Indianapolis Journal, Volume 54, Number 94, Indianapolis, Marion County, 3 April 1904 — Page 27

THE INDIAN APO LIS JOURNAL, SUNDAY, APRIL 3, 1904.

PART THREE. FranK Carpenter TalKs With Two Leaders of Unions on Labor Matters A Boy's Problem v ....... v . v.- . .

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Seventy Thousand Machinists and How THey Control theTradc.Why They Fight Aga inst PieceworKWHicH S eems to the Outsider the Most Profitable

fit Is understood that Mr. Carpenter lette ertlich are here publishfd in full armrrfinro w ers. 1th the copyright provision, are bfin printed by othr papers. Such offenses will be prosecuted to the fall extent of the law.J OIVE you here Interviews vrith two mn who represent the mo?t skill J mechanics of the United States. Both are vice presidents of the American Federation of labor, and each is the leader of a national union of skilled workmen, whose members are to be found In every business center. One Is James O'Connell. the president of the International Association of Machinist?, and the other James Duncan, the secretary of the National Union of Granite Cutters. Each of these men had reached the top of the trade he represents before he was elected as its leader. Each knows how to work with hi3 hands, and has done to for years at the highest wages. Both are conservative, diplomatic and practical. They understand their business and can hold their own In their meeting? with the great capitalists and representatives of trusts with whom they dally come in contact to fettle strikes or lockouts, or to make trade agreements which shall govern hours and wages for one year or five, as the case may be. I met President O'Connell at the headquarters of the International Association of Machinists here In Wahlngton. They tak up the greater part of the second floor of the McGill building, on G street, not far from the Patent Office; and their business is managed as carefully as that of a bank or a great mercantile establishment. Two typewriters were clicking away In Mr. O'Coniiell's office as I entered and they kept on clicking while we talked. I first asked as to just what the International Association of Machinists was. Mr. O'Connell replied "The International Association of Machinists has more than 70,000 members, and it embraces about half of all the men in the trade. It has local unions scattered all over this country, Canada and Mexico, the largest being in the chief manufacturing centers. In Chicago there are about eighteen different unions, each of which send3 its delegates to a district union which acts for that city. We have a large number of local unions in. New York, Boston and Pittsburg, and more or less in every manufacturing city of the South and West." WHAT MACHINISTS ARE. "What do you mean by machinists?" "The word machinist as applied to odr trade," ald President O'Connell, "represents the highest intelligence and the greatest skill among the men who deal with machinery. In our sense, the machinist is tne man who makes, erects and repairs all descriptions of machines and machine tools. It is not the man who runs the machine to produce another product after they are made. Our men design and make machines with the aid of drawings. They operate achines to make machines and machine ilf 1 CK 1 114 111' J 41 V ULTlt7 IV Ctä kinds of. work and repairs on any kind of machine from patterns, and that within a reasonable time. "Their work includes the making of the finest and most delicate machinery, such as the tools with which watch movements are made, and it includes the making of the heaviest and coarsest of machinery, even to the great lathes which bore out the guns for our men-of-war. The machines for making bicycles, automobiles, typewriters, sewing machines, and. In fact, every kind of machine and machine tool, is the work of the mahlnist. Such work requires great intelligence and skill. The roan must be an Inventor as well as a mechanic. He has new problems coming up with every Job, and he has to use his judgment in almost every bit of repairs which comes before him." "How many such machinists are there In the country?" I asked. There are all told about 150,000 In the United States." "Then I suppose if the union has seventy thousand members it practically controls the trader "Yes. it dees," rerlied Mr. O'Connell. "Any organized body is as strong as ten times the same number unorganized. If there are ten union men in a shop where a hundred men are employed they will do more as to regulating the hours of work and -other matters than the ninety nonunion individuals. We find this the case (Uli over the country." "What has your association done for your trade?" I asked. "It has benefited it In many ways," replied President O'Connell. "We have reduced our hours from ten to nine. Before 1900 the machinists of the United States worked ten hours or more. At the beginning of the year we notified the employers that we should demand a nine-and-one-Jialf-hour day at the end of six months and the nine-hour day beginning with January, 1301. We carried our point. We have got k the nine-hour day not only for our trade, which. Including those not belonging to the union, numbers 150,0") men. but also for allied trades, which number 1504CO more." "How about wages? Do you get the same fcr nine hours that you did for ten?" "Yes." "Does the association insist upon a minimum wage?" "Yes; but the minimum wage varies in different localities and Is settled for each locality by an agreement with the employers there. In New York the lowest wage Is $3 per day. In some other places it is $3.5fl and $4. Any employer can pay as much more as he pleases, but he must pay the minimum or our men will not work for him." NO PI ECK WORK WANTED. Then you are not paid by the piece?" "No; our association is against piece work. We believe it contrary to the interests of the workingman. The employer will say that such methods of payment give n greater chance for the Individual and that every man can make more working by the piece than by the day, but it is not true. The system keeps every man up to a hlh tension. It makes him strain elery nerve to produce a large output, and when the output increases the employer invariably reduces the rte per piece, so that ? he man finds he is working harder and receiving less than under the old day rate. This 1 a matt r of experience.' "But does your association try to restrict the output?" "No; It does not," said Mr. O'Connell. "Cut how about your rule that one man shall operate one machine and no more? That's certainly a restriction of output." I "Not In the w ork like that we do," replied Mr. O'fyinnell. "Our machines are necessarily fjoe and we hav to insist upon that rule to protect ourst-tvf-M. The employer Will say I he is willing to stand tho loss

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President O'Connell . International Association of Machinists of any work spoiled by having a man run several machines, but we find that if the work is spoiled the man is discharged sooner or lat-r. In some of our work a man dos not need to touch his machine for a long time, as, for instance, ia boring out the barrels of ?reat guns. A rrnrehine may be set and take twelve hours before tne boring is completed. We Insist upon having a man watch that machine, for the least break or fault may ruin the whole work, whereas if the man is there he can remedy the defect the moment it comes." "Our machines," Mr. O'Connell went on, "are so fine that they need constant watching and the mistake of a hair's breadth may cost thousands of dollars. The bricklayer knocks off too much from the corner of a brick with his trowel in laying a wall; he throws in an extra pint of mortar and the fault is repaired. In the machinist's work the mistake of one ttn-thousandth of an inch may destroy a machine and much of our work has to be correct even to the hundred-thousandth of an inch." "What does it cost your members to belong to the association?" I asked. "The dues are 73 cents a month, of which 40 cents goes to the National Association and 35 cents to the local union. Our system of bookkeeping is such that we keep track of every one of our members from month to month and can tell if he has paid his dues and is in good standing. In case of a strike or lockout, every such member, if unmarried, receives $3 a week, and if married, 7 a week as long as the strike continues. He gets the same amount if he is victimized." "What do you mean by victimized?" I asked. "A victimized man is one who Is discharged by his employer without cause, or for standing by the rules of the union. We also pay death benefits of from $C0 to $200, according to the length of time the deceased has been in the union. "We take in and pay out several hundred thousand dollars in money every year, but our accounts are as carefully managed as those of a bank and our losses are comparatively much less." THE GRANITE CUTTERS. James Duncan, the secretary and treasurer of the Granite Cutters' National Union, spent years in cutting out cemetery monuments, granite statues and building blocks before he was chosen as the leader of the Granite Cutters' Union, and he tells me he can make more money to-day polishing granite than by acting as the secretary of hi3 union. I asked him something about the granite business of the United States. Said he: The granite industry represents hundreds of millions of dollars. Its chief center is in New England, but It is carried on in nearly every part of the country. You will find our men at the quarries and in the shops of almost every city. Their work is in every cemetery and their buildings everywhere. Nearly all the government, state and municipal buildings are granite. The $14.0m).njU Pennsylvania depot which ia about to be built here will be of granite and the greater part of the $30,000,000 worth of public buildings which they have decided to put up in Washington in the near future will be granite structures. We have many great granite quarries and the business of taking out and preparing the stone is a special trade." "But, Mr. Duncan," said I, "do not tho members of your trade cut other stones than granite?" "No, was the reply. "The granite cutter has a trade of his own. There is as much difference between him and the soft stone cutter as there is between the shoemaker and tailor. The soft stone man shapes hl3 work with chisels of soft steel, which he pounds with a wooden mallet. He owns his own tools and carries them from job to Job. The granite cutter works with the finest steel. He uses a steel hammer. He does not own his tools, and he is ready to work with tools or machines as his employer directs. All he asks is that his employer keep to his agreement with the union giving him reasonable hours and fair wages." "How many granite cutters are there, jur. uuncanr "We have about 14,000 in the United States, and 97 per cent, of these belong to the Granite Cutters' Union." "And what wages do such men get, Mr. Duncan?" "According to our national agreements with the employers, they now receive a minimum wage of from $3 to $ per day, according to the locality where they work. The minimum wage in New England is Ji, and men are paid higher than that according to their skill. In Butte City the lowest wagt? is $f a day, and in Helena, Great Falls and Spokane $5 a day, but where the wages are high the maximum and minimum rates are about the same." THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY. "How about hours?" I asked. "We have the eight-hour day all over the United States," was the reply. "Do you mean to say that the men who cut granite in Butte City get $ for eight hours work?" "Yes. that is just what I mean." replied Secretary Duncan. "But wages of all sorts are high there. As for the hours, we have been fighting for the eight-hour day for a long time. We tried to get it through Congress, ana are trying still. In 1SD7 we got tired of waiting and we then notified our employers that we should insist upon the eight-hour day beginning with the spring of liX. Before then only one-third of our men were working fight hours. Since then we have all had that day, and that with increased profit to ourselves and our em ployers. " hat do you mean by increased profit ..vir. uuncan : 1 astveu. I mean that the workman is better oft ana tne employer gets more out of his work in the eight hours than he formerly did in the nine hours. Wages have risen as much as 22 per cent., but nevertheless tne product is cheaper than it was under tne long nours and lower wages." "That sounds like a fairy story, Mr. Dun can." said I. it may sound so to you, was the reply. Dut it is a true story nevertheless. You must remember that granite cutting is hard work, and at the same time work that de manus a nign skill and great accuracy. To do it well one must be fresh and not tired out. In the long hours as noon approached me men were p:ayeu out ana tney had to loar or try to save themselves for the rest of the day. Now they put in only four hours in the morning and after the noon rest go in ana work ror the remainder of the day. The employers are now interested in seeing that the men have better tool ana mat tne cneaper or rougher work is done by the helpers. At any rate they have .... , . i t . ..... .i . . . rsuinaui'-u iiidiiiei to me product is as great or greater during an eight-hour day than it was in the nine-hour day of the past. One of the largest employers at Barre, Vt., where about !.! of our men have reg ular worn, recenuy ton me that not only had his output been greater under the fightnour aay, nut mat tne character of the work was finer. uo you iniriK ine time win ever como when the eight-hour day will be the rule lor all nasses ir our mechanics?" x uo, rtrpiieu jürr.cs jjuncan. it is so

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Secretary Duncan, of the Granite Worhers' Union now In many of the trades, and it will be more so as time goes on." "What does it cost to belong to the granite cutters," I asked. "The initiation fee is from $2 to $G0," replied Secretary Duncan. "A difference is made in accordance with the standing of the applicant toward organized labor in the past. If a man has been fighting us and asks to join he might be punished for the past by a high initiation fee. but the oidinary fee is under $3. Apprentices pay only $1." "What are your dues?" "They are now about 70 cents a month." "How do you spend the moi:ey?" "The most of it goes to support our peo ple in case of strikes and lockouts. We pay our men when they are out of work on such accounts, and we have also a death benent $125. One of our members who died re cently had joined the union only three weeks betöre. His old mother was imme diately paid the $123 to which his death en titled her. As to our strike and lockout funds., we paid out an enormous amount during the lockout in 1S92. At that time we used up all the money we had in the treasury and then issued promissory notes to those who still held out, agreeing to pay them out of the first money that came into the treasury. Those notes amounted to more than $230,000. it took us five years to pay them, but we did it." "Do you think, Mr. Duncan, that the members of your union get the woith of their money?" "I certainly do," replied Secretary Dun can. "There is no investment in tne woria that has paid better than that of our members In the National Union of Granite Cut ters. Take New England, fcr instance. In that part of the country we are strong est and there about one-third of our mem bers live. For easy figuring we will suppose there are 5,0x granite cutters there. Now, let me show you what those 5.000 men have got out of the union in the fif teen years from lSo to 1900. During that time the average increase of wages has been equal to 75 cents per day. This on hSa men means a gain of $3,i50 per day, and figuring 300 working days to the year. of $1,125.000 a year. Multiply that by the fifteen years and you have a gross gain of $1S.875.0UO. "Now take the expenses. The dues paid during that time were only W cents a month per man, which in the fifteen years made a total of $540,000 for the 5,n0 men. Subtract that and you have a net gain of $16,3;5,000. and all that from an investment of a little more than half a million dollars. "In other word3 we have made our $o40,000 investment pay us 3.200 per cent., and have received $273,000 to boot, or more than half of all we have put in. I venture that very few of the big trusts can snow as prohtaoie returns. "In addition to this," concluded Mr. Dun can, we nave reaucea our worKing time two hours per day, we have established cash payments, wc have abolished company stores and we have provided that our pay days shall be regular. Yes. I think we mav say that tne granite cutters nave more than got the worth of their money." wf n r a i? Pi'VTi'if Copyright. 1301.1 And One Unci Love. One man had riches for his gift and knew The emptiness thereof: Another, where Fame's topmost summits lift All piRmv peaks above. Felt the keen pansrs of lofty loneliness; And one had love! Down In the lowly valley-paths of life His years were spent "Where, far removed from mollin din and strife. Hrook-song and bird-sonf? blent Babbled of quiet things, of xestful peace. And deep content. Yet there was something in his cup c days Ineffabtv more sweet Than e'er he knew who, in the giddy maze Of fortune ft his feet Or quaffed Fame's goblet, wreathed with rue and bays. And found It incomplete! Hilton R. Greer, in National Magazine for April. This model suburban residence, designed in the old English style, can be built for aa approximate cost of $7,200. The base is of local stone and the walls to roof are of hard brick, with cement roughcast. The roof is covered with cedar shingles, stained a moss green. The overhanging portions of roof will have xcllow pine roof rafters

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By Edwin Meade Robinson Illustrated by Charlotte Freligh Taddock. I. I wonder why there's always eggs at Easter I wonder why there's always flowers an things? An why mommer gets a bonnet with a lot cf blossoms cn it, An's all excited when the church-bell rings ; I wenier why pop goes to church, cn Easter, An' ac's as if he never stayed away ;v I wender how a rabbit gets such a funny habit Of layin colored eggs, on Easter Day? ii. I wonder why it always rains, on Eister, About the time that church I s" almost cut An' soaks the folks, an' messes all their pretty hats an' dresses. An' the cold wind blows the ladies' skirts about;

r F I S H I N G HEN you intend to go fishiDg you should make the following preparations: Commit to memory the book of Job; provide the most interesting novel you can find, and W practice yourself diligently in charitable thoughts, particularly 'toward deluders, so that, for your own soul's sake, you will not commit "Uncle Jim's" soul quite below purgatory on the grounds of malicious deception. These are the most essential things. Of course, a line and a hook with patent bait attached will be necessary to complete your outfit. But as for a pole, do not allow yourself to be deceived into buying one of those jointed bamboo things. You can cut on the river bank a willow which you can whittle on in an idle moment. Perhaps you can make a whistle on the end of it, as an auxiliary to the pebbles in scaring away the cattle that may come staring around. Thus you will have all the accoutrements . needed. Perhaps I may as well confess that I, in my extreme credulity, under the influence of the tales of Uncle Jim working upon my highly excitable imagination, have, once or twice, provided a long cord with the purpose of stringing my game upon it. But you, when you go fishing, do no such thing. In all probability you can string your fish on the thread, however immaterial it may be, by

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Model Suburban Residence.

and sheathing with natural finish. Torch posts and ceiling will be finished in a similar manner. One enters the house from a spacious terrace, which opens into a large and inviting reception hall; a seat and broad stairway locate-d at one end and an oldfashioned stone fireplace iu the center add much to its artistic value. The parlor, library and dining room are connected directly with the hall, and are admirably

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1 W I T H y a which your mind is led back out of the maze of illusions into which it wanders as your feet wander toward the- stream and' approach the place of Uncle Jim's exploits. In this very forest of willows, out of which the mammoth sycamores tower, you can easily find a pole to your liking. Then creep up out of the marshy place onto the higher ground on your right and you will see the stream right in front of you. You should point your willow like a gun at the crane that rises and makes away as you approach, and goes still faster upon seeing the "gun." Then climb through the branches of this fallen sycamore, walk along the trunk and climb over the great disc of earth-covered roots into the seat on a little shelf beyond, with its unmistakable signs of Uncle Jim's corduroy trousers.' This is the place; there is no doubt about it: witness the corduroy pantslines in the dust, and the niche, within easy reach, for the bait can. Hasten to throw in your hook. Doubtless here are fish for the market If you can only catch them! At any rate, foundation for innumerable fish stories. . It is extremely pleasant sitting there in the shade of the big roots behind, lazily watching the bright-colored cork as it floats so quietly on the water. A "snake feeder" comes and lights ou the cork and sits there till he sees another one coming, and then both go with a sort of aerial reel down the bank, and you smile as you call them the tipplers of air-land. Meanwhile, there comes a mighty tug at your line, so that you almost drop your pole. A wave of joy rushes over you you didn't expect to catch a ten-pounder first time, and surely nothing less than that could have given such 5COD FI R. AM situated for convenience, light and ventilation. The kitchen and -pantry are located in the rear of the dining room in a onestory wing. The second floor is divided into four large bedrooms, each having a large closet and ample space for beds and bureaus. The bathroom is centrally located, and is equipjed with the best sanitary plumbing. The house is heated by steam aud lighted by electricity.

life y 'MAM

I wonder how the lilies knew, cn Easter. That it's time to bloom so pretty, anyway But I wonder why a Bunny does a thing so awful funny As to lay those colored eggs cn Easter day? in. I wonder why the sun's so bright, on Easter I wonder if it knows it's time for spring ; An why the sparrows flitter all around the yard, an' twitter, An' the robins an' the bluebirds start to sing ? I wonder if it ever snows on Easter, But this is what I wonder most ; now. say Just tell me why the dickens the rabbits think they're chickens. An' lay those colored eggs, on Easter day ? , r 1 1 A T I O N S au immense tug. You give a sudden jerk in order to get him well hooked, intending then to give a strong, steady pull to land him. But lo and behold, your line is swishing around above your head, entangling itself in the roots, with a little gleaming object of some sort ou the end, which you presently ascertain to be a minnow. You should now call to mind the passage in which the first servant came to Job with his tale of woe. Untangling the line and resuming j-our Feat, commence again nibble, nibble, bob. bob! Clear under it goes! Jerk! Nothing this time "while he was yet speaking there came another also4 and said," etc. In jerking you have splashed some of the water into your face, and it seemed quite warm and pleasant. Throw your cork out farther this time. Presently it goes away under and stays, despite your jerk. A strong, steady pull and there appears at the surface of the water a snake? No, a turtle, striving with all his might to swim downward. Be not deceived, however, he is not caught, lie will let loose before you get him out of the water, and your line will go among the roots again "and while he was yet Fpeaking there came another also and said," etc. Really though, the water was very warm and pleasant. When you resume your seat this time, make the pole fast to some of the roots, and then take from your pocket the book you have provided and begin to read. The book is a novel in which at the beginning the hero and heroine are both madly in love; but each is deceived as to the other's feelings. They are in utter despair. But when a vagrant wind, coming around the roots blows the leaves over, you see that the last words are, "happy ever after," or something to that effect. which kills all interest at once. The thing is got up in a hasty manner any way. They are sorrowful at first and happy afterward; whereas, you are beginning to know, by experience, tne joy comes first and then the sorrow. You had expected some entertainment from the book, and now in your chagrin you almost throw it into the water. You should, however, remember Job's comforters and be patient. One more jerk at the line which brings more water into your face. Truly, as before remarked, the water is exceedingly warm and pleasant well, no companions? What of it? They are of little Use except to duck anyway, and there is a floating chunk which will answer the purpose as well. The sun is getting up over the roots so that it is uncomfortably hot here. Into it then! Place your arm over the chunk and strike away out into the current. Then shut your eyes and Just float down as far as the big elm. Then swim back in the still water nearer the shore, pushing your disabled friend, the chunk, in front of you. When you have ascended the roots again, turn suddenly to see your old friend bobbing away into the current. Imagine it yejling "Help! help!" and dive in and rescue it. And, when rescued, turn it loose to drown for good. Then make for home, for the climax of your fishing trip is past. You may now, if you wish, think of Job's final reward. However, since that is unnecessary now, Just use your own taste in the matter. ELMER ADAMS. The Dniliiern. Stone unto Hone they buiM it hich; (Hut no man knoweth the end thereof!) rinnacles piercing Into the fky That glimpse, ere the risen moon doth die. The wines of morn vhile the straining eye Is dark with the brooding dark above! "Behold, we build a thing to endure!" (How little they know of the end thereof!) "On the fand of time its foot 1 nure. And the years to come Rhall know Its hire, And the hopeles human hart fake cure. Seeing what man has built above '." . Once li a city by th ea . All mm know of the end thereof!) They Joined and they hammered as in thee. And rang the noise of the builders free; Now the wide pea main hath empery And the coral hocts are busy above! New Orleans Times-Democrat. EDUCATIONAL. WE ARE THE PEOPLE WHO SECURE THE BEST POSITIONS. m mm mm Indianapolis USINESS UHiVERSIT Day and Niehl School. When Buildia: E. J. IIKED, rres. iisiness Colleg m lXDUKAP0LISr2oBes!254 J Sood Largt im th World. v. ii. rooicwooD, Patent and Trade-Mark Lawyer 415, u Lemcke Building. Indianapolis. Ind.

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