Indianapolis Journal, Volume 54, Number 52, Indianapolis, Marion County, 21 February 1904 — Page 26

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THE INDIANAPOLIS JOUNRAL, SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 1904. PART THREE. John Mitchell Says the Poorest WorKman Should Have $600 a Y Head of United Mine WorKers Lays Down the Above Reasonable Proposition to Franh Carpenter, and Discvisses Laboring Man's Daily Needs.. .Sees No Good in Profit-Sharing

it? EnSBSnVf Mai t r IBwr .2 Kia

I began m y worK 1a coal mine at the age of 13" A. Soldier Under Washington TalKed of Great Commander Account of Interesting Conversation Once Held by the Late Dr. FisK. of Greencastle, witK Revolutionary Veteran

HE reminlstenses of the late Dr. Ezra W. Flsk. of this city, some of which were given In the Journal rently. Included personal conversation with many men who were prominent In the revolutloary war, and the most stirring of the many narratives Dr. Flsk related were those from men who were soldiers under General Washington In those days of the revolution. Dr. Flsk was a atudent at Princeton College, Princeton. N. J., a.-.d during the terms he would take short journeys into the surrounding country to see inieresting places and peoph. It was during thos school 4ayi that he met most of the men whom he liked best to recall. In speaking of them he said: "The conversations I had with those people have remained indelibly stamped on my memory, as treasures too valuable to waate. One of these men." he continued, "whom I remember with particular distinctness was Colonel Terhune. In the summer of 1847 I was to'.d that this man lived In the neighborhood of the college. I found his home, nine miles from Princeton, In Cherry Valley. Although the Colonel was nearly ninety years old, he was imposing in appearance. Straight and lean, his six feet two inches of height were seemingly more. His hair was white; his wide, but noble forehead, jutted out over keen d rk blue eyes, and he had a great curved beak of a nose, with a small, determined-looking mouth. Sometimes, when talking, he would leap to his feet and stride backward and forward undr the low ceiling of his room. He would mentally live over again the stirring days he passed through when under General Washington. He was Just such a man as I had pictured a revolutionary hero. "When I asked him if he had known Washington, he replied: "'Did I know Washington? Why, I should say I did. I was with him almost .onstantly for six years. I was first a aoldler and afterwards an officer in those troops with whom he uniformly moved, who were commonly known as his bodyguard.' "How did you happen to enter the service?' I asked him. " That is not a long story, he replied. 'I had only been married a few weeks when Corn Wallis Invaded the State, obtained control of it. and split it in two diagonally with a chain of forts from New York to Trenton, on the Delaware. He drove me from my home, as he did many other good Americans. My wife went among her relatives In north New Jersey, and it was upwards of six years before I saw her again. I went with Washington into Pennsylvania, hut my tlrst army work was to help in setting Washington and his army back across the Delaware into New J-rsy on the night of tht memorable Dec. i as he was on hb adva nee on Trenton, where he successfully surprised the Hessians in their comfortable quarters while they were having th-1r Christmas orgy. It was my lot to be on the same boat which took General Washington himself across. I handled the firtt oar on the left-hand side, standing between Genera! Washington and Lieutenant Brewster. I was the one who gave the ur 1st who painted "Washington Crossing the Delaware" the details for his work. Lieutenant Brewster sat in the bow of the boat with an Ice pole, shoving aside the cakes of ice that were floating in the water. Washington, instead of sitting on the seat provided for him. stood with one foot on it and one foot on the bottom of the boat. A heavy scabbarded Claymore hung by his aide. He had a field glass in his hand, and was Intently watching the farther shore, where his troops were unloading.' NOT A HANDSOME MAN. "I asked Colonel Terhune if Washington was a good-looking man. and he said: 'No. sir; he was not. There were betterlooking men with him all the time. When you first noticed him you would observe that ha eyes were far apart, almost like those of a horse, and on the corners of his head. He had a big nose, big and thick, and In chilly, damp weather it was as red as a beet. But he had a countenance that all liked.' 'No, sir. he did not have a fine figure. He was narrow-shouldered and flat-chested, but in a procession he was an imposing ligur. as he was at least six feet two inches high and commonly weighed 2)0 pounds and had an imposing dignity l. -ides. No. he wasn't graceful, neither was he exactly awkward. He had none of the flippant gracefulness, for his extremities were too larne His feet were so big he wore a 18 shoe, and his hands were correspondingly large. His fingers were each marly large enough for rolling pin- Prou his waist down he was the most powerful man 1 ever saw. He had a strength and vigor It. his lower limbs that I never knew any other human being to possess. If a crowd of us were walking along and came to a stream of water, and one of us would look for a log to throw across, another for stones to step on. Washlngtn would calmly and deliberately h-up across It at one step. I think the race never possessed a better horseman. He could wrap his powerful limbs around a horse and squeeze him until he couldn't breathe, ami no horse could loosen the grip of his legs. ''OrtMiei was Washington a good conversationalist 1 a.-ked. and he replied: " Why. he never talked. But he was the most interesting listener a talker ever had. His countenance bore that beaming Inviting, inquiring look that coaxed a mnn to tell all he knew, while Washington said nothlr.g. I have known him to spend the evening in company, at parties, and when the gathering broke tip every ! A, ., remark what a sociable man Washington was. when he had actually said nothing.' "What ilid you consider the most striking feature ot Washingtons ability. Colonel?" " 'Why. his practical, unfailing, accurate common son.e on every feature of every subject that could he presented to him. And he wouid never do. nor could he be induced to do, anything that he thought was wrong or underhanded. And he had a most wonderful energy. HE CNDER8TOOD MEN. "Washington was the most gifted man In reading character that I war knew. We never knew of his making a mistake in his first notion of a man. He seemed infalliJrfy to read character elements and indications of one s position in life. You want a special Instance of this? Well, when we were spending th.'t h.ird winter near Morriztown. when the terms of service of the men were rapidly expiring and srn tü; was among us to a great extent, as a crowd f SS Were out on the parade ground one morning, with out commander-in-chief, we saw a man crossing a portion of the na'rade groii a m and We ar us. Wash t or two, the: 'That man lirn he was si ftou looked at him turned back to us a British colonel.' ;ly mistaken. lbpersisted in hi beli.-f and we all tinally agreed with him ami wanted to arrest lum, but Washington arnwred us. 'Oh. no. we must make more out of him than that.'

When Washington returned to his headquarters he told his inspector general that the British officer would represent himself as a gentleman from the country who had been prevented from visiting the army by siekneas and by embarrassing conditions in business; that he would regret that he could not come before. 'You will probably find him too patriotic for comfort,' Washington said. 'Take him at his word. Be pleasant and sociable with him. As soon as we can get enough troops together to form a good regiment we will have them marched out to the proper place for review. As soon as that can be done I'll send you a written order to inspect a certain regiment of the line. Invite him to go with you. He will wish above all things to know the number of our men. Clinton wants to attack us in camp you know.' The inspectegeneral carried out every letter of the Instructions. While he was pleasantly conversing with the visitor he received an order to inspect the Seventeenth Regiment of the line. The Britisher went with him and saw tine big regiment of fighters. They returned to the headquarters, then another order came to Inspect another regiment. Again the same process was gone through and again those poor soldiers were marched past the reviewing stand, their appearance being changed in various ways, so much so that the British spy believed he was seeing the review of a fine army. He was evidently vastly surprised. And Clinton didn't attack us, either. The inspector general had the audacity to tell the spy that we Americans were trying to coax Clinton out of his winter quarters to attack us. The spy was told that the Americans had troops tucked away in every hidden corner of that pert of the country. And Clinton didn't attack us that time. We heard from private sources later that a certain colonel, of one of the Grenadier regiments had visited our camp in the disguises described on that day and that he had faithfully reported every word the inspector general and others had told him. HAD A FIERCE TEMPER. "I told Colonel Terhune that I had heard that Washington was a man of no temper," said Dr. Flsk. " 'What, General Washington a man of no temper? Why sir, I never saw and never heard a man of a rage so towering and passion so violent. At the battle of Monmouth he showed it at General Dee for disobeying orders. I remember it distinct ly. When the British began to send their men out of Philadelphia with the seeming intention of embarking them at Sandy Hook. Washington suspected them of trickery and sent a force up the Delaware toward Trenton. He had with him Major Generals Charles Lee and Marquis De Lafayette, but it was Lee's turn to command. However, he opposed Washington's plan of sending the men out and he asked to be relieved of the command. Lafayette was put in his place.' '"I asked Colonel Terhune If the prominent general of the American army served cheerfully under as young a man as Lafayette, and he said: 'Yes. sir. always, for Lafayette was a genuine gentleman and deeply Interested in the cause he served. He was kind to all under him and uniformly acted with their Judgment as well as their consent. No, Lafayette did not command in that battle. Lee found out that morning that his objecting to Washington's plan and asking to be relieved made many officers think hard of him. They said he was a coward, didn't have the courage to tight. Then Lee went to Washington and asked to be restored, as he couldn't bear the reflections, he said. After the battle was begun Lee made serious mistakes in handling the troops, and Lafayette sent a dispatch to Washington, saying: "Your presence is badly needed on the field." Washington went forward at once with more troops. He met Lee's force retreating in

disorder, but he stopped them. Then Lee himself came up. Washington approached him and said: " 'What does this mean, sir? To which Lee replied: " 'It means what any God damn fool might have known and what I told you yesterday.' "Colonel Terhune was between Lee. and Washington partly, and he saw Washington raise himself in his stirrups and begin on Lee In concentrated epithets. Lee couldn't get in a word. Washington used the awfulest profanity. Terhune said, that he ever heard. Just after Lee was left by Washington he turned down a small stream to where a regiment of the American force stood. The colonel of it, not knowing that Lee had been relieved by Washington, asked permission from Lee to charge a British regiment which was facing them. I heard Lee say to the colonel: 'What, are you such a set of infernal, undamnable fools as to want to run your heads into hell that way to charge a regiment of British gre.iadierV f To which the colonel replied: 'Yes; we'll charge them and whale hell out of them in two minutes.' Lee answered: 'If that's the way you feel, charge and be damned.' The regiment did It. too. Their charge took them across a gorge six feet deep, but they formed in good order on the other side and went at the British with fixed bayonets, and 'whaled' them most successfully." Greencastle, Ind., Feb. 18. Her Composition. Youth's Companion. Little Zelda was seven years old, and wrote many compositions at school, but one was treasured by parents and teachers, that she might read it when she was older. The subject was a difficult one "What's a Fable?" "Why," she said to her teacher. "I know a fable when I see it but I don't know what it is when I have to say it. It seems very strange, indeed. Must my composition be. long?" "Oh no; short by all means." answered the teacher. "Only tell what a fable is. You have been reading them. Now simply tell In your own language what a fable is, that is all." Zelda seemed quite puzzled, but mamma smiled and told her as an encouragement that when she had written her composition she should have a coral necklace. "O mamma. I shall try very hard. I shall think and think and think until I think it out." She wished for the con:! necklace eery much, but she also wished to please her mother. After a time of deep thought and hard study, she brought her composition triumphantly to her teacher, sad said: Ther is my imposition. It w:p hard, but I have told exactly -just exactly what i fable is. as you t ! 1 me to d.. I read over my book of fables and found out all about them." The teacher took the composition from the little girl's hands and read It. It had one ureat merit It whs quite short. It re. id: "A fable is a place where animals talk, which also they never do so." The grown people laughed very much when they read it; but she won the oOTal necklace, because mamma knew she had tried. In coiiHtnncj . Laut year I haked In Jennie's smiles. And Jennie- saints defend her! K-nuncinjr arts and wilful wiles. Was ever kind an.l tender: She spared n fond caress, nor kiss, Yet. devil take my folly! I turned from her ami proffered b!iss To stun for dainty Molly. This year I live in Molly's eyes. And Molly, sweet and twenty. With mirth for mirth and sigh for sigh, H brought m- jo s a-pienty; 8o true, so fond I scarcely can Kxpound her virtue many, lneonstancy. thv name Is man! To-day 1 sigh for Jennie. Town Topics.

I met John Mitchell, the president of the I'nited Mine Workers, by appointment In his rooms at the Ebbitt House. I say by appointment, for Mr. Mitchell is one of the busy men of the T'nited States. He is the head of the largest labor union in the world. The association of t'nited Mine Workers has more than 300 000 members, and it keeps a miilion dollars in its treasury to fight its battle with capital. Mr. Mitchell is also one of the chief officers of the American Federation of Labor, which has more than two million members, and a? such he has to do with Congress and with all sorts of labor disputes. He is on the road about as much as the average commercial traveler. He comes to Washington once a month, and the remainder of his time is spent in Indianapolis or in traveling from place to place settling labor troubles. Now he Is in New York counseling with the building men, now at Cripple Creek advocating the rights of the gold and silver miners, and now on the advisory board of great strike like that of the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania. It takes a strong man and a cool man to manage a business like this a man with a good physique. Iron nerves and a temper well in hand. These are among the characteristics of Mitchell. His cheeks shine with health, and his muscles are iron. He has a clear brown eye which laughs or grows serious as he talks, and a jaw which show? determination. He is a young man. We call President Roosevelt young. John Mitchell is ten years younger. He is only thirtyfour, and with his splendid physique is a good type of the best of the working men he represents. As we chatted together he gave me a word or so about his early life. He is the son of a miner, and at thirteen went into the mines and worked there until he was twenty-six. That was only eight years ago. so that only two presidential terms have elapsed since the John Mitchell of to-day was actually handling coal. I asked him what he did in the mine. He replied: "Everything. I began my work in a coal mine at the age of thirteen. I started at the bottom at 75 cents a day. Then I became a driver at $1.10 a day, and from that I went on through the various gradations of mining work until, I think I can truly say. I have done about everything connected with mining." "When did you first join a trades union?" "When I was sixteen," was the reply. "And I have been connected with organized labor from that time until now." "But how about your education, Mr. Mitchell?" "That came from a short course In the public schools, for I began work very' early in my life. All that I got afterward came from night study and reading." "When did you become president of the t'nited Mine Workers?" "In 18JS, and I have been its president ever since." TRUSTS AND THE WORKING MAN. The conversation turned to the influence of trusts upon the labor unions, and I asked Mr. Mitchell whether the great syndicates had strengthened organized lahor. He replied: "I think they have. They have shown the men the necessity for organization. The unions have grown rapidly since the beginning of the great trust era, and they are growing rapidly to-day." "Do you think they will some time reach all branches of labor?" "I have no doubt of it," replied Mr. Mitchell. "How about the store clerks?" "The retail clerks are already well organized was the reply. "They have unions in nearly all of the cities, and their mcmh r.-htp numbers about 50,000." "What do you propose to do, increase their wages?" I asked. "No," replied Mr. Mitchell. "At present the clerks are working for a better arrangement of time. They want shorter hours, and fixed ones for opening and closing. The union Includes women clerks as well as the men." "How about the women and organized labor, Mr. Mitchell? Do many of them belong to the trade unions?" "Yes," replied the president of the Mine Workers. "Most of our unions admit women as members. Many women belong to them, and we hope to have more. I think the men should induce them to come in. There are also unions composed entirely of women. In England about one-twentieth of the members of the trades unions are women." "What kind of a union man does a woman make?" "She makes a very good one," said Mr. Mitchell. "She will endure more and suffer more for what she believes to be right than the man." "What class of men belong to the unions?" "The very best workmen in the United States." was the reply, "and men of all classes. In the United Mine Workers we admit men of all nationalities and races.

A. Natural History Study

FOREST is sometimes decrib. 1 Zk S as a collection of trees, and the I . l,,.-eei?.tli i a ih. ,nt oa nnliirhton. iug as the statement that a city lmmmAm ia ,.,-,, ion nt hütlilinir 1 iki' .K7 I V' .... . . . V . . V. . 4 ' .... the city, the forest has vast population, without which it would be as interesting as a city without citizens. We admire beautiful trees as we admire beautiful buildings, for themselves, but more interesting to some of us at least are the lives and works of the creatures which inhabit the buildings and trees respectively. When 1 enter a forest in winter or summer, I am always aware that I am not alone, though the air be so still that one might hear the growing of the trees. I know that I am watched by many eyes, that, at every footfall scores of ears are on the alert. 1 know that I am causing many a lightsleeping creature to start up in his bed, and from close observation I am led to believe too. that, in the woods I visit most frequently, some of the wild things turu over for another nap. with the more or less distinct impression that "it's only the fellow with the slouch hat and khaki breeches, and there's no use staying awake for him." If you go Into the woods in the early spring you may at first be under the impression that there is little life about you. Dut sit down awhile, and wait In some spot where your figure will not be too conspicuous, and you probably will see some of the creatures whose work you temporarily Interrupted. First of all. perhaps, you wiU hear a faint, crisp drumming sound the sound made by a wood mouse, when he drums with one fore foot on a dry leaf, and after a short interval you probably will hear the answering "br-r-r-r-r-r" of an

We have men of twenty different nations and twenty different languages. We have colored men as well as whites, and every class of mining labor from the boy who picks slate to the best of the skilled workmen." "Which element controls In such unions the foreign or the American?" "The American element always controls," said Mr. Mitchell. "It is the most intelligent element, and intelligence rules." HOW TO HAVE INDUSTRIAL PEACE. "What do you think of the employers forming associations to deal with organized labor?'' "I think it is only through the concerted action of such associations and of the labor unions that we can have industrial peace," said John Mitchell. "Let the employers' representatives meet with the representatives of labor and discuss their differences, and if each ia willing to do the fair thing there will be few labor troubles. Such associations do great good." "Yes. Mr. Mitchell, but do they not combine against the interests of the public, I mean the consumers?" "No," was the reply. "The public will not permit itself to be fleeced, and any improper combination or agreement would be at once exposed." "How about the coal dealers and coal teamsters at Chicago?" "There is a proof of what I have just said. The coal dealers and coal teamsters had an unrighteous combination against the public. They combined to overcharge them. How long did their success last? Only a few days. When it was exposed the combination was broken, and it 'rill be so with any combination that may be formed. Besides there is competition. You can't have big profits without it, I don't care how large your capital is. It is the same with wages. If you put them up here in Washlngtou, the Baltimore workmen will rush in and competition will bring them down." "Speaking of wages, Mr. Mitchell, what should be the lowest pay for an ordinary workingman?" "Every man should hae enough to keep his family, educate his children and lay a little aside for the future. Six hundred dollars a year is the least that should be paid the unskilled, common laborer. As the class of labor rises the man should receive more, and the pay should vary according to his location. The ordinary man should have more than $600 in New York or Chi-

John Mitchell President of United Mine "WorKers of America cago. Every man should have enough to supply the necessities of life, and in the latter cities the necessities cost more." "What would you call the necessities of the ordinary workingman, Mr. Mitchell'.''' I asked. "I think every man should have a house with at least six rooms," was the reply. "He should have a bathroom, a parlor, dining room, kitchen and enough bedrooms for decency and comfort. He should have carpets, pictures, books and sufficient furniture to make his home bright and comfortable. He should have good food and should keep his children in school until they are sixteen, and at the same time should be able to lay away something for old age and sickness. The unskilled workman might have these things for $600 a year in cities of from 5.000 to 100,000 inhabitants, but in larger places he needs more. This is only for the common laborer. As the skill of the man rises his wages increase and his necessities grow." THE IDEAL WORKING DAY. "How about the eight-hour day, Mr. Mitchell? Can the United States be run that way?" "Yes." was the reply. "We should do more and better work everywhere if we had eight hours only. Such matters must be considered as a long-time proposition. There is so much work in every man and if you take too much one day you will have so much less for the days to come. One of the college professors puts it this way: 'If you want to get all you can out of a man for one day only, work him the whole twenty-four hours. If you want to get all you can out of him for week only, work him twenty hours a day; if for a month, give him eighteen hours and keep him at it. If you want to work him several years let him have the ten-hour day. But if you want to get the most out of him for his whole working life time you must cut his hours of labor to eight per day.' The fact is, that a man can do and other mouse. Then, if you are quiet, you will see the dainty form of the creature Itself, with its tawny upper parts, white belly and feet, its large black eyes, its weilshaped. translucent ears, its trembling whiskers and its long, silky tail, the latter held carefully off the ground in a graceful curve. Out from the shadow of a bunch of withered leaves he skips, leaps lightly over the ground to a wild cherry fee. where he searches for and eventually tinds a cherry stone. A simple matter, this hunting for and finding of a meal; and yet to the mouse it was business very important business, since It must be attended to faithfully every .lay if he would avoid hunger or even starvation. Next, perhr.ps you will be aware that a red squirrel is peering out at you from a knot-hole in an old oak tree. Keep still, and. hen he goes out to dine, perhaps he will betray the whereabouts of some store of nuts gathered months ago. And these little hoards, how many busy days they represent days at the end of which even his wiry legs must have ached. I sometimes wonder if at the end of autumn the squirrels and other creatures which have been laying up food for the winter feel any satisfaction, akin to that which is felt by farmers when their crops are all garnered. And I wonder if. when the stores of a red squirrel are discovered and eat; n up by a pig. the owner does not have a feeling somewhat similar to that experienced by a thrifty man whose savings arcstolen by a burglar. And. as you sit there in silence, you may hear the sudden "thump" of a rabbit, who, hopping quietly through the undergrowth, has discovered your presence. It Is not unlikely that he was traveling on business

does do more work in eight hours than in ten." 'How do you know that. Mr. Mitchell?" I asked. "Has it ever been tested?" "l'es," was the reply. "In the Illinois coai mines the time was cut from ten hours to eight. After that the product was measured and the eignt-hour time produced as much as the ten-hour time." "But was that due to the freshness of the men or to the fact that the bosses had to get more worn and rushed them harder?" "It was largely due to the freshness of the men," said Mr. Mitchell, "although I will say that the operators knowing that they iiust have greater output per hour bought better machinery anu thereby improve! the tacilities ot rapid mining. "Thee is no doubt but that the eighthour any reduces drunkeunes. Mr. Mitchell went on. "In those towns in Illinois where it has been adopted there is now a higher standard of living and at the same time less drunkenness and fewer saloons. This is so notwithstanding wages have risen. The man who works ten hours comes home tired out. He is in no condition for rational enjoyment and he wants to go either to the saloons or to bed." "But will not less hours be demanded if eight hours are given? " I asked. "1 think not," was the reply. "I do not expect to see less than an eight-hour day In my lifetime. We may have a forty-four-hour week that is, eight hours for five days of the week and a half holiday Saturday. That is not unreasonable. Indeed, it prevails already in some branches of work in certain parts of the country." "Sptaking of wages. Mr. Mitchell, what do you think of Carroll D. Wright's idea that the wage system will pass away, and one of profit sharing will take its place?" "I don't think it is practical," replied Mr. Mitchell. "It would be difficult to make an equitable prortt-sharing arrangement. I think that wages will rise as time goes on, and in that way labor will get more of its share Of the profits, but as to a direct partnership with capital, I don't think it advisable." "Why not?" I asked. "We should have to have a different scale of profits for every factory, and this scale would rise and fall with the business. Labor would not be content with its share and capital would not be satisfied. The two elements must always be to a certain SXteBt antagonistic, although they are associated together." "Do you think workmen ought to have stock In the factories where they work?" "I doubt it. The little stock they hold cannot have weight in matters relating to the business. It hampers their action. The laboring man's greatest capital is his own muscle and brains. He relies upon them for daily dividends. They are his best investment and the one he should take most care of. Any interest he has in the establishment to which he is selling his muscle and brain will be often vitally opposed to this sale. In other words, he has to work against himself. I think he ought to keep out of all bsuiness connections with those who pay his wages." UNITED STATES STEEL COMPANY. "How about the United States Steel Company's plan?" "I think it has been a failure," said Mr. Mitchell. "The managers of the company acted very generously and intended to benefit the men when they gave them the right to buy a certain amount of their preferred stock at $fc2.50 a share. They thought, and the men who invested thought too, that the stock would increase in value and would pay good divdends right along. Since then it has gone down more than $25 per share. 1 think the steel company has acted very fairly with the men. They will get their dividends, but it will be a long time betoie they can be paid back what they have put in." "How about unions in the government service. Mr. Mitchell'.'" I asked. "I see no reason against them," replied Mr. Mitchell. "I mean among all classes of governmental clerks whose duties are not of a confidential nature. Men and women who are working for the government in the ordinary way have a perfect right to combine." "Take the government printers, for instance," said I. "Yes," replied Mr. Mitchell. "They ought to have a union and manage their affairs on union lines just the same as though they were working for an individual." "How about the mail clerks?" "The same." "How about the army?" "The army as we view it," said Mr. Mitchell, "does not demand skilled labor. 1 see no reason why it should have unions and yet I see no reason why the soldiers should not combine to ask the government for more wages and other privileges." "How about politics; shall we ever have a labor President?" "I don't know about that," said Mr. Mitchell, "if the times come and the man. it may be, but if so it will be by fair and legitimate means. Abraham Lincoln was laboring man. He stood for all that we stand for and he might have been our candidate." "Just one question more, Mr. Mitchell." said L "What are the rights of the nonunion man?" "lie has all the rights of any Individual under the law," was the reply. "But the unions will not permit him to exercise them," said L "I do not think you are right." replied the president of the I'nited Mine Workers. "The unions do not molest the nonunion worker in any illegal way. There are cases now and then, it is true, where individuals have been ill-treated, but it has been by individuals and not by the unions as such. A great deal has been said about such outrages and the deaths caused by them. There have not been as many such deaths in thirty years as ordinarily occur in New York in three months not as much of such disorder in twenty years as is caused by other things in New York city in one month. No, the older of the unions, and indeed all of the unions, regret such actions. We claim our right to l - rsuade the nonunion man not to work and to argue with him by word of mouth, but not to force him in any way. We claim the right not to work with him, If we so desire, and not to recognize him or fraternize with him." i'UANK G. CARPENTER.

Copyright, 1904. CITIZENS OF THE FOREST By Ernest Harold B ay nes of some kind, important to himself at least. And what meant the "thump"' h gave by bringing his long hind feet sharply to the ground? Was it, as many claim, a warning given to his fellows, or was It possibly the expression of his personal disapproval of something which interfered t rnporarily with the work he had in hand .' And. perhaps, elose to you, on the ground, a pelkt of matted fur may betray the presence of some large owl, probably the barred owl which lives in a hollow high up in the very tree against which you lean. He. too, has much business in the wood, ana his business is with the mice, the squirrHs. the rabbits and the grcuse with unv living creature which he can kill. He is an actor of many roles, this great owl with the big round head and the dark-brown, half-human eyes. Nov he is the midnight hunter, coursing the startled rabbit through the forest glades. Now he is a poacher, killing grouse within the boundaries of some game pre- rve. and next night behold him as the farmer's ally, exterminating rats and mice and moles. At one hour he Is a murderer, slaying, perhaps, a mother squirrel, who.-e babies will slowly starve to death in their nest; at the next he is an angel of mercy, ending as with lightning tiie sufferings of some trapped or wounded creature, which otherwise might linger in agony for days. Yt s, there is always important business going forward in the forest, and th better it is uiidersto.-d the more important It seems. There are beavers felling trees, making dams, Hooding acres of land, and bull. ling houses superior to those of certain tribes of men. There are porcupines stripping and killing a hundred trees apiece per annum; woodchucks and chipmunks excavating long, winding subterrane an tunnel-, muskrats diving for mussels and the roots of water plants, and mink and otters fishing in the- streams and ponds. All the year round, and at nil hours of the day and night, there are citizens of the forest city plying their trades, earning their "bread." and dedng their parts toward the carrying out of "the beautiful plan." C. W. Kriel, sue distributer for Wilkie Collins. 10 cent cigar, Tom Benton, 5 cent cigar. uough said.

In a Garment Mahing Factory..

George WasKington's Roiles of Civility Yet Preserved Curious Old ßooK Into Which, as a Boy. the First President Copied a Code of Behavior that Is Still Good

1 i muuiii ei iiuii iueic lay lur J many years a pile of George a s n I n K i o it b jseuooiuouKS. Among these was a large copybook full of arithmetical exer cises, forms for sales of land and cattle, accounts, and most things that would be useful in business. The forms requiring dates are dated 1743. and there are other signs that the book was kept that year, when Washington was about thirteen years of age. probably a little more than thirteen. The book Is scrupulously neat, has no blots, and It is written in such clear and handsome penmanship that the lad must hive won the prize, if there were any given in the school for handwriting. Sometimes there are flourishes around the capital letters, but the small letters are almost as If engraved. Now. in this book there are several pages of which George Washington has written down more than Ml "Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior in Company and Conversatiem." During the years in which the country was neglecting these rulers, adopted from the wisdom of the past, the Mount Vernon mice seem to have had a taste for them. Nine of the rules were partly devoured, and several nearly destroyed. Only one of the nine was left, and with on'.y these words: "Too much at any Publick." I had nearly given up all hopes of finding out what that last rule was. when I found it in a book compiled by an English child eight years old, 100 years before our little Washington got hold of it. The rule was: "Do not laugh too loud or too much at any public spectacle, est you cause yourself to be laughed at." Another rule that puzzled me a gcod deal had been left by the mice in this condition: "A man ought not to value himself of his achievements or rare qualities, virtues, or kindred V At last I found out what Washington wrote was: "A man ought not to value himself of his achievements or rare qualities, his riches, titles, virtues or kindred; but he need not speak meanly of himself." Some of these rules relate to politeness in the school, in the home, in the public, in the plnyground, in company; others relate to morality and the formation of character. There is no part of life but is taught in its lesson; the boy learns to keep his nails clean, and also to keep his conscience clean. I will first give some of the rules of good manners in things sometimes thought trifles, though they aie really of large importance: "If you cough, sneeze, sigh or yawn, do it not loud, but privately; and speak not in your yawning, but put your handkerchief or hand before your face and turn aside." In the old colonial houses there were wide fireplaces, and the dinner was sometime'S kept warm on the ample hearth for those who were absent. Hence auother ruie: "Spit not in the fire, nor stoop low before it. neither put your hands into the flames to warm them, nor set your feet upon the fire, especially if there be meat before it." Other rules advise people not to gnaw their nails, nor kill fleas before others, nor play practical jokes on those who do not like it, nor sleep when others talk, nor shake the table on which anyone is writing, nor eat in the streets, nor stop to pull up the stockings. "Play not tlM peacock, looking everywhere about you to see if you be well eiecked, if your shot. s fit well, if your stockings sit neatly and clothes handsejmely." Seime of the rules relate to behavior at the table. "Being set at meal, scratch not; neither spit, cough or blow your nose, except there is a necessity for it." Make no show of taking gi at delight in your victuals, feed not with greediness, cut you bread with a knife, lean not on the table, neither find fault with what you eat." But one must not cut bread with a greasy knife, nor take salt with it. nor carry food to the mouth with a knife, nor pick one's teeth with a fork. "Blow not your broth at table, but stay till it cools of itself." One must not the stones of fruit upon the plate. "Put not another bit into your mouth until the former be swallowed; let not your morsels be too big for the Jowls." The Mount Vernon mice had played sad haveic with another rule, leaving it thus: "In company of your betters be not than they are. lay not your arm but ar ." 1 found it to be- as fedlows: "In company of your betters be not longer in eating than they are; lay not your arm. but arise with only a touch on the edge of the table." I will eiuote two other rules concerning behavior at the table: "If others talk at table be attentive; but talk not with meat in your mouth." (In the rules "meat" Is used in the same sense as "food" as it is sometimes in the Bible.) In table talk another rule warns us against speaking of "doleful things." such as "death and wounds." And here is a noble rule: "Be not angry at table, whatever happens; and

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if you have reason to be so show It not; put on a cheerful countenance, especially if there be strangers. For good humor makes one dish of meat a feast." Although there is a rule like this in ths ancient book mentioned above, the words "good humor" have been inserted by Washington. The idea is ancient as Solomon: "Better is a dinner ef herbs where lovs is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith. But the use of this wholesome English expression, "good humor." shows that George bad digested the rule. 1 shall have mora to say of him after I have presented tha rules he has adopted, but I may say hera that, in the school which Washington attended, there remained for 100 years a tradition that he was noted for good humor, although rather grave for his years. Ha was never known to quarrel. In our own days when young people often form societies or clubs for debate, in which they are training themselves for the assemblies in which the affairs of the world are discussed, there msv be found particular interest in the rules of Washington, which relate to behavior in meetings. One of these advises that If yem enter a meeting in the midst of a speech you should not ask what it is about, and if the speaker stops because you have entered, you should ask him to proceed; but if a person enters while you are conversing, it is handsome to repeat what has been said. "Think before you s;eak. pronounce not Imperfectly, uor briug out your words too heartily, but orderly and distinctly. When another speaks be attentive yourself, and disturb not the audience. If any hesitate in his words help him not. nor prompt him without i being desired. Interrupt him not, nor answer him till his speech be ended. In disputes be not to desirous to overcome as to give liberty to each one to deliver his opinion, e'ontradict not at every turn WflMt others say. Be not tedious In discourse, make not many digressions, nor repeat of tern the same manner of discourse. While you are talking, point not with your finger at him of whom you discourse, nor approach too near him to whom you talk, especially to his faee. The gestures of the body must be suited to the discourse you are upon." And here I must risk bteaking the rule against digressions and make one. Circumstances elid not allow George Washington to cultivate the art of pubi( speaking; he was pressed into his work of surveying lands before his boyhood was past, and was in the camp contending against his country's enemies at an age wh n most youths re yet at college. He wns always an admirable writer, and used his pen as others their tongues, but was troubled if called on to make a speech. At the age of nineteen Washington, on the very day that ha received his commission from the Governor of Virgini-i. started on his perilous expedition, through a wilderness peopled with savages, to the Ohio When he returned an addn ss was offe red him In the Legislature, but lus words In renjonse could hardly be heard. Whereupon the speaker of the House exclaimed. "Sit down. Mr. Washington! your modesty is equal to your merit, in the description of which words must fall short." But in that same Virginia Legislature, on the eve of the revolution, Washington made what has len elesei ibed as "the most eloquent speech ever made in one sentence. "I will raise l.nno men, subsist them at my own expense, ami march them to the rollef of Boston." He was here practicing one of his own rules, which says: "Iet your discourse with men of business be short and comprehensive." One of the most difficult things for young people, who wish to be polite, is to ster clear of affectation. To avoid rudeness and blunt ness on the one side, pretense and foppery on the other. Is a sort of art. On this point Washington's rules contain useful hints. His very first rule .s: "Every action done in company ought to be with some sign of respect to those that ar present.' "Be no flatterer." says another rule. And again, "Superfluous compliments, and all affectation of ceremony are to be avoided, yet where due they are not to be neglected." "If any one comes to speak to you while you are sitting, stand up though he be your inferior." "In writing or speaking, give to every person his due title." "Be not forward, hut friendly snd courteous; the first to salute, hear and answer. And be not pensive when it's time to converse." "Set not yourself at the upper end of the table, but if it be your due, or that the master of the house will have It so, contend not. lest you should trouble the ( ompany." The more serious maxims of Washington's copybook should be well considered. But let it not be supposed that these already given, quaint ns they are. have not a serious importance. There is a sense in which manners make the man. Mere smoeithness of speech, ceremonlousneas, stereotvped smiles, these are but pinchbeck pediteness. But the real politeness, genuine good manners, are not all outside, because they are decorative. The plumaga of a bird is the expression of its whole stru-rure ; the manners ef a man grow out of his heart, his breeding, and education. Education in manners is like polishing a diamond. In the rough n diamond does not differ radically from any pebble; were It never polished it would be of no more worth than the pebble. Even a pretty bit of glass were superior in value to a diamond doomed to roughness. Thst is. It ia not onlv important that the people should have good qualities in th m. but that these oualiti's should be brougnt out. pmisnea ti :nev snine. harlestown, Ind. i iw MnmBk