetation, which abound there. With the advent of the depositing season the amais resolve* themselves into small bands, composed of a single female and several males these troups, swimming around In narrow circles, press down and pull over the stems of vegetation, and in this manner build a nest much as a dog or cat would do In turning down the grass through their peculiar evolutions before finally placing themselves in position. The female and the males of the amia do their work simultaneously, and the eggs are glued to the plants. Development proceeds very rapidly, and twenty-four hours after deposition the young have already quit the eggs. During this time only one male, whose manifest duty it is to give fatherly Instruction to the young, remains, caring for the progeny In various ways. He keeps company with the fry during several days, leads them to short distances from the nest, encourages them and protects them with considerable force and persistence against the intrusions >r attacks of possible enemies. Finally, the association of fry disbands, and each animal seeks its own path of living, as does likewise the father, his special work having been accomplished. Training n High Speed Locomotive. It seems curious that a locomotive should have to be put through a course of training very much like that of a trotter, in order to bring it to the highest speed efficiency, but it is nevertheless a fact. From a fortnight to two month* are required to bring one of the fine new locomotives, such as carry the Empire State Express or fly between New York, Philadelphia and Atlantic City into perfect condition. When the engines are first brought from the shop they are inclined to te stiff, awkward and refractory in many distances, and H an attempt were made to run them at a speed of from seventy to ninety miles an hour the result would be apt to be disastrous in the injury it would do the machine. So for a short time the new locomotive is first put oa to a side run and worked up to a Zpeed of thirty or thirty-five miles an hour. Then, if it does good work, it is put on to an ordinary run on the main line. This te not only to get its bearings worn down and its parts into properly adjusted relationship, but also to get It accustomed, so to speak, to the track. Any locomotive engineer will tell you that the engine seems to have a great many human qualities—that it will have moods, and at one time run well, and another te perverse and intractable. It te for this reason that, as a rule, the same engineer always runs the same engine. Usually rihere are two crews, one of which work* the engine u ne day and the other the next, but the engineer himself always has his own engine. As a rule, when a new locomotive is pm on to a road the engineer who Is to take it when H Is put into fast service, assumes charge of it from the beginning and does the breaking-in himself. This is done in order to enable the engineer to acquire the most minute acquaintanceship with his machine, ao that he will understand Its capabilities perfectly. : It 1* a curious fact that, of two engines built In the same shop, and with almost identical castings, very often one Mill exhibit a wide variation in action from the other. They differ almost a* widely as engineers themselves, and by making the acquaintanceship of an engine early in Ks life, the engineer comes to regard his machine a* a sort of second self. Electric Smelting of Iron and Steel. The all pervading conquest of electricity seems likely within another year to take yet another important branch of* Industry. In this country, in' France and in Sweden, at least three we41-known inventors have taken out patents for electric furnace* for the smelting of Iron and steel, and, it is understood, that in the iast-named country the process is about to te put Into effect on a large scale. There Dr. De Laval has secured one side of the falls of Trollhatten, and has organized a large company to exploit his Invention. At Neuhaufen 1L Herault, the inventor of the electric aluminum process, known under his name, and under which the larger part of the aluminum of Europe is manufactured, ha* also devised an electrical smelter, and claims to have secured admirable result* therefrom, although no definite figures have yet been given out. In this country Joseph A. VInnent, of Philadelphia. has taken out letters-patent of an exceedingly simple smelting furnace, which has received high commendation from those who have examined it, and for which the inventor likewise claim* high efficiency. Briefly described, the furnace consists of an oven containing a pair of electrodes supplied with a powerful current, the ore being driven between the latter by means of a rotary screw, and the smelted material caught in a plunger below. The body of tbe furnace Is formed of refractory material such as firebrick, and is provided with a vertical channel or hearth, open at the bottom and terminating at tbe top in a neck, leading to a feeding device adapted to force the material to be smelted Into the hearth. REC EVT INVENTIONS

THE IMMENSE POSSIBILITIES OF BEET GROWING.

This Country Coaid Easily Be the Greatest Sugar Prodacer of the World—Seven Farteries Already nt Work.

a:

retrains are wide!

zarl k cf an-i

in the city ofliycanae. though its

in Aria Minor 8 the probahl “ “ islands

eiy distributed from H!«Minor, the probable site

an vvt T oy, through the Islands of the Aegean apa to Sicily and the coast of Italy. Or.te, Cyprus, the Beioponncse-all acre settled and at some ti re ruled by the Mycenaean*, who appear to have teen the Vikings of the antique world. It is probable that with them navigation arw; they were explorer* and conquerors; tney have left vest:gee of their intercourse with the valleys of the Nile ami Danube.

-To prevem a perwra from “accidentally" taking the wrong hat and coat upon leaving a public place a New York man has invented a coat and hat hook which lock* the articles fast, the owner only being able to release them. Four /Steam chest* placed at right angle* to each other around a driving shaft form the principal part of a new Invention In steam engines. The valves are opened and dosed by a rocking arm attached to an eccentric on the shaft. Window* are cleaned by a machine recently invented. Two pads are connected with each other in ouch a manner that they can be placed on opposite skies of the glass and both be opcrated by insane of a handle attached to one of them. A Rhode Island woman has a patent hat fastener, which te made of twv> combs fastened to the hot brim on the under Hide and opposite each o:her. These can be pushed into toe hair pr pulled back even wttirtte inside edge of the brim when not in use. A wave motor has a number of piston nods, connected with an air compressor, work ad by the rtee and fall of the MTlows. The air I* forced through pipe* to where the power Is needed, or can be stored in a chamber for use when the motor ie not tanning. Umbrellas can be fastened to the body by a new device weighing but 3)4 ounose. It ha* a wire support for the umbrella handle and is fastened to the body by two straps, one pausing over the shoulder and the other around the waist, thus tearing both hands fre*''. A handy paper die consists of a bo* with one hinged end and two hinged sides. Th* end suciion has a flle-hook fattened to K, which nm» lengthwise through toe box. By opening the rides the end falls down, thus bringing the hook Into an upright position. To Care a Cold In On* Day, Take Laxative Bromo Quinine Tablets. All druggists refund the money if it fail* to cure. Sc.

The prsaent session of Congress will te urged to meat the required increase of revenue needed to cover the present deficit toy restoring the duty on sugar to. something like where it was toefore the passage of the McKinley act In 1890. This will rather more than double the existing rate on imported sugars, and Congress will te further asked to make the duty specific rather than ad valorem, as at present. With raw sugars’ruling at about 2Vi cent* per pound the'present duty of 40 per cent, ad valorem yields an average of about 1 cent a pound of duty. If the sugar tariff be increased to a specific duty averaging 2 cent* per pound, that te ranging from IV4 cent* to 2)4 cents, an immense expansion is promised for the beet sugar Industry in the United States. The latter, which ha* had an experimental existence in this country for the last aix years or more, ha* now decisively passed the experi-rr en :al stage, and at the present time arrarwrnnents have been completed for the erection of six or eight new factories, while perhaps as many more are projected. Concerning the development of the induatry and the encouragement which It now seeks. President‘Henry T.

to get the induntry la thl* country fairly on its feat We need capital, and capital ia timid. "Vary fair paople understand what ho enormous development th* beet sugar Industry has hod within a very recant day. Although it wa* on Important Industry In Kurop* more than half a century ago, vet a ‘.thin ten or fifteen years the production has more than doubled. In 1880 two-thirds of the sugar consumed by the world come from cane and one-third from beets; tn 1880 this proportion was almost reversed— four-sevenths came from the beet, what It is now may te roughly estimated from the fact that in the last six years Germany’s total output, all from the beet, has inertaaed by one-half, ai.l that of France has had a corresponding growth. "In these same six years the experimental station* established by the UMted States Government at various points from New York to California, have demonstrated that the soil of the* country is even more favorable to the growth of sugar beet* than that of France or Germany. There Is, therefore, no reason 'why, whh the same encouragement that the German factories have had in the way of bounties and tariff, this country might not. long before IMO, have «even hundred beet sugar factories Inat ad^of seven, have nevera million acres withdrawn from cultlyatf \ hi staple products In which there is always more or less over-production, and devoted to the cultivation of the sugar beet, employ several hundred million dollars of capital, and keep the $100,000,000 a year, which we now pay out for imported sugars in our own pockets. It Is a remarkable fact that all the wheat wl 'ch we now export either in the shape of grain or flour, does not meet our su tar bill.” Where Sltnnted. The beet sugar factories now in existence in thl* country are those at Grand Island and Norfolk, Neb., end at Chino Valely, San Bernadlna county, California, all owned by the Oxnard Company; the Watsonville (Cal.) factory, owned by tne Hawolan sugar king, Claus Spreckles, and the plants at Alverado, Cal.; Lehi City. Utah, and at Eddy. New Mexico. This year the Spreokles factory will pay

■ J '

1

’s.

\

>*?

-a- % ^ ■’’•v O-

BEET SUGAR FACTORY AT NORFOLK, NEB.

ti’tYf’pr

Oxford, of the American Beet Sugar Association, gave me the following details: "When the McKinley law repealing the duties on sugar and providing for a bounty on sugars grown In the United States was passed, there were two small factories in extetence in California, and that wa* practically all we had of demonstrable evidence that tne beet sugar industry In this country could, with a very little stimulus, become one of our largest and, most profitable lines of agriculture and manufacture. Under the McKinley bounty act five new factories were established. while the two already In extetence were enlarged, making seven In all. We practically had the benefit of the bounty for Just one year. That is to say, It took one year to get fairly under way, and after the one good year succeeding we were assured by Democratic success that the bounty would be repealed, as It wa*. There are still Just seven factories ip operation in the country now. One of these, that at Eddy, New Mexico, in the Pecos valley, began operations this year, making up for the small factory at Staunton, Va„ which wa* burned. Output In 1891. "In 1891, the first year of the operation of the bounty, the total output of beet sugar for the country was about 6,000 tons; for 1892, 13,600 tons; for 1893 , 22,000 tons. No definite figure* exist for the last two years, but I think it safe to say that the output'this year will be between 30,000 and 40,000 tons. Although this is a very respectable beginning, It is nothing more than a beginning, os you will see from the fact that Germany’s output for the year of beet sugar will probably te in the neighborhood of 1,800,000 tons, and that of France fully two-thirds of this. "The Increase of production through the years noted was due simply to the development of the factories now in existence to the proximated limit of their capacity. When a factory first starts up

out about $760,000 for the 120,000 tons of beet* it will convert into sugar and for the labor this ’.involves. The Alverado mill will work up about 60,000 ton* this season; the Chino Valley Beet Sugar Company about 90,000 tons, the Lehi City works 46,000 tons and the Nebraska mills about 75,000 tons combined. The largest of the new factories under way is that which Claus Spreckles will erect in th* Salinas valley, in Monterey county, California, with art Indicated capacity of upward of $00,000 tons of beets, which would require a cultivation of something like 22,500 acres. In a recent .Interview Mr. Spreokles said: "I may not l.ve to see the day, but In ten years the beet sugar industry will be the greatest Industry In California, and California will be the greatest sugar-pro-ducing State in the Union. It is the only profitable thing left for the farmer, and he can’t get into it too soon.” At least three other factories are projected for this State, one of whioh will te built close to Los Angeles by W, A. Clark, the Montana copper king, and another at Santa Rosa. The Wisconsin Beet Sugar Company la hurrying forward Its factory at Menomenee Falls, and has contracted for 2,500 acres of beets annually for ten years. At Rome, N. Y., “the first beet sugar company of New York,” wifh a capital of $300,000, has purchased the plant at Farnham, Quebec, which was found to be located too far North, and the construction of their works is under way. Other companies have been formed to build at Bowling Green, Ky., and Evansville, Ind., and Dubuque, la. Sneeeas In New Mexico. Jn New Mexico the Pecos Valley Irrigation Company ha*- had remarkable success this year, and ha* expressed its willingness to Invest 11,000,000 In beet industries In that .locality. This year this company had about 1,600 acres under cultivation, and although the fanners wore entirely unacquainted with the culture of the beet root, the rerfults have borne out the experiments made during the two years previous. The results of the latter

INTERIOR VIEW’ OF NORFOLK FACTORY.

it l* very difficult for It to secure all the beets it can handle for the first year or so. Farmer* undertaking to grow beets for the first time do not wish to risk their full year’s work on what Is to them a brand-new crop. We have now reached about the limit of the present capacity, and It te only the prevailing very low prices, “combined with the present duty on the imported article, that has checked the construction of many new factories, "Nevertheless, even In the face of the prevailing depreoalon the beet sugar industry te a demonstrated success. The farmers have no crop which can compare with it in profit, and the factories have demonstrated that with little bettsr conditions they, too, will pay handsome dividend*. At the present time the outlook a that with favorable legislation, eight or ten new factories will be In existence In time to mill the crop of 1897. Our own company would erect two or three new factories, and I know definitely °f *lx or seven more that are organized and ready to begin work of construction. Exporting In the Fntnre. "I am certain that with the proper encouragement within ten or fifteen years this country will not only be producing every pound of sugar which it consumes, but will become an exporter as well. Two years ago thia country paid out $126,000,000 for imparted sugars. A very large portion of thte went to Germany and Frtpce for beet sugar. France and Germany have had fifty years In which to develop this Industry, with every possible governmental aid, in the shape of tariffs and export tab S'^D'wlirraadiir te’ seen' that 'with thia half century of perfected development. and the German government paying out art expert bounty, It is very difficult

j were astonishing, the yield ranging from | twelve to thirty-one tons an acre, with an average sugar content of 18 per cent. ‘ The company pays $4 a ton for beets con- | taining 14 per cent, of sugar with 25 per | cent, a ton Increase for each additional

per cent.

The average price In California Is $4 a ton for 12 per cent, beets, and in Nebraska, where there is a State bounty of about $1 a ton the factories are compiled by law to pay $5 a ton. A yield of twelve tons an acre is a low average. and while the beet culture requires a great deal of care and labor, it succeeds best under intensive rather than extensive culture, the net profit after paying all expenses range* from $10 to $S0 an acre. Roughly speaking, an acre of corn, fortv bushels at 30 cewts, win buy 200 pound* of sugar, and the, same acre plant-

... lei( j‘ - —

yie

from 2,000 to 3,000

ed in beets will pounds in sugar.

President Oxnard esthnortoo that five

acres fn sugar beets will pay as large a net profit as 160 or 200 acres, on the

average, sown in com or wheat. The governmental experimental sta-

tions have shown conclusively that beets

of proper quality and in profitable quantities, ttia/t l« to say, ten to twenty ton*

of beets containing from 12 to 18 , of sugar, can be grown over -r part of the United State*. The

ment in-

York.

an acre per cent,

the

area

eluded chat Virginia Kentucky, Minne*ata, ... braska, Wyoming. California and Wa Tima From two to four for a beet sugar oughly established

able operation. Raising fine boat* te an art and moans a higher standard of agriculture than implied by an acre of com or wheat The crop is a rotational on* and should not be grown on th* fom* land mors than one* in tiurs* or four years. It is a splendid fertilizer and brings the «oU into admirable condition for the growth of other crops- Two or three years' tent* are usually necessary tc determine if the soil of a given section will produce beet* of proper quality, thi . , with a large percentage of sugar, at. ' a a sufficient quantity. For the factory itself the chief requisite le that it be located immediately adjacent to rich test load; that it have an unlimited supply of pure water, good, cheap Mme. and also cheap fuel. A* to tbe capital required, the factory at Lehi City, Utah, with 1,060 acre* of load and with a capacity of upward of 48,000 tona of beets, represents on investment of $700,"E all subscribed locally. That at Chino

It is In operation only tor a brief part of the year, the usual run being from ninety to one hundred day*. In Germany many co-operative factories, owned by tbe farmers themselves, exist, and it is probable that the same plan will be tried extensively in thi* country. Taking an average of twelve tone of beets to the acre, producing a ton and a half of raw sugar, »t would require, deducting th* present output of cane sugar in this country, a million acres or more pirn ted in beet* to produce tbe sugar now req .red for thi# country. Thte, at an avr age of $60 per acre, would mean upward of $50,000,OOO a year paid out to the farawm of the country, and a* much more paid out tn the shape of wagee, supplier

and the like.

Extra Employenseat Provided. Inasmuch as the factory run does not begin until the beet crop ha* been harvested, many farm laborers would find wr ploy ment through the three or fouy succeeding months, at remunerative wages, where they are now driven to many makeshifts to eke out a living. In this way the development of the tedtsugar induntry would not alone odd immensely to the agricultural wealth of the country, and diversify production, but would provide employment for many

hands now idle.

That France and Germany well understand the menace of competition in this country is evidenced by the fact that this fall Baron Herman, of the German legation, personally visited every beet sugar factory in thte country, attentively studying the poeslbllltles of the induntry In the United States, and will moke hi* report to his government in person. Moreover Germany has increased her export bounty and France Is likely to do the some. It te computed that Europe is shipping to this country eighty times as much sugar as rt did sixteen year* ago, and with an average consumption of forty-four pounds per

Hi .nlHi te ft ~

capita annually the Untied States and away the beat sugar market

far

_ . „In the world. The beet-growing countries of Eu

rope are putting forth every endeavor to develop their own Industries to such a pitch that competition from this country will tor a considerable time yet te impossible. It Is for these reasons the sugargrowers ask that Congress, tn endeavoring to enlarge the revenue, will restore th#

sugar duties of six years ego.

Incidentally. K was anropoe of an Item in the tariff of 1821, designed to encourage this same beet sugar induatry, which -tow means hundreds of mllUona to this coun-

* — —• Daniel”—Webster—

try, tbat the "GodHke

Wfti

o seemed to have a bound tens gift for fatuous prophecy—"denounced” the attempt to wring sugar from beets as "a wilder absurdity than Dean Swift's satirical proposition to extrodl sugar from cucumbers." CARL SNYDER.

THE JURY DISAGREED.

And Tble Because One of Them Hnd Absorbed (be Entire Evidence. Detroit Free Pre*a. I had been down in the mountainous regions of Tennessee for my health, and made a great many pleasant acquaintance* among the strange people of that section. Nothing of an exciting nature occurred until the earlier part of October, when one of the men of whom I had seen g good deal, wa* arrested on the charge of aeHtng bottles of moonshine whisky at a fair. There seemed no chance of clearing him, but a bright young lawyer undertook his defense and handled it like a veteran. The case on the part of the Government was made. A bottle of whisky that the accused had sold was offered in evidence, and a dozen witnesses swore that they had seen him disposing of like bottles. The prisoner was not placed upon the stand, and no one was called to testify in his behalf. I grew indignant at thte apparent betrayal of hte cause, and venturod to whisper to the young attorney that he sHould at least make a showing. But he knew his business. Solemnly addressing the court, he said: "Your honor, there has not teen one word of proof offered, aside from unsubstantiated statements, that the flask here In evidence contains whisky, or that there was whisky tn any of the bottles my client Is eald to have disposed of.” "The Jury can take it with them and determine tor themselves," curtly interrupted the Judge. “That is entirely satisfactory, your Honor." Th( igh sent in time and again, the Jury found it impossible to agree, and was finally dismissed. "What was the matter?” I ventured to ask of the foreman after It was all over. "Wall, stranger, you noticed that pint bottle we *ook In?" "Yes; you were to find out what it contained." "Bo th’ judge said. Jake Hoover war th’ fust one to make th’ test, suh. When he had ter stop ter take breath there warn’t a doggone drop leff. He said ’twarn’t quite ’nough ter make sure on it. but it ’peered to be whisky. But thar war ’leven on us thar that didn’t have legal testimony. Jake war th* one that disagreed.” ^ The story got out, and) the ca«e was never revived. ■ ■— - • S Vermont's Library Lavr. Under the operation of the Vermont library law. fifty-nine towns have established libraries within the last two years, making a totdl of 118 public libraries in Vermont.

Any sarsaparilla U sarsaparilla. True. So any tea is tea. So any flour is flour. But grades differ. Vau want the best. It’* so with sarsaparilla. There are grades. You want the best If you understood sarsaparilla as well as you do tea and flour it would be easy to determine. But you don’t. How should you? When you are going to buy a commodity whose value you don’t know, you pick out an old established house to trade with, and trust their experience and reputation. Do so when buying sarsaparilla. Ayer’s Sarsaparilla has been on the market 50 years. Your grandfather used Ayer’s. It is a reputable medicine. There mre meny Sarsaparillus — but only one Ayer**. It

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HER HAPPY Hi — A CHARMING STORY OF MEI AND MARRIAGE.

rwn Open Lottrrs From n Chicags C —How Happteae* Cams to Har. . Among the tens of thousands of women who apply to Mrs. Piukbam for •Avion Mfi tee cored, are many who wish the facts la their cases made public, but do not give permission, to publish their names for reasons as obvious as in the following, and no name ia ever published without the writer's av* thority; this is a bond of faith which Mrs. Pink ham has never

broken.

Chicago Jas

yth, 'ey.

My dear lira . Pinkhauf—

A friend Ot mine. Mm ——, want* aw to writ*' yon. beca jM aheaayiti’yoa * did her so much good." I am desperate. Am nineteen year* of age. tall, and weighed 138 pounds a year ago. I am new • mere skeleton. From your little book 1 think my trouble is profuse menstruatio*. My symptoms are # • • • etc. Our doctor (my uncle) tolls father that I am In consumption, and wants to take mt to Florida. Please help me! Tell me what to do. and toM ma quickly. 1 am engaged to be married in SeptsmAr, Shall I live to see ths ; flay) • • • • LUCY E. W. Chicago, June idth, ’«s> My dear Mrs. Pinkham:Thte U a happy day. I am well and gufnint weight daily, but shall continue the treatment and Vegetable Compound during the summer, as you suggest. Uncle knows nothing about what you have done for because it would make things very unpleasant in the family. I. would like to give you a testimonial to publish, hut father would not allow it. • • • • I shall be married in September, and aa we go to Boston, will call upon you. How can I prove my gratitude) e e e e LUCY S. W. Just such cases •* fcht above leak out In women's cli'clee, and that is why the confidence of the women of America ia bestowed upon Mrs. Pink ham. Why am not physicians more can** * with women when suffering fron vuob ailments ? Women want the truth, and if they cannot get it from their doctor, will seels it elsewhere.

GOOD HEALTH

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