Indianapolis Journal, Volume 52, Number 19, Indianapolis, Marion County, 19 January 1902 — Page 21

PART THREE EIGHT PAGES A IMJTCK 1'IVK CKXTS. INDIANAPOLIS, SUNDAY MORNING. JANUARY 19. 1902. i'rick rivi: CUNTS.

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ENGINEERING

FEATS woNnniu-'t i, stiuctihes made possible ii v jiodeux skill. An Arc of Steam, Steel, ComprPHird Air nnd Electricity Ha Changed Ilulldlnj? Condition. NEW BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION difficulties ovrncoMn ix im;GlXti CHICAGO DRAIN A(.E CANAL. Problems I n vol eX In Tnnnrllne In. der Itivers nnd Through Qulcknnnd, and How Solved. Corres pondonce of thi Indianapolis Journal. NEW YORK. Jan. IS. About the newest of all great engineering' structures Is, to innt people, the commonest, the mmlprn railroad bridge, aiui it is hard to realize that nothing like it. even for highway purposes, existed fifty years ago. Now almost every one of those which were earliest built lias been found inadequate by the enormous increase of truffle and the weight of locomotive?, and has been replaced by steely Each span Is made according to drawings, with hundreds of loams, girders, bar?, rods and columns, riveted and forged and bored In distant shops, but never fitted together until they arrived by dozens of carloads at the site, and are quickly assembled to make a slender, selfsupporting framework with the rigid pieces which weigh thousands of pounds fitted accurately and swiftly in place like the mechanism of a watch. This Is hard enough to do across a storm-swept bay, over an almost bottomless river, where there is a fierce current of high tides, or where, like the Niagara gorge, the height is so great that no support can be built up from the bottom, and the span ha's to support Itself during construction; but all these difficulties are small to the bridge builder, compared to the requirement, often met, that an old bridge of perhaps many spans must be replaced by a new one in exactly the same place, of the same dimensions and supported on the very same piers, without interrupting appreciably the almost constant traffic which demands passage nearly every hour in the twenty-four for long freight trains or rushing expresses. Such was the case with the Florence bridge across the Tennessee river in Alabama. There were twelve spans of about 120 feet each, which carried a single track trailroad on top and a highway between the trusses. The old wooden spans could not even support the new steel ones during erection, although the masonry piers had ample strengt!). Wooden towers were built on the toy edges of the old bridge, outside the track, above two ad jacent piors. adovc tnese lowers, nearly twenty-five feet over the track, a complete rew temporary span of wood and iron as 1-T.g as the longest span of the old bridge w-is built. A new j.ermanent span was assembled together, suspended from the under side of it, clear of the trains which passed uninteruptedly through it and under the temporary span. NEW BRIDGE OVER OLD. When it was finished and tratk laid on top of it the under side was lashed to the' upper side of the old span and it was additionally suspended from the overhead temporary span by four vertical three-and-or.e-half-Inch steel screw rods, about thirty f"et long, one at each corner, which bad n its bearing on top of the temporary span. A suitable interval between trains was selected, tha ends of the ohl span chopped away, the lashings between the new and temporary spans removed, and then the r.ts on the- great screws wcro slacked off by gears operated by a steam engine at earn end, and both spans were lowered smoothly and safely together, about twenty-two feet, in less than an hour; the old en dropping down almost to the water's edge and the new one following to occupy Its f rmer place and rest on masonry seats which were prepared meantime. A few minutes later trains were rtnnlng across the. new span, the old one was removed at leisure, and the overhead span was rolled along until its towers rested above the next piers, another span was replaced, and so on. until the whole superstructure had tern replaced with about l.ovwvo pounds of steel. It took thirty-four men only eighty days to rebuild the bridge. Tho difficulty and exper.se of building F-1 id foundations for a bridge where the water is very deep or swift or the bottom unstable is very great. In soft soils the utmost effort is made to prevent any danger of settlement or of undermining by floods and swift current, and where piles arc not used it io generally necessary to carry the masonry down to solid rock or to a safe instance in earth and sand. This is always very difücult on account of the tremendous pressure of the earth and water at a great depth, and the danger of working there even when it is pos-siblo to exclude the water. In this country cribs or caissons are often sunk by mechanical processes or by men working in pneumatic pressure and then are filled with concreto. ADAPTATION1 TO NATURE. In India, where the soft alluvial soil extends to a great depth and is saturated with water and will flow like mud, they in.ike it support heavy foundations partly by its sticky nCss. For many years they have built hollow cylindrical brick piers from twenty to on hundred feet deep which hold heavy loads chiefly by the friction on their sides. Originally these hollow jiers. a few feet in diameter, were built up on wooden rings laid r.n the ground in the bottom of pits dug down to water level. A native diver went inside and dug up the b--.ttora Tiih an adze-like tool, laborlously undermining the wall?, so that they gradually settled a few inches a week as tha It? were built on high above the surface rf th ground. Afterwards the excavation was done by dippers attached to long poles and sometimes by buckets with valves at the bottom. Recently large pier foundations for railroad bridges have been made with to or thre brick cylinders twelve or fifteen feet In diameter, which were shod with circular Iron girders having sharp, cutting edges, and a horizontal shelf to receive the brickwork. Steam dredging machines wre set on top of the piers, and, ur.d'-rmir.lng the shoes, allowed the piers to a-ttle forty or fifty feet below the river bed. The friction on the sides of the pier bocame at list so great that the weight of the brickword built high abovo the surface cf the ground would not sink it. and the last of the descent was accomplished by loAd!is the top of the finished pier with

hundreds of thousands of pounds of rails f iled on In overhanging crossed layers. One of the most important. Interesting and remarkable engineering feats on this continent was the construction of the Chicago drainage canal, a canal twenty-eight miles long, dug at an expense of over $30.f'0,000. it taps the Chicago river some distance above Its mouth and causes its foul waters, mixed with a large quantity drawn from the lake, to flow a short distance up stream and then through the canal into the Desplaines river, and thence to the Gulf of Mexico. The canal I3 cut to a depth of twenty-three feet below the water level and for several miles through the prairie is nearly :) fret wide on top, and required the excavation of over 2S0,wV"O cubic yards of earth which bad to be dug up, lifted out and riled in great hills, often hundreds of feet away from the edge of the canal bank. CUTTING ILLINOIS RAVINE. As the average price paid for excavating, lifting and removing the earth was about one cent a cubic foot, only a fraction of what is usually paid for ordinary quantities of excavation, the contractors were obliged to Invent cheap methods, and the great principle of success was found to be in handling the earth in large quantities and keeping it continuously moving. Most of it was dug by steam shovels working in the bottom of the trench, which could scoop up a wagon load at once; and do it on an average of once a minute or oftencr all day long. In one place the steam shovel worked bark and forth across the canal, cutting a section ten feet wide and fourteen feet deep at each trip. Each bucketful of a ton or more of hard, sticky clay was dumped by the shovel into the hopper of a grinding machine, which delivered it on top of an endless winding rubber belt extended across the bottom of the canal. A second belt reached up to the top of the slope and In turn overlapped the end of a third, which was carried along the floor of a 2u0-foot bridgo elevated thirty feet above the ground on rolling towers at each end. Each of the three belts was supported on rollers hollowed a little in the center, like dice boxes, which made it sufficiently concave to retain the clay, like a trough. They were driven at a speed of about seven feet per second, and ceaselessly carried the clay away from the shovel, up the canal slope, on top of the bridge and over it to a variablo point, where a diagonal scraper was set across it, and pushed the load off, to fall through the bridge floor and pile up on the ground underneath. When the steam shovel completed a cut across the canal, which perhaps required two days, its tracks, the belts and the bridge were all moved ten feet ahead and the process was kept up continuously. Many of the chunks of clay were as large as a man's head, and it was amusing to watch them ride quietly along until they commenced the ascent of the steep bank, and then begin to roll and tumble and start down with an evident determination not to go up that slope under any circumstances. They would hurry and scramble as fast as possible, but it was not steep enough for them to fall quite as fast as the belt traveled, and it would keep picking them up again and again, each time lifting them a little higher before thy would succeed in starting down, until at last they were landed on the level belt on top. Wasting a tunnel through the solid rock is usually considered an easy and a comparatively safe task; excavating it in solid clay with a good depth of the same material overhead is sometimes still easier. Even quicksand may be pierced at the expense of sufficient time and money, but when :t Is necessary to tunnel through soft mud and slit very near the river bottom in deep water the task is one of the most difficult, dangerous and costly that can be attempted. Such a tunnel with an inside diameter of ten feet was recently built in a very novel manner. A huge concrete tube, 2T feet long, lined inside and covered outside with steel plates, was built on slpre on regular inclined ways. The ends being closed, the 1,00-ton mass was launched like a ship, towed thirty miles to place, sunk between rows of guide piles driven on both sides of it, and one end connected by divers to the shore tunnel previously built to join It. The most remarkable feature of the work was that a storm arose and threatened to injure the floating tunnel before it was quite completed. Large valves were hastily opened and it was allowed to fill .and sink to a depth below the storm action. When it was calm again the water was pumped out and the great pipe rose to the surface, was completed and again sunk, this time permanently seating itself on the foundation piles cut off accuiately by submerged steam saws at the required level, far below the surface of the river. In sinking deep shafts through quicksand It is often Impossible to keep out the water so men can work in the bottom. The sides will cave in continuously, quicksand will enter like water through the smallest crevice in the lining, and tons of it will flow from a long distance underground so as to cause depressions in the surface at remote places. Worst of all, the Fand and water will rise up In the bottom as fast as it can be pumped out, and this, added to the great pressure on the sides and the difficulty of building a water-tight lining from the top down, makes the work extremely slow and clifileult. Recently the expedient of freezing the quicksand far below the surface was adopted, and after that was accomplished the shaft could bo excavated easily. F R E E Z I N G QUICKS A N D. The freezing Is accomplished by the use of the modern refrigerating machine. A shaft about fifteen feet 3quare and P) fect deep was sunk In this manner through water and quicksand to solid rock at Iron Mountain. Mich., a few years ago. Twentyseven ten-inch iron pipes were arranged about three feet apart on the sides of a rectangle inclosing the shaft and sunk vertically to rock by a water jet and steam hammer. An eight-inch pipe, closed at the bottom, was lowered inside each ten-inch pipe and the latter withdrawn. A one and a half-inch pipe, open at the bottom, was lowered Inside each eight-inch ripe, reaching nearly to its bottom and extending through its cap on top. The tops of the Inner pipes were connected to a pressure pipe, through which brine from the refrigerating machine was pumped at a temperature of about 17 degrees Fahrenheit, and, rising through the eight-inch pipes, escaped from their tops into a connecting horizontal pipe, which served as the suction main of the circulating pump. The cold brine thus moved around and around the circuit, taking about twenty-live minutes for each trip, and rising in that time about one degree in temperature. As it absorbed the heat from the quicksand and water a thin coating of ice formed around the outside of the eight-Inch pipes, and gradually Increased In thickness until in ten days those on adjacent pipes united and formed a solid wall of frozen water and quicksand, which, after forty days' freezing, attained a thickness of ten feet. This excluded the water, so that the shaft could be excavated through it as In rock. The material had indeed to be blasted, and very much resembled sandstone. The shaft was lined with heAvy timber walls hung from

the top and packed around with hay. A water-tight joint was made with the rock, the refrigeration was stopped and the ground allowed to thaw, which It did so slowly that it was fifty days before the water began to enter the shaft. The outer edge of the froien mass was supposed to be a cylindrical surface fifty-four feet in diameter. FRANK W. SKINNER, C. E. Copyright, 1302, by F. W. Skinner. THE LUMP OR THE LEAVEN.

It I the; Former, irlth Its lllffh Average, Which Signifies. "Leaven, which a woman took and hid In three measures of meal," is the way the New Testament puts it. This proportion of vital principle to inert mass, of brain to muscle, has a thousand illustrations. Let us .take one or two. England has T.oon,0 V) families, of these 700 are millionaires, 10,000 very rich. 140.000 rich. 750,000 in fair circumstances, 2.000,000 struggling and 4,000,000 miserably poor. Observe only round number. are used. In Indiana we have the same thing. Three thousand million dollars is a moderate estimate of our State's wealth. Yet' we have only thirty millionaires. Of our 2,500,000 people 1.750.OO0 contribute nothing whatever towards the public burdens and 2,000.000 leave at death no property to bo administered upon. It must not be forgotten that these are lump ligures, including women and children. Intellectually the percentage of leaven to lump Is even greater. While almost everybody in Indiana can both read and write, less than 1 per cent, represent the intellectual profession, of these thero are 15,000 teachers, 2,500 lawyers, 2,5X preachers and about the same number of physicians, while 2,500 more would be a sufficiently high estimate for the engineers, bankers, etc., who can fairly be classed as Intellectual. It is common to speak of our lawyers, teachers, etc., as the brains of the community. I do not believe this. As good brains are found about engine3, machinery, banks, ships and buslne s as In books. Even Professor Triggs, the man who thinks all hymns are doggerel and that Rockefeller had as great an intellect as Shakspeare, has the correct idea, namely, that all brains are not In books only he put the wrong man at each end of his comparison. Of these 25,000, or half of 1 per cent., ever achieve real or merited eminence, although many attain a temporary notoriety, of which noise Is the chief element. Our authors, whose books have got beyond State lines, may be counted upon the fingers of one hand. Will any of them be quoted fifty year3 hence? While we have a full quota of excellent business lawyers, only one, Byron K Elliott, can be fairly said to have attained national rank as a Jurist. Ills books are real contributions to two departments of law. Of our public men our two senators represent the State's best in eloquence and practical ability. It would be unjust not to make honorable mention of some of our older men Charles Denby and John W Foster, for example, who have achieved honorable standing as diplomatists and who are still with us. The rayt has been kinder to us in this matter than the present. Undoubtedly Morton was our greatest man, but he gave the ten best years of his life to what he condemned at the Ftart and what proved a most disastrous failure. Harrison comes next to Morton In intellectual power, although as President his name will hereafter bo mentioned an hundred times to Morton's once. For over fifty years Indiana has invariably had her best heads in the United States senate; Hendricks, McDonald, Voorhecs are all names to conjure with. As a political rhetorician Voorhees has never been surpassed. Walter Q. Gresham and Schuyler Colfax in their days won honorable names and fames. And so with ex-Attorney General "W. . II. Miller and William Dudley Foulke. Think, however, of the vast amount of lump that has gone since 1S50 with this leaven from 5,000,000 to 7.500,000 of human beings and what a vastly more important although much less talked about national work they have accomplished. For example, they have created $3,000,000,000 worth of material wealth and made a great sovereign State. Take Indianapolis to illustrate. The power and beauty of our capital city does not lie in Its trade palaces, factories, churches or public buildings, but in its hundreds, and even thousands of miles of lovely homes and decorated grounds. This is true of our smaller cities and towns. And these homes are filled with bright boys and girls with millions of books and ten thousands of pianos, pictures and other elegancies. The average of public Intelligence Is so much higher to-day than it was fifty years ago that it takes a great deal more to make a notable man or women than It used to do. This may account for our present dearth of greatness. It need not in the least discourage us that the old scriptural ratio, of leaven to lump is no higher than it was nineteen centuries ago. It has only been within the last fifty years that the real secret of writing history was discovered. Macauley led the way when. Instead of a list of worthless kings and queens, he gave the world studies In the roads, transportation, homes and methods of living of the English people two centuries ago. Another curious fact in anthropology worth noting Is that States, like men, have seasons of intellectual dearth and fecundity. Just now Iowa holds more high offices at Washington than any other of our States her congressional delegation is the ablest of any of her competitors, and besides ..the speakership she holds two Cabinet positions. For the first three decades of our national history Virginia was the mother of the Presidents; of late years Ohio enjoys that distinction. "Some men were born great, some have greatness thrust upon them, and some are born In Ohio." And, curiously enough. New England, which for forty years after 1S40 took the Intellectual lead of our American people, is now only a reminiscence and contents itself with repeating the names of Emerson, Bryant, Longfellow, Whlttier and Lowell. Even llowells has gone to New York to live. Corn comes before culture. Life before books. If our State Is still raising corn it is only a question of time. Our leaven of art, literature and great men will surely come to us after the early and the later rains. Meantime, it is far better not to brag, but to place the emphasis where it really belongs upon our high average Intelligence, our growing wealth and our bright promise for the future. DANIEL P. BALDWIN. Logansport, Ind., Jan. 11. Unseen. "And where Is God?" the Doubter asked, "I do not see Ilim anywhere Behind what creature 1 He marked. In sea, on erth, la clouds, in air?" "And where la death?" th Mourner sighed "And yet I knnw that he Is nar; There lies my dearest friend that died Ncr voice, nor footstep Jll I hear." "Where are the violets?" aRed the child "I do not see then?, yet I know. Although the winds are blowing wild. They are alive beneath the snow." iUurico Francis Egan, la January DonabtM's.

TO READ CHARACTER

WHAT ACLTEXESS OR DULLNESS IX CEIITAIX SEXSES INDICATES. Scientific Votnrlea of the Xer FycholoRy" Havo Invented Sonic Teat Instruments. MENTALITY JUDGED BY SENSES OnTt SENESS IX AY of them 'said TO SIfiMFY D Ef a E X E It A C Y. Novel nnd I'nlqne Meter for Mensurine the Leant That You Can Perceive In the AYuy of Odors, Etc. Correspondence of the Indianapolis Journal. WASHINGTON, Jan. 17. What is the story of your senses? Character reading from the physiognomy, the cranium and the hands must now be classed among the old arts. But the science of determining disposition from the five senses is distinctly novel. It is a product of the new psychology which is upsetting hitherto well-accepted theories about the mind. The five senses are the foundation of all thought. If any school of character reading be rational, this new one would seem to be the most reasonable. Several new instruments which read your character in this new way are very interesting and not too complicated for description. They have very long names and are being used by serious savants for serious research. This new science of character reading is but one of their by-products. Is your sense of smell aristocratic or plebeian? Let us see how this is determined. The "olfactometer" will determine this very quickly and very accurately. It consists of a screen of odorless metal mounted upon a vertical rod. This screen is pierced at the center by two horizontal Inhaling tubes. The ends cf the tubes projecting in front of the screen fit conveniently into the nostrils of the subject undergoing the test. The opposite ends are graduated into twenty divisions of 5 mm. each. Over them slide odorous cylinders hollow tubes saturated with some fragrant material of known quality and strength. The further a cylinder is drawn toward the back of the instrument the greater the odor in the connected tube. Pushed back to the first jnark on the tube, tho air inhaled has passed over five millimeters of exposed scented surface before it enters the tube and gets to the nose. Push the cylinder back to the second mark and ten millimeters are exposed, etc. It is thus possible to obtain a number of smell strengths varying from 0 to 10 centimeters of surface. These arc the smell units. vIf one perfume be placed in one cylinder and another In the other, one nose can inhale two distinct smells at once. The cylinders are labeled a, b, c, d, etc., in pairs, according to their odor. You are placed In a comfortable chair before a table bearing the instrument. Y'our proboscis having been duly connected, one cylinder at a time is first used. At the beginning it is placed upon the No. 1 mark and is slowly moved over the graduations until the scent becomes perceptible. Thus is your acuteness measured in units. WHAT ACUTENESS INDICATES. This "smellometer" thus far indicates that acuteness of scent is an accompaniment of higher development; otiuseness, a characteristic of degeneration. Experiments made with the olfactometer applied to different classes indicate that the sense of smell is three times duller in criminals than in normal individuals. An examination of many degenerate women resulted in showing that 19 per cent, were without the sense of smell. Smell Is dull in thieves, but not so much so as in women of the class before mentioned. This work has brought science face to face with the fact that a nomenclature for smells must be deyised. We have no names for odors, although colors are perceptibly designated. The bare word "smell" suggests a bad odor. There seems to be no doubt that preferences of the olfactory sense are the result of refining influences, and as a proof of this we have only to compare those to whom only the delicate extracts, such as violet, are satisfying. These experiments demonstrate that a complete obliteration of scent by scent 13 possible. Thi3 is proved by placing one odorous substance in one cylinder of the instrument, another in the other, and allowed the two to be inhaled at once. The result is the absence of scent characteristic of ordinary atmospheric air. Tho sense of taste is found to be much more acute among normals than among degenerates. To measure your acuteness of taste, the Investigator places you before a table upon which has been arranged a series of glass vessels containing solutions of sour, sweet, bitter, salty, metallic and alkaline flavors. Before each of these is placed a graduate of filtered water containing a dropper. Commencing with a bitter flavor, for example, the investigator places one drop of it in the corresponding graduate of water, mixes it thoroughly and then places one drop of the weakly diluted solution upon your tongue. You cannot distinguish the flavor until, perhaps, twenty or thirty drops of the bitter flavor have been added to the graduate. Yet the investigator proceeds carefully In steps, adding a drop at a time to the water and later applying a single drop of the final solution to your tongue. Your acuteness of taste is thus measured In tha number of drops of a given flavor of known strength which must be added to a given quantity of water before you can begin to detect the flavor. The solutions generally used In the.tasteometer are sugar, 5 per cent.; quinine, .002 per cent.; tartaric acid, .5 per cent.; salt, 2 per cent.; sodium carbonate, .1 per cent. These, respectively, give the standard sweet, bitter, sour salty and alkaline flavors. The greater part of what we eat Is tasteless. Our food gets its flavor from scent of condiments which burn or pucker the tongue. If you hold your nose or, better, fill it with water and taste a variety of sweet things the while, they will impart very nearly the same, indistinct flavor. When the sense of smell is entirely lost ordinary flavoring syrups impart merely a sweetish taste, with no difference between their effects. Tepper and mustard produce merely sharp sensations upon the tongue. Ginger and cloves are alike. CURIOUS EXPERIMENTS. If two equally sweet solutions are prepared, and if one Is cooled while the other

is heated, that which Is cool will taste tho sweeter. If two equally sour solutions are prepared in the samo manner the warmer one will taste the more acid. Thus a confection Is sweeter to the tongue when frozen than when melted, while hot lemonade is more acid than cold lemonade. Cooks should not, therefore, sweeten food while It is hot lest what will gratify their taste then may become too sweet when cooled. Criminals and normal persons tested by the tasteometer, in which was used a solution of one part strychnine to 500.O parts water, gave a result showing that for every fifty normals whc( could detect the bitter flavor'there were but fifteen criminals who could notice it. There is a theory that in man the organ (of smell Is degenerating, whilo that of taste is not changing. So far as your sense of touch is concerned, if it be obtuse the indication is that you are a degenerate. There is far greater obtuseness of touch found among criminals than among normal human beings. Born criminals are found also to have greater insensibility to pain than people of the normal classes. Women criminals in particular are noted to bear surgical operations with a fortitude not characteristic of normal wome n. The touchometer is an ingenious instrument for measuring acuteness to touch. It is a wooden stand, from the edge of the circular top of which extend horizontal, slender rods, each of which appears to be a minute fishing line, bearing a cork. The lines are in reality fine cocoon libers and tho corks are small discs of elder pith. There are a score of these, all alike, except that the discs aro surmounted by tiny washers or buttons of metal, which give them distinct weights, varying from one milligram to twenty times that weight, and differing in steps of one milligram. Commencing with the lightest disc, they aro safely lowered, one at a time, and in proper sequence on the skin. If you be the subject of experiment you are blindfolded. Several of the lightest discs are not felt unless you be unusually sensitive. They are being applied, one at a time, and you are instructed to make known as soon as you become conscious of the slightest touch. The lightest pith wafer felt measures your acuteness to touch. For the average individual the smallest weight which can be felt is 2 m. s. on the forehead, temples and back of forearm or hand; 3 m. g. on inner side of forearm, 5 m. g. on nose, hip, cheek or abdomen; 5 to 13 m. g. on inner surface of fingers; 1,000 m. g. on the heel or nails. TEMPERATURE SENSE. Psychologists are commencing to award us a sixth sense. They do this by dividing touch proper into the pressure of sense and temperature sense. Pressure sense we have seen tested In the above experimnt. It is also measured by means of an instrument consisting of a rod pressed over the skin while It records varying units of pressure on a dial. It is a portable edition of the touchometer described and its observations are similar to those of that more complicated device. Temperature sense is measured by an instrument composed of a conical tube having a thermometer in the top, the point of the cone being placed upon the skin. Water circulates through the tube. Warm water at a comfortable temperature is first circulated through the point. Gradually the heat of the water is increased. The subject is Instructed to make known as soon as he feels the last difference in temperature and must state whether it is colder or warmer. The number of degrees of the thermometer over which the water is heated before the change is detected Is the scale for measuring the temperature sense. It is dlscovred that cold or hot bodies feel heavier than those of equal weight and at the temperature of the skin. An ice-cold silver dollar feels heavier than one which you have carried in your hand a long while. So does one which has been heated on the stove. But cold is more effective than heat in producing this delusion. Obtuseness in sight and hearing appear to ba characteristic of degeneration. Only three in every fifteen born criminals were found in one investigation to have normal fields of vision. A very small Irregular field of vision appears to bo typical of crime. Hearing Is found to be more obtuse In fallen women than in normal people, more obtuse in thieve3 than In fallen women and more obtuse in murderers than in thieves. Thus acuteess of the ear decreases, 1$ would appear, with each degree of degeneration. The instruments for testing eyesight and hearing are those commonly used by physicians and are, perhaps, too well known for description. JOHN ELFRETII W ATKINS, Jr. IN EAST TENNESSEE.

Yislt to n Region of Romance, Patriotism, Poetry nnd History. To the Editor of the Indianapolis Journal: Few sections of the country furnish a more inviting field to one in search of the picturesque than the region lying between the Blue Ridge mountains of western North Carolina and the Cumberland mountains, and geographically known as East Tennessee. The mountains along tho North Carolina border are classified as "Stone," "Iron," "Smoky" and "Unaka," and contain the highest peaks of the Appalachian system. In this region it is proposed to establish the "Appalachian Park" as a national pleasure ground, and one has but to spend a month in the "Land of the Sky" to perceive the natural adaptation of this portion of Uncle Sam's dominions for tho purpose suggested. But it is of East Tennessee I propose to write. Some twenty years ago I spent a few weeks in this inviting region, and, having received an invitation from an old friend who has spent his whole life in "Cloudland," to spend the holidays with him at his country place, "Holston Heights," I determined once more to renew the pleasant associations of other days. East Tennessee is an interesting country, viewed from every standpoint. It has romance, patriotism, poetry and history, and is one of the few sections where primitive simplicity, sterling patriotism and an intense religious spirit pervade the atmosphere. It is also a region w hose inhabitants are to the manor lorn, there being few foreigners. The typical East Tennessean is noted for his fine physical development and my host was no exception to the rule, his avoirdupois approximating COO pounds. But that was small, compared with one of his neighbors who died a few years since and who weighed about five hundred pounds. But, of course, this was abnormal. Not only do these East Tennesseans attain unusual chest dimension, but some of them are well-developed longitudinally. One of these tall gentlemen was recently traveling and occupied part of a seat in a crowded car. The only vacant seat in the car was In front of and facing him. A young lady entered the car at a small station and took the vacant seat, the gentleman doinghls level bet to contract himself into a space sufficiently, email to prevent her. being

crowded, but, with all his efforts, his extremities shrank but little. With hl3 politest bow he apologized, saying: "Madam, you will really have to excuse me; my legs are long and I positively cannot help it!" The ludlcrousness of the situation dawned upon the lady and she good-naturedly expressed her appreciation of bis thoughtfulness in considering her personal comfort. Holston Heights is fifteen miles from the nearest railroad station. The road winds over hill and dale, and, like Jordan, is' "a hard road to travel" on acocunt of the innumerable stones with which it is infested. But few of the streams are spanned by bridges, the creeks and rivers being generally fordable, except at "high tide." The views obtained from many points are fine the constant shifting of position presenting a panorama of great beauty. My host had chosen an elevated spot for his dwelling, which afforded a view for many miles In every direction. At the foot of the hill a creek murmured and chattered as it dashed over the stones and glided behind a huge rock and finally plunged into the brimming Holston. The stream is known as "Fall creek." and its playful disposition suggested a stanza from Tennyson's "Brook:" "I chattered over stony ways, In little sharps and trebles, 1 bubble into eddying bays. 1 babble on the pebbles." From the summit of the hill my friend pointed out a number of fine views. To the north and far away stretched the Virginia foothills, which lie in the shadow of the Cumberland mountains. Turning towards the southwest he pointed out "Hay's" mountain, which ends in a steep cliff. Tradition has it that at an early day a beautiful wild bay stallion roamed this mountain and that a party of hunters determined to capture him. They drove him to the edge of the cliff, where escape was impossible. Rather than surrender his wild freedom the horse jumped over the cliff and was killed. The legend is suggestive of "The Pacing Mustang" in Ernest Seton-Thompson's "Wild Animals I Have Known." Near tho base of the mountain lies a farm, whose former owner was a stanch Union man during the civil war. The greater part of his stock, was taken by the Confederates early in the struggle. But thcro was one of his horses that seemed peculiarly endowed with hard "horso sense," since he soon learned to distinguish an enemy at sight. On several occasions, while grazing in the pasture, he saw the grey coats approaching, and, taking to his heels, galloped to the house, down several stone steps and into a small brick building used as a milkhouse. Some member of the family would close the door and thus he escaped capture. This region was also famous for many of the adventures of Dan Ellis, a noted Union scout. He would make trips on foot over the mountains to Knoxville, 125 miles distant, and return with a load of supplies for the suffering people. Many attempts were made to capture him, but without success. All the mountains of this section are covered with vegetation and many are cultivated almost to their summits. Viewed from a distance, most of them seem to be enveloped in a haze. I was onco gazing at one of these haze-enveloped mountains in company with an old East Tcnnesseean and asked him his opinion of the cause of this dreamy appearance. "I do not know,' he replied quite promptly, "unless 'Tis distance lends enchantment to the view And robes the mountain in its azure hue." Somo of these low-lying mountains are favorite places for camp meetings, or, rather, once were favorite places, since the camp meeting is now nearly obselete. At one of these gatherings an eccentric individual, noticing that there was an insufficient amount of straw upon the ground near tho altar (straw being used to cover tho ground and to kneel upon), shouted to a friend in the rear, "More straw! Fetch more straw, quick! Souls are perishing for want of straw!" It was in East Tennessee that the "jerks," a peculiar nervous affection, first originated. At a certain camp meeting where the "jerks" was very common, an old fellow came with a barrel of "moonshine" in his wagon to dispense to the bibulously-incllned. He made his boast that he was "jerkproof," but he had scarcely loosed his horses from the wagon when he began to jerk, and, so violently did he shake that a neighbor had to help the old sinner into his wagon and take him and his "booze" home. Through this region Francis Asbury always passed on his tours to the South and North, and several log churches aro still standing where the people of the past generation gathered to hear from him "glad tidings of great joy." As is well known, what is now the State of Tennessee was once claimed by the State of North Carolina, but the pioneers, with true American spirit, determined to set up for themselves. As a result of their "obstreperousness" the old North State concluded to chastise them, and a pitched battle ensued between the contending factions. This encounter took place not far from the Watauga river and it was near this spot that John Sevier crossed the Watauga with his company of "rough riders" on their way to join in the attack on King's mountain. Sevier was at a dance on Nolichucky river when the news came of the intended march, and very quickly the revelry and feasting ceased, there was mounting in hot haste and the daring riders soon grave tangible evidence that they enjoyed a fight as well as a frolic. At Jonesboro, the oldest town in the State, and the first capital, Andrew Jackson began the real battle of life, and from this place he led a party through a hostile Indian country to the new settlement of Nashville. A few miles below Jonesboro is Limestone, which gave the world one of its most unique character. Davj' Crockett. In this same region Daniel Boone used to roam In search of bear, and on a beech tree In Washington county may still be read an old Inscription to this effect: "D. Boone cyld a bar on this tree." At Greenville Andrew Johnson lived and worked at the tailor's trade. It was here also that John Morgan lost his life at the hands of East Tennesseeans. after he had returned from his tour of Invasion In Indiana and his experience of prison life in Ohio. A great change is coming over thl3 part of the country. The extension of various railroad systems and the opening of mines, as well as the establishment of manufacturing Industries at many points, has given a wonderful impetus to business of all kinds. East Tennessee is not. as is often supposed, a distinctively mountainous region. It is a hilly country with many fertile valleys, and is well adapted for grazing and the growth of vegetables and fruits. It is full of running streams and springs abound on all hands. The remarkable growth of many of the towns of this region, the complete exploitation of the country, the Investment of capital and the consequent development of Its hidden resources will naturally cause a change in the habits of the people. The old log house, of which there are not a few. will gradually give way to the more modern structure, and a general awakening will take place all along the line. But it is to" be hoped that the people will still retain that naturalness and simplicity of character, as well as the rugged moral development which now characterize them and which gives them a distinctive individuality that Is always interesting. T. aL JVEAA'EIt,

SOCIAL EVIL IN LONDON

MOVEMENT I'OH ITS SI IMMUI(X MAKES LITTLE PROGRESS. Authorities Titanic the Public, nnd the Pahlic In Tnrn tin Im the Authorities Are Ileionl!le. LITTLE HOPE FOR REAL REFORM nnsiLT or a visit or i:mim:t MEX TO Till: HOME SEtHETAUY. That Ofllclnl Admitted the Serlonnea of 1-1 -II liut Wa I'nahlc to See a Way to Detter Condition. Ccrrepnr.. ler.ee of the Indianapolis Journal. LONDON, Jan. 8. Like all movement against the social evil, the campaign recently inaugurated for charing the streets of London of their dally and nightly carnivals of vice, is making headway very slowly. On tho surface of things there is not only no appearance of change, but no evidence of any of tho activities which might be thought to presage change. The devotees of vicious pleasure are as brazenfaced as ever In their abominable traülc, and the police as conveniently blind as ever, it would seem as though the movement had struck a snag. The public think the authorities are at fault, while tho authorities, as usual, lay the blamo upon the public. Just what the situation is at this time, and what the difficulties are, and how little hope there Is for any radical reform In the immediate future, are points which have been made only too sadly obvious by a recent interview with Mr. Ritchie, secretary of state for the home department. It is from this department that the police get their instructions, and from tho same quarter would have to come any amendment to the existing laws. So that what Mr. Ritchie has just said on the subject to a distinguished deputation from the Westminster City Council may be. accepted for the present as the final word. At the head of this deputation was the Duke of Norfolk, who, besides being earl marshal of England, is also ex-mayor of the city of Westminster. In addressing Mr. Ritchie he said it was the very strong wish of the Westminster City Council that something should bo done to remedy the disgraceful condition of many of the publio streets. He knew, of course, that it wasn't possible by legislative means or police enactments to remedy all the evils which existed, but there were tsome localities In Westminster which were a disgrace to th country, chief amongst which were Piccadilly, Haymarket, Leicester Square, Regent street and Charing Cross. At present in these localities the young and innocent were needlessly exposed to temptation and all kinds of persons were subjected to perpetual annoyance . These crying evils, fail tho earl marshal, ought to be eummariljr dealt with, and if the existing laws wer not sufficient, there must be further legislation. The next speaker was Mr. Jaxone, chairman of the Westminster watch committee, who urged that what had been done in Clasgow, Birmingham, Liverpool and Sheffield could also be done in London. A man might walk the streets of Birmingham from twilight to nightfall without being solicited. This deputation, bö said, waa thw outcome of a memorial to tho City Council of Westminster, signed by S.&oO inhabitant, protesting against the nightly condition of the localities referred to by tho earl marshal. In a few months, continued Mr. Jaxone, thera would ba tho coronation, when tho best and noblest of the empire vouid be here, with thousands of visitors from every part of The world, and tha Council did not wish the street of Westminster to ba polluted on that occasion an they aro now. Not that tluy wem puritanical, but men of thtt world though they were, they felt that for the honor of tha empire and of Londoa something ought to be done. NOT ENCOURAGING. Mr. Ritchie's reply to thla deputation, coming from the highest authority in England and from that department of tha government which controls the police. Is worth tha serious attention of those in all countries who are anxious to suppress vice. There is a strain of hopelessness in it euch as social reformers axa all too familiar with, but there is also in what he sayi a frank statement of difficulties euch as cannot fall to be instructive, even though It may tend somewhat to dampen enthusiasm. He fully agreed that the evil complained of was a serious one, and was not surprised that the governing body of Westminster should come to the home secretary asking for a remedy. Ha warned them, however, that the remedy was not to be found In police measures. Suppose something drastic were done in tho particular districts indicated, would the result be to abolish the evil or merely to drive It to other districts? He was afraid tho deputation had rather exaggerated what had been done la Birmingham, Liverpool and other places, but, In any cae, London waa to vast and the difficulties to be dealt with here were so great that what might be fairly suceasful in a provincial city might be a failure In the capital of the empire. It must not be forgotten either. Mr. Ritchie went on. that there was a great deal of pity felt in many quarters for the poor unfortunates who were complained of, and many persons thought they had been reduced to what they were by ths sins of others who could not be got at. So that the police had to be extremely careful. It was also to be borne in mind that not only women collected in Piccadilly at certain times of right, but men also, who were not in the la-t annoyed by what took place, but were attracted by it. In seeking to bring women before the magistrates the police would necessarily come in contact with these men, some of whom would not hesitate to give evidence ir. court in the women's favor. Indeed, the police, he said, had more than once met with a humiliating fall on account of what they had attempted to do. They had brought women before the magistrate, and the magistrate had not only not approved of the conduct of the police, but had more than once given them undeserved censure. A CANDID STATEMENT. Upon one xolnt Mr. Ritchie was mere candid than ome good people might he wanted him to be. These women, he said, bad as much right to walk the streets as the home secretary and the carl marshal of England had, and unless they committed some offense or created obstruction they could not be Interfered with. A ftrct

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