Indianapolis Journal, Indianapolis, Marion County, 22 December 1896 — Page 2

THE INDIANAPOLIS JOURNAL, TUESDAY, DECEMBER 22, 1896.

that time no other power than England, and Turkey least of all. admitted the necessity of this alternative, since the war had then lasted four years without producing It. but that no other power was ready to admit it Sn 1 1wchu? the accepted law of all Kurope in In a form mucn more pronounced. Although this dictum of i'annlnjr's was never, ?o far as we know, officially published, it was quoted by Lord Jius?ell. then her Majesty's principal secretary of state for foreign affairs; in the speech which he made in the House of Commons May 6. 1W1. as the single and sufficient authority to Justify the step upon which he and his colleague in the government had decided of recognizing the belligerency of. tho 'power or community' which hs officially called 'the Southern Confederacy of America. and which at that time had not a ship at sea. or an army on lanl, rind vhich had given as yet no official evidence of a war to tho British government. Simultaneously the Fame action was adopted by tho government of France, which concurred entirely in the views of her Majesty's government. fend whose concurrence, in the absence of protest or objection by any other powers, made Husscll's view the accepted practice of Europe. "Canning's resolution of Greek belligerency in 1CT. as well as the Joint recognition of 'the Southern Confederacy of America. in IMCl. was only the first step toward an anticipated system of intervention. Then Trance joined with England and Russia, nl the three powers, on the 6th of July, . 5C7. united in a formal treaty, signed in Iondon. which committed them to armed intervention in case the Sultan should still reject their proffered mediation within the space of one month. The preamble in this treaty set forth the motives which led the three novereigns to intervene, as follows: " "Penetrated with the necessity of putting an end to the sanguinary contest which, by delivering up the Greek province and the isles of the Archipelago, to all the disorders of anarchy, produces daily fre?h impediments to the commerce of the European states, and gives occasion to pirates, which not only ex)Kjse the subjects of tne high contracting iwirties to considerable losses, but besides render necessary burdensome measures f protection and repression: his Majesty, the King of the United Kingdom of Great liritain arwl Ireland, and his Majesty, the King of France and Navarre, having besides received on the part of the Greeks, a. nresslnfc r-iuest to Interpose their mediation with the Ottoman Pcrte. as well as his Majesty, the Emperor of all the Russia, animated bv the desire of stopping the effusion of blood and of arresting the evils of all kinds, which ralffht arise from the continuance of such a state of things, have resolved to unite their efforts and to regulate the operation thereof by & formal treaty, with a view of re-establishing peace between the contending parties by means of an arrangement which is called for as much by humanity as by Interest of the repose of Europe. 'The treaty proceeded to bind the three parties to offer their mediation immediately on the basis of Turkish suzerainty nd Greek self-government, and in case Turkey would not accept within one month the proposed mediation, the powers shou'd prevent further hostilities by ordering" their squadrons to interpose. "The Turkish government. August SO. reiterated its dcided. unconditional, final and unchangeable refusal to receive any proposition on beha of the Greeks. The next day the embassadors sent the necessary orders to their squadrons, and in attempting to carry out these orders the admirals, much to the regret of the British government, brousrht on the battle of Navarino, Oct. 20. 1S27." THE CASE OF BELGIUM. The report next takes up the Belgian , revolution of 1S30. saying: ' "When the French revolution of July. JR-Tu. occurred. It spread Instantly to the Netherlands. Toward the end of August. ltS. disturbances began, and soon became po serious, as to threaten grave complications abroad as well as at home. Without concerting w'th or supporting King William, the powers imposed an immediate armistice on both parties. Naturally tho Belftfan rebels then declared themselves independent. With such encouragement their safety was guaranteed almost beyond tho possibility of rl. The claim of Independence was made on Nov. is. Ijc&i, and whs recognized one month later, by the powers. In. their seventh conference, lice. ST "The representatives of the live iowers. whose names were among the most famous In v diplomacy Talleyrand. Liven. KsterhHy. Palmerston, Bulow adopted, without tlr adhesion, or even an invitation to be present, of the Netherlands minister, a protocol which announced Intervention pure and imple; liegln.ning with the abrupt recognition of- the revolutionary government as follows: Th plenipotentiaries of the five courts, having received the formal adhesion of the Belgian government to the armistice proposed to it. and which the Kinsr of the Nether lands has also accepted the conferencewill occupy itself in discussing and concerting the new arrangements most proper to combine the future independence of -Belgium with the interests and the security of the other powers, ami the preservation of tho European equilibrium. "The Netherlands minister immediately recorded. Iec. 22. a form;i protest, and a reservation of King William's right to 'deride on 'such ulterior measures as should be taken In the double interests of his own dignity and lh3 well-being of his faithful subjects. " The? report tells of the protest of Holland, followed by a Holland military expedition, which was met by 40,000 French troops. It continues: "Thus, within less than a year after rebellion had broken out. and without waiting for evidence of the riffht or the military force of the Insurrection, every sort of intervention took place, diplomatic and military. Joint and separate. Nor did the Intervention stop with the measures taken for the succor of Belgium. As King William of Holland continued to reject the rondltionn Imposed by the powers, and lieid Antwerp as a pledge for more favorable conditions of peace, the governments of France and England, abandoning the European concert, announced that they should put their naval and military force's in motion, and according! the British government. November. 1S.TJ. embargoed IKitch ships ami blockaded the Dutch coast, while the French army. Nov. 14. formally laid sieg to Antwerp." HUNGARY'S REVOLUTION. The report ynyx thrt the Polish rebellion of iv.l seemed to hr.ve no value as a precedent, except as far as it ottered an example of the power of Russia as the Belgium Insurrection had shown the power of England and France when In union. The next European people who claimed recognition as an independent member of the family of nations seems to have been the Hungarians, and regarding- this the report siv.t: On the tith of April. the Ilunprnrian UJet formally declared Hungary an Independent state, and the Uaprurjr dynasty forever deposed from the thr- ie. The next ly the let rlvtcd Lculs Kossuth provisional president. The young Emperor. Francis Joseph, instantly appealed for aid to the zar Nicholas of Russia;., who Instantly intervened. The Czar issred a manifesto April 27. statin? the facts and the Krouiids n which h!s Intervention was believed to be legitimate. This paper founded the right of Intervention not on the weakness of the belligerent, but on his strength. n.!iisl;i asserted. h a. principle, that she must Intervene, because, if she did not intervene. Hungary would establish her independence. "The Insurrection of Hungary, began the manifesto of April 27, lU). 'has of la to made so much progress that Itii?fla cannot possibly remain Inactive. Such a state of things endangers our dearest interests, and prudet.ee comiels us to anticipate the difficulties it prepares for Us. "This prece cnt tended to establish the risht of every Kovernment to Intervene In the affairs of foreign states whenever the situation should tend to endanger its own nafetr or the political equilibrium on its frontier. "As far ar knorn. every other government in th world tacitly acquiesced In the establishment of this precedent. If any government recorded a protest It was that of the United States, but even the TTnlted State protested only by Inference from the acts and language of the President. Secretary Clavton signed his Instructions June 13. 1SID. six weeks after the Russian troons had been ordered to enter Hungnry. Tho language of these Instructions wa.t as emphatic and as decisive as that of the Czar's circular: " 'Should the new government prove to le. in your opinion, firm and stable, you might Intimate, If you should see fit. that the President would, in that event, be KT'jttllled to receive a diplomatic afrent from Hungary to the United States by or before the next meeting of Congress, and that he entertains no doubt whatever that, in case her new srovemrr.ent should prove to be firm and stable, her independence would be speedily recognized by that enlightened bodV "The Russian Intervention brought the Hungarian wir so quickly to an end that.

before October, all resistance , was over, and when Congress met early In December, President Taylor annual message could only proclaim what would have been V American policy. AMERICA'S POLICY. - '"To como expressions In the Instructions the Austrian minister was ordered to take exception. He protested accordingly. Daniel Welster bad then become secretary of state, and replied to the protest in a paper known as. tho Hulsemann letter. In wh!ch he declared what he believed to be t!:; American policy and the law in regard to new nationalities claiming recognition, . v.Mch h.) t-aid: course a question o! prudence nat- '-:!::- in refer tacts to new States

brought by successful revolutions into the family of nations; but it is not to be required of neutral powers that they should await the recognition of the new government by the parent State. No principle of public law has been more frequently acted upon, within the last thirty years, by the great powers of the world, than this. Within that period eight or ten new States have established independent governments, within the limits of th colonial dominions of Spain on this continent: and in Europe the same thing has been done by Belgium and Greece. The existence of all these governments was recognized by some of the leading powers of Europe, a3 well as by the United States, before it was acknowledged by tho states from which they bad separated themselves. If, therefore, the United States had gone so far as formally to acknowledge the independence of Hungary, although, as the event has proved. It would have, been a precipitate step, and one from which no benefit would have resulted to either party, it would not, nevertheless, have been an act against tho law of nations, provided they took no part in her contest with Austria. "Thus on both sides." the report continues, "the right to intervene, both for and against the Hungarians seems to have been claimed and not expressly denied by either: and no other power appears to have offered even so much opposition as was shown by President Tavlor to the principles or to the acts of Russia, which settled tne course of history. "Besides the four precedents of Greece. Belgium. Poland and Hungary, where new nationalities were in question, a much larger number of Interventions occurred in Europe in the process of disruption or consolidation which has. on one hand, disintegrated the ancient empires of the Sultan, of Spain, of the church, and on the other concentrated the new systems of Germany, Russia and Italy. "Interventions have occurred most conspicuojsly in Spain by France. In 1823; in Portugal by England. In. 1S2": again in Spain and Portugal. In 1S36. by England and France, under what was called the quadruple treaty: in Piedmont and Naples, by the holy alliance. In 1821; and in so many instances since 1S48 that the mere enumeration would be long and difficult: but none of the disturbed countries cla'med permanent independence under a form of revolution, unless it ere. perhaps, the States of the Church, or Rome, which, on Feb. 8. 1849. declared the Pope to be deposed and set up a provisional government under a revolutionary triumvirate. The French executive, Louis Napoleon, gave another direction to the policy of France. He immediately sent a French army to Clvlta Veccha, which landed there April 2S, and after a bloody struggle drove the republican government out of Rome. The French entered Rome July 3. Pope Pius IX returned there In April, 1SS0. and, during the next twenty years Rome remained under the occupation of a French army. "The only reason given by France, in this Instance, for intervention, was that the occupation of Rome was necessary in order to maintain the political Influence of France. This was the ground taken by President Iouis Napoleon in explaining his course to the chambers in 183). BRITAIN FALLS IN LINE. "The British government acquiesced in this rule of European law or practice. On May 9, 1851, Lord Palmerston, then foreign, secretary, said to Parliament In reply to a formal inquiry, that 'the occupation of Rome was a measure undertaken by France in her own discretion and in' the exercise of her own Judgment. The British government has been no party to this measure. France has exercised her own rights in regard to it, and it was not at all necessary that the previous concurrence of the British government should have been obtained in this matter. The British government had been no party to this agression and could not. therefore, be said to have concurred in it. It was a matter on which they might have an opinion, but in which they had no particular right, by treaty or otherwise, to interfere. "Since the year 1S27. intervention in the affairs of the Ottoman empire has been so constant as Jo create a body of jurisprudence, and a long" series of treaties on which the existence of all political systems of southeastern Europe seem now to be more or less entirely based. , Not only Greece. Montenegro. Roumania. Bulgaria. Rumella. Servia and Egypt have been the creations of such intervention, or the objects of Its restraints, but also Samos. Crete and even the Iebanon owe their status to the same source. "An authority so great must assume some foundation in law, seeing that the entire world acquiesced not only In the practical exercise of the force, but also in the principle on which it rested, whatever that principle was. The treaty of Berlin, in 1ST, was a broad assertion of the right of the European powers to regulate the affairs of the Ottoman empire, but the treaty contains no statement of tho principle of jurisprudence on which the right rests. The preamble merely declares that the powers 'being desirlous to regulate, with a view to European order, the question raised in the East by tjie events of late years, and by the war terminated by the preliminary treaty of San Stephano have been unanimously of opinion that the meeting of a congress would offer the best means of facilitating an understanding.' So liberal a use of the right of Intervention has seldom been made, but the principle of Jurisprudence on which it rested has never been officially declared. "These six precedents Include, as far as is known, every -instance where a claim to independence has been made by any people whatever, in Europe, since the close of the Napoleonic wars in lSir.. Other successful revolutions, such as tho?e of Tuscany and tho 8tates of the Church In s:a were the immediate results of Intervention, and that of Naples, In 1S0, was, from first to last, perhaps the most striking example of intervention in modem times, although Naples hardly tnought necessary to pass through any intermMlate stage of recotrnltion as an independent authority. "The six precedents, therefore, constitute the entire European law on the subject of intervention in regard to European peoples claiming independence by right of revolution. There is no other authoritative source of the lav; for the judicial courts of Europe were bound to follow the political decision, and the opinions of private persons, whether Jurist or politicians, being: without sanction, could not be accepted as law. "From this body of. precedents, it is clear that Europe has invariably asserted and practiced the right to Interfere, both collectively and separately, amicably and forcibly, in every instance except that of Poland, where , a European people has resorted to insurrection to obtain independence. "The right Itself has been based on various grounds 'impediments to commerce. burdensome measures of protection and repression. 'requests of one or both parties to interpose." 'effusion of blood. 'evils of all kinds. 'humanity' and 'the repose of Europe' (Greek treaty of 1S27). 'a warm desire to arrest, with the tdicrtest possible delay, the. disorder and the effusion of blood' (protocol of Nov. 4. 1S30. in the case of Belgium), 'his own safety or the political equilibrium on the frontier of his empire' (Russian circular of April 27, W. in the case of Hungary), 'to safeguard the Interest and honor.' and to maintain the political influence of the intervening power' (French declaration of lStf-ln In recard to the State:) of the Church.) Finally, in the latest and most considerable, because absolutely unanimous act of all Europe, simply the desire to repulate (preamble to the treaty of Rerlln in 178. covering the recognition of Servia. Roumania, Montenegro and Bulgaria.") The report then turns to the experience of Asia, saying. In regard to Asia, probably all authorities aprreo that the entire fabric of Kuropean supremacy, whether in Asiatic Turkey. Persia, Afghanistan. India. Slam or China, rests on the right of intervention.

AMERICAN PRECEDENTS. Monroe' Message, Recognition of Texan and Other Cnes. The American precedents are handled exhaustively. The report says that America, both North and South, has always aimed to moderate European Intervention and to restrict its exercise, and continues: "On this point we have evidence of George Canning in a celebrated speech on the foreign enlistment act, in Ve have spent much time, said Canning, 'in teaching other powers the nature .. a strict neutrality: and. Kenerally speaking-, we found them most reluctant scholars, if I wished for a guide in a system of neutrality. I should tike that laid down by America In the daysof the presidency of Washington and the secretaryship of Jefferson.' " After tracing the uprisings n Mexico, Venezuela, Chile und Argentine Republic against Spanish rule, the report ays: "The question of intervention began in 1S17. The Spanish government appealed to the European powers for aid. The Czar opt-nly took sides with Spain, and when. In September, 1817. the Spanish government asked permission ta build several ships of war in the Russian dock yards, the Czar suggested that Spain should buy rive ships of the line and three frigates belonging to the Russian navy. This was done and the ships were sent to the seat of war. At the same time. In October, 1M7, the Russian government Instructed its embassador in lxmdon to press on the llrltlsn government the great lmiortance of European Intervention. President Mo iroe decided as early as April. IMS, to discourage European mediation. In August he made a formal proposal to the British and French governments for a concerted and eonterniorary recognition of Bu?nos Ayres. whose tie facto Independence made that country the natural object of a first step toward the establishment of a general policy. In De

cember he notified both governments that he had patiently waited without interfering in the policy of the allies, but.-as they had not agreed upon anything, and as the fact of the Independence of Buenos Ayres appeared established, he thought that recognition was necessary. In January, 1S19. he announced to them that he was actually considering the measure. "Thus all parties had agreed, as early as 1817 and 1S18. upon the propriety of intervention between Spain and her colonies. Both the United States and Europe asserted that the time had come; they disagreed only as to the mode. When Lord Castlereagh. at the congress of Aix-Ia-Chapelle. In October. IMS. proiosed to the four other rowers 'to Intervene in the war between Soain and her American colonies by addressing offers of mediation to the two belligerents. Russia energetically opposed and rejected the scheme, not because it was intervention, but apparently because It was mediation, and to that extent recognized rights in the Insurgents. When President Monroe interposed his fiat, that no interference could be countenanced by him except on the basis of independence, he dictated in advance the only node of intervention which he meant to permit. If he waited before carrying it out. it was only because, in the actual balance of European and American power, he felt that isolated action might injure the cause ho had determined to help. MONROE'S MESSAGE. "He waited in vain. Neither England nor any other power moved again. After a delay of four years from the tlmo when he began his policy the Greek revolt In Europe and the military success of Bolivar and Iturbide in America gave the desired opportunity, and Monroe sent to Congress his celebrated message of March 8. 1S22. recommending t'ae recognition of all the revolted colonies of Spain. Mexico, Colombia. Chile and Buenos Ayres. "These countries asked no more. They based their claim on their independence de facto, and Monroe admitted Its force. 'The provinces." he said, 'which have declared their Independence and are in the enjoyment of it, ought to be recognized.' He added that 'the measure is proposed under a thorough conviction that It is fn strict accord with the law of nations.' In reality, It created the law, so far as its action went. and its legality was recognized by no European power. "Nevertheless, Monroe's act. which extinguished the last hopes of the holy 'alliance in America, produced the deepest sensation among European conservatives, and gave to the United States extraordinary consideration. England used it as a weapon at the Congress of Verona to threaten the other powers when they decided on intervention in Spain. Slowly Canning came wholl- over to the side of Monroe, as France and Austria forced his hands in Spain. "The principle thus avowed by Canning added little to the European law of intervention; but the principle avowed by Monroe created an entire body of American Jurisprudence. As an isolated act it meant little; but In Monroe's view it was not an isolated act; it was part of a system, altogether new and wholly Americun. "Monroe lost no time In doubts and hesitation. In his annual message of December, 1823, he announced the principle (the Monroe doctrine) that the new nations which his act alone had recognized as independent, were by that act placed outside the European system, and that the United States would regard any attempt to extend that system among them as unfriendly to the United States. "From that day to this, the American people have always and unanimously supported and approved the Monroe doctrine. They needed no reasoning to prove that it was vital to their safety." THE TEXAS CASE. In the case of the recognition of Texas the report quotes from a report made June 18. 1S36, by Mr. Clay, from the Senate committee on foreign relations, which says: "The recognition of Texas as an independent power may be made by the United States in various ways: First, by treaty; second, by the passage of a law regulating commercial intercourse between the two power's; third, by sending a diplomatic agent to Texas with the usual credentials: or lastly, by the executive receiving and accrediting a diplomatic representative, from Texas, whicjh would be a recognition, as far as the executive only is competent to make it. In the first and third modes the concurrence of the Senate In its executive character would be necessary, and In the second in its legislative character. " 'The Senate alone, without the co-cp?ra-tion of some other branch of the government, is not comietent to recognize the existence of any power. The President of the United States, by the Constitution, has the charge of their foreign intercourse. Regularly, he ought to take the initiative in the acknowledgement of the independence of any new power, but in this case he has not yet done it. for reasons which he. without doubt, deems sufficient, if. in any instance, the President should be tardy, he may be quickened In the exercise of his power by the expression of the opinion, or by other acts, of one or both branches of Congress, as was done In relation to the republics formed out of Spanish America. - " 'But the committee does not think that on this occasion any tardiness is justly imputable to the executive. About three months only have elapsed since the establishment of an independent government in Texas, and it Is not unreasonable to wait a short time to see what its operation will be. and especially whether it will afford those guarantees which foreign power? have a right to expect before they institute relations with It. Taking this view of the whole matter, the committee concludes by recommending to the Senate the adoption of the following resolution: 'Resolved.. Th.vt the independence or Texas ought to be acknowledged by the United States whenever satisfactory informal ion shall be received that lt has in successful operation a civil government capable of performing the duties and fulfilling the obligations of an independent power.' "President Andrew Jackson, in his Texas message of Dec. 1. 183G. said: 'in the preamble to the resolution of the House of Representatives it is distinctly intimated that the expediency of recognizing the independence of Texas should be left to the decision of Congress. In this view, on the ground of expediency. I am disposed to concur: and do not therefore consider It necessary to express any opinion as to the strict constitutional right of the executive, either apart from, or in conjunction with, the Senate over the subject. It is to be presumed that on no future occasion will a dispute arise, as none has heretofore occurred between the executive and the Legislature, and the exercise of the power of recognition. It will always be considered consistent with the spirit of the Constitution, and most safe, that it should be exercised when leading to war. with a previous understanding with that body by whom war can alone be declared, and by whom all the provisions for sustaining its perils must be furnished. Its submission to Congress, which represents In one of its branches the States of this Union and In the other the people of thet United States where there may be reasonable ground to apprehend ?o grave a consequence, would certainly afford the fullest satisfaction to our own country, and a. perfect guarantee to all other nations of the jnstlce and prudence of tho measures which might be adopted. FOLLOWED JACKSON'S lXAMPLE. "The initiative thus asserted by Congress and conceded by President Jackson to Congress In the case of the recognition of Texas was followed, in the case of Hungary, by President Taylor, which authorized his 'agent to invite the revolutionary government of Hungary to send to the United States a diplomatic representative, since the President entertained no doubt that, in such case, at the next meeting of Congress, 'her independence would be speedily recognized by that enlightened, body." Until now no further question has been raised in regard to the powers of Congress. "So much space has been taken by this historical summary that the case of Texas must be passed over without further notlje. and the cases of Hayti and San Domingo may be set aside as governed by peculiar Influences. The record shows that, in every instance, except Poland, down to ISoO. where any people ha claimed independence by right of revolt, the right of intervention has been exercised against the will of one or the other party to the dispute.. , , "In every Instance the only question that has disturbed the intervening powers has regarded neither the right nor the policy so much as the 'time and mode cf action. The only difference between the European and American practice was that the United States aimed at moderating or restricting the extreme license of European intervention, and this was the difference which brought the United States nearly into collision with Europe In 161 and 1SG2. Lords Palmerston and Russell, as well as the Emperor Napoleon and his ministers, entertained no doubt of their right to intervene even before our civil war had actually commenced, and. accordingly recognized th insurgent States as belligerents in May, 1861. although no legal question had yet been raised requiring such a decision. "The United States government never ceased to protest with the utmost energy against the act as premature and unjust, and thU last and most serious case of Interference. In which the United States were concerned as an object of European intervention, revealed the vital necessity of their American system at the same time that It revealed the imminent danger of its destruction." Tho report then gives the circumstances

under which the Southern. Confederacy was recognized, tracing in detail the. diplomatic correspondence. CIDA'S INSl-HRECTIO.

An ArKnnient for Recognition of the Strugrsrllnnr Patriots. The report concludes with the following in regard to Cuba: "Into this American system, thus created by Monroe in 1S22-1823 and embracing then, besides the United States, only Buenos Ayres, Chile. Colombia and Mexico, various other communities have since claimed, and in most cases have received admission, until it now, includes all South America, except tho Gulanas, all Central America, except the British colony of Honduras, and the two black republics of Spanish Santo Domingo and Haytl In the Antilles. No serious question was again raised with any European power in regard to the insurrection or Independence of their American possessions, until in lH!) a rebellion broke out In Cuba, and the insurgents, after organizing a government and declaring their independence, claimed recognition from the United States. "The government of the United States had always regarded Cuba as within the sphere of us most active and serious interest. As early as 1S2.. when the newly recognized states of Colombia and Mexico were supposed to be preparing an expedition to revolutionize Cuba and Porto Rico, the United States government inter-pos.-d its friendly offices with those governments to request their forbearance. The actual condition of Spain seemed to make her retention of Cuba impossible. In which case the United States would have been obliged, for their own safety, to prevent the island from falling into the hands of a stronger power in Europe. That this emergency did not occur may have been partly due to the energy with which Monroe pronounced 'our right and our power to prevent it. and his determination to use all the means within his competency 'to guard against and forefend it.' "This right of intervention in matters relating to the external relations of Cuba, asserted and exercised seventy years ago, has been asserted and exercised at every crisis in which the island has been involved. When the Cuban insurgents in 1869 appealed to the United States for recognition. President Grant admitted the justice of the claim, and directed the minister of the United States at Madrid to interpose our good offices with the Spanish government in order to obtain by a friendly arrangement the independence of the island. The story of that intervention is familiar to every member of the Senate, and was made the basis of its resolution last session, requesting the President once more to interpose his friendly offices with the Spanish government for the recognition of the independence of Cuba.' "The resolution then adopted by Congress was perfectly understood to carry with it all the consequences which necessarily would follow the rejection bv Spain of friendly offices. On this point, the situation needs no further comment. The action taken by Congress in the last session was taken, 'on great consideration and on just principles,' on a right of intervention exercised twenty-seven years ago. and after a patient delay unexampled In history. CLEVELAND'S MESSAGE QUOTED. "The interval of nine months, which has elapsed since that action of Congress, has proved the. necessity of carrying it out to completion. In the words of the President's annual message 'The stability wo years' duration has given to the insurrection; the feasibility of its indefinite prolongation In the nature of things., and as shown by past experiences; the utter and imminent ruin of the island unless the present strife is speedily composed' .ire. In our opinion, conclusive evidence that "the inability of Spain to deal successfully with the insurrection has become manifest, and it is demonstrated that her sovereignty is extinct in Cuba for all purposes of its rightful existence a hopeless struggle for its re-establlshment has degenerated Into a strife, which means nothing more than the useless sacrifice of human life, and the utter destruction of the very subject-matter of the conflict.' "Although the President appears to have reached a different conclusion from ours, we believe this to be the actual situation of Cuba, and being unable to see that further delay could lead tc any other action than that which the President anticipates, we agree with the conclusion of the message, that in. such case, our obligations to the sovereignty of Spain are sujerscded by higher obligations which we can hardly hesitate to recognize and discharge. Following closely tho action of President Monroe in IStX. Congress has already declared in effect its opinion that there can be no rational interference except on the basis of independence. In 18I. as now. but with more force. It was objected, as we have shown, that tho revolted, stales had no governments to Ik recognized. Divisions and even civil war existed among the insurgents themselves. Among the Cubans no such difficulty is known to exist. In September, 1.". as we know by official documents printed on the spot, the insurgent government was regularly organized; a constitution adopted; a president elected, and. In due course, the various branches of administration set in motion. Since then, so far as we are informed, this government has continued to perform its functions undisturbed. On the military side, as we officially know, they have organized, equipped and maintained in the field sufficient force to baffle the exertions of 000 Spanish soldiers. Ort'the civil side, they have organized their system of administration in every province, for. as we know officially, they "roam at will over at least two-thirds of the Inland country." Diplomatically, they have maintained a regularly-accredited representative in the United States for the past year, who has never ceased to ask recognition and to offer all possible information. There Is no reason to suppose that any portion of the Cuban people would be dissatisfied by our recognizing their representatives in this country, or that they disagree in the earnest wish for that recognition. The same thing could hardly bo said of all the countries recognized by Monroe in 1S22. Greece had no such stability when it w-as recognized by England, Russia and France. Belgium had nothing of the sort when she was recognized bv all the powers In 1S30. Of the States recognized by the treaty of Berlin. 1S7S, we need hardly say more than that they were the creatures of intervention. "The only question that properly remains for Congress to consider is the mode which should be adopted for the step which Congress is pledged next to take. The Government of the United States entertalnft none but the friendliest feelings toward Spain. Its most anxious wish Is to avoid even the appearance of an unfriendliness which is wholly foreign to its thought. For more than a hundred years, amidst divergent or clasnlng interests, and under frequent and severe strains, the two governments have succeeded in avoiding collision and there Is no friendly office which Spain could ask which the United States, within the limits of their established principles and policy, woidd not bo glad to extend. In the present instance they are actuated by an earnest wish to avoid the danger of seeming to provoke a. conflict. "The practice of Europe in regard to intervention, as In the Instances cited, has been almost invarlablv harsh and oppressive. The practice of the United States has been almost invariably , mild ami forbearing. Among the precedents which have been so numerously cited there can be no doubt as to the choice. The most moderate is the best. Among these the attitude taken by President Monroe In 1S22 Is the only attitude which can properly be regarded as obligatory for a dmllr situation to-day. The course pursued by the United States in the recognition of Colombia is the only course which Congress can consistently adopt." ADDITIONAL. VIBWS. Senator Cameron's Report Supplemented !' .11 or riiii nntl 31111m. ,A report presenting additional views on the Cuban question was presented by Senator Morgan, of Alabama, In behalf of himself and Senator Mills. It Indorses Senator Cameron's views and discusses the action of the committee on foreign relations in 1S. on the bill to facilitate' the acquisition of the Island of Cuba. The report" reviews the alleged misgiving of Cuba and messages by former Presidents on the subject, and then refers to President Cleveland's attitude, whoso message, it affirms. Is In corroboration of all former testimony on the subject. The President, it continues, has laid the question before Congress with out any recommendation, leaving to Con gress the duty of making provision for the security and rights of United States citizens in Cuba and enforcing the right of Indemnity in behalf of legal succesors of tho who have been killed there. It says: "He has intimated that delay Is the wisest policy, but he has refrained from saying that delay Is required by our national honor by the Interests of humanity." The report takes exception to the characterization of Spain as the "Mother country of Cuba." in a former Senate report, but contends that on the contrary, she is "only a cruel sdepmother. whose introduction into the Cuban family has leen the Immediate cause of the robbery of the stepchildren of their Inheritance and their cruel persecution to keep down revolt." He c haracterizes the present conflict as "a war of extermination." and says no limit can be anticipated to Spain's excessive and inhuman abuses of power." Continuing- Sena

tor Morgan argues that the President recognizes that the present war is for independence and not for the gratification of personal ambition. He says that Senor E3trada Palrca. the accredited representatives of Cuba to the United States, appears to have been inforcially received for the purpose of presenting Cuba's claims to our government, and on Dec. 7, he sent an official note to the State Department explaininghis mission, asserting that the issue was that of "the independence or the extermination of the Cubans, and giving the reasons on which the Cubans based their revolution. Concluding. Senator Morgan says: "The mesago of Mr. Cleveland, who has no aversion to Spanish rule In Cuba, confirms, in aU important statements, the truth of the charges made by Mr. Palma, The only difference in the situation in Cuba, as it is described in the Senate report of 18T!. and as described In the President's mesage of 16. is that, as tlmo progressed the wrongs of Cuba have been aggravated and the means of repression employed by Spain have grown into a war against humanits.

a war of annihilation of property and the extermination of the native population If the firm purpose of our predecessors to put an end to this condition of affairs in Cuba in the comparatively mild form of tyranny that existed tirty years ago nas degenerated Into doubts and misgivings as to our duty to our own people and the dc mends of Christian civilization, let the re sponsibility for this lapse from the true spirit of American liberty and our love of home rule and independence rest where it Justly belongs and not upon the people through Indifference to their will on the part of their representatives m Congress. PERSONAL AND SOCIETY. Mrs. Robert Winters, of Muncie, is vis itins friends hero. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Pickett will go to Elkhart to spend Christmas with relatives. Prof. Richard G. Mouiton will speak at tho Girls' Classical School to-morrow morn ing. Mrs. Theodore Potter will not observe her usual Thursday afternoon at home this week. Miss Bessie M. West, of Detroit, is the guest of Mrs. Charles Bieler at Woodruff Place. Mr. W. C Schaffer will spend the holidays with friends at St. Louis and Maplewood. Mo. Mr. and Mrs. Henry D. Pierce returned home yesterday from a visit to Boston and New York. Miss Nellie B. Schaffer has gone to Chicago, where she will visit Mrs. Caylor for a few weeks. Messrs. Bliss Coultas and Dwight Ritter are home from De Pauw to spend Christmas vacation. Mr. Clarence Wulsin. who has been in Italy for a short time, is expected home Thursday evening. Mr. W. D. Bynum has returned from the East with his daughter, who has been spending a month in New York. Dr. and Mrs. B. Graham Brennan will give their second reception at No. 240 Capitol avenue, this evening- from 8 to 10. Mr. Edmund Sewall, of Milwaukee, will come to spend the last of the week with his sister-in-law, Mrs. May Wright Sewall. Mr. and Mrs. Jaraes R. Macfarlane. of Pittsburg, will come Thursday to spend the holidays with Mrs. E. F. Hodges and family. Mri and Mrs. John A. Glover and children, of Urbana, 111., are here to spend the holidays with Mr. and Mrs. D. E. Wood and family. Miss Clara Zollars. of Fort Wayne, and Mr. Earl Morgan, of Oshkosh. will come the last of the week to visit Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Gates. Mr. and Mrs. James A. Wildman will go to Eaton. O.. Wednesday to spend the holidays with their daughter, Mrs. John Parker and family. The Misses Schellschmidt have issued invitations for a German coffee party Tuesday afternoon. JJec. ill, trom 3 to o o clock, lor their married friends. Miss Marjorie Ellis, who has been spending three months with her cousin. Mrs. Frank Nichols Lewis, in Philadelphia, returned home yesterday. Mr. William E. Birdsall. of Brooklyn, who is to' be married to Miss Clara Brown Thursday, is the guest of Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Brown at Woodruff Place. Mr. Charles E. Coffin went to New York yesterday. His son Clarence, who Is at Yale, will meet "him there and will return with him Thursday to spend the holidays. All of the. Indianapolis girls attending Smith College, excepting Miss Florence Day, will return Thursday and will spend the holiday vacation at their different homes. Miss Elsie Griffith, of Evanston, arrived yesterday to visit Mr. and Mrs. William Griffith, on North Delaware street. Mrs. Griffith will receive informally Monday afternoon, Dec. 28. for Miss Griffith. Mrs. Alfred B. Gates will entertain the ladies who assisted her at the recent concert and cake sale, Nov. 25, at her home on North Meridian street, this afternoon to have them meet Mrs. J. E. Pounds. Professor Reinhard, of Purdue, will come to-morrow to attend the meeting of the Contemporary Club in the evening, at which Mr. William Armstrong, the author and musical critic of Chicago, will make the address. Mr. and Mrs. It. B. F. Peirce and Miss Van Valkcnburg and Judge and Mrs. W. A, Woods and Miss Alice Woods will leave for New York Saturday. Miss Woods will enter the Art League and will spend tho remainder of the winter In New York. Mrs. Henry N. Spaan received Informally yesterday afternoon for her cousin. Miss Gussie Warlnncr. of Memphis, and Miss Clarice Romcr, of Oskaloosa. Mrs. Spaan was assisted by Mrs. Samuel Henry. Miss Natalie Driggs, Miss Harriet Ettel and Miss Daisy Clark. Tho next entertainment of the Dramatic Club will he given Jan. 5 at the Propylaeum. The committee in charge is Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Rice Maxwell. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur D. Gates, Miss Frances Atkins and Mr. Lynn B. Martlndale. The play "Mr. Brown's Dinner Party" will be given. There are seventeen in the cast. Those who are to take speaking parts in tho play are Miss Colgan. Sirs. 11. H. Howland. Miss Augusta Lvon, Miss Louise Erwln, Mrs. A. T. Perry. Mr. A. T. Perry, Mr. E. B. Martlndale. jr.. Mr. W. C. Bobbs. Mr. Gordon Varney, Mr. J. K. Sharpe and Mr. Arthur Smith. WARMER AND FAIR. Predictions and Observations of the Lornl Weather Durrnn. Forecasts for Indianapolis and vicinity for the twenty-four hours ending 11 p. m. Dec. 22 Warmer, fair weather on Tuesday. General Conditions Yesterday High atmospheric pressure prevails, with depressions from North Dakota, northward and over New England. Fair weather prevailed except cloudy from the Ohio valley northward and occasional light flurries of snow in the Ohio valley and in Michigan. The temperature fell east and rose west of the Mississippi. FORECAST FOR THREE STATES. WASHINGTON, Dec. . 21. For Ohio Cloudy, followed by fair; light to fresh winds shifting to south: warmer Tuesday night. For Indiana and Illinois Cloudy In the morning, but generally fair during the day; warmer; southwest winds. 3Ionda'M Local Obnervatloii. Bar. Ther. R.H. Wind. Weather. Pre. 7 a. m..C0.14 2I 77 N'west. Cloudy. .00 7 p.m.. 30.12 23 81 N'west. Cloudy. T. Maximum temperature, 20; minimum temperature. 21. Following is a comparative statement of the temperature and precipitation Dec. 21: Temp. Pre. Normal .Id Mean 2" T. Departure from normal 7 .10 Total departure since Dec. 1... 4i 1.07 Total departure since Jan. 1.... Zil 2.S0 Plus. C. F. R. WaPPBXIIAXS. Local Forecast Official. Doherty Die of Hi Injurie. James Doherty, who was p truck by a Big Four engine on the White-river bridge early Sunday morning, died at S:30 o'clock yesterday morning-. Doherty was forty-five years old and a native of Ireland. He came to this country In 1SG3 and to Indianapolis in 1870. He was employed In the old rolling mill for a number of years and for a long while was doorkeeper at English's Opera House. A few years ago he went Into the cigar and tobacco business. At th.- time of his death he had a store at ft) South Illnois street and lived over the tore. He leaves a widow. Doherty was a member of tho Ancient Order of Hibernians and of tho Young Men's Institute. Over JjifMNlO n. Foot. Mrs. Margaret McCarty Harrison has lought leven feet off the east side of the old Trade Palace lot, on Washington street and will add that to her new store building soon to be built. The new Mansur & Hume store will be a single room, twentysix feet wide. The price paid was r-i.M, cash. The sale was made by John S. Spann & Co.'s agency.

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MATERIAL IS PLENTIFUL A GOOD SCXATOR SURE TO HLUMti:SE.NT THE STATE OF INDIANA. . Senator) Hoaghton Unci Plinreii Say the CauruM Can Make Xo Mtatake Place Seekern Here. Senators Houghton and Phareg were In the city last evening taking: a look at things before the opening of the session. "I am glad to see," said Senator Houghton, "that the senatorial contest Is going along In such friendly fashicn. There was a time last spring when I feared that It would develop a bad state of affairs, but as the time approaches It Is quieting down, rather than growing more severe. It Is no easy natter for a man to make a choice between the Republicans - mentioned,-for the party owes them all it can give, but wo .can only elect one. unfortunately, and we shall have to agree upon one of-them. After this is done in the caucus, we shall" all be for the winner of the caucus nomlna-' tion. I have told no living man how I am going to vote, though I have made up my mind as to which I shall vote for. and none of them have asked for my vote. But If my man should i defeated in caucus, I can vote very cheerfully for any of the others mentioned for tho place." "That expressc.i my views pretty thor oughly." remarked Senator Phares. who was one of the group. We cannot go amiss In the effort to have Indiana well represented In the Senate, with the excellent timber in the iield." CA PT A I X TA R 1.1 O .VS "CAME. Directors of the Marion Club Decide that He Warn Fairly Treated. A meeting of tho directors of the Marion Club was held last night to consider the case of Charles C. Tarlton, a. former member of the club.' Tarlton asserts" that individual members of the club have been opposing him in his candidacy for assistant clerk of the House on the ground that he was expelled from tho club two years a?o for nonpayment of dues. Tarlton asserts there was some Irregularity in the proceedings at that time and asked to be exonerated. Iast night the directors pf the club decided It was impossible for them to go back of the records of that date and parol evidence ah to the fairness or unfalniM of the proceedings of expulsion was not heard. The directors say it is rather late for Tarlton to charge he was unfairly treated two years ago. Inasmuch as he has not tiled a new application for membership or taken any steps to be reinstated. It Is asserted Tarlton had due notice of his delinquency, and the contemplated suspension. . Mr. Pickens Will Rewlgn. Chairman Bynum. of the Democratic national committee has returned from the East. The headquarters of the party have not been opened in New York yet and will remain here a month or two. It Is a question of doubt with Mr. Bynum whether he can afford to give up business and devote himself entirely to the work of the ommlttee and until this question Is nettled no change will be made in the headquarters. A meeting of the National Democratic State committee will be held shortly aftr the holidays for reorganization. Mr. Pick ens has found the duties of chairman tak ing too much of his time, and will ask to be relieved. Shlvelcy for DIMrict Attorney. The Hon. Charles E. Shlveley, ntate senator from Wayne county, lias for some time contemplated becoming a candidate for United States district attorney for Indiana, and yesterday authorized the use of his name in that connection. CITY NEWS NOTES. A fire In the colony established bv P. H. Fitzgerald In ficonria did 175,000 In damage Saturday night. German saloon keepers will organlza a liquor league of their own to-morrow afternoon at Mozart Hall. Dr. Mouiton will deliver a lecture on Richard II. a Study of Dramatic Passion." at the Propylaeum this evening at 8. The review or "King John comes a'. 1 o clock. Burcham Harding will lecture to-night at th agricultural rooms of the Statehouse on "The Theosophlcal crusade Around the World." and to-morrow on "Is Theosophy Practical?" Admission Is free to all. Building Inspector Bunting recommended that a building belonging to the Indlanano- ! . z M . A 1 - M York and Minerva streets, be condemned. The Board of Public Works will act on his recommendation In a few days. The Christmas number of the Arpms. the publication of the pupils of the Training School, is enlarged, having sixteen pages. Boslde.n the news of the doings of the pupil? and tho school It contains a short Christmas story, by David Macbeth. Illustrated by Miss Macbeth. The cover was drawn by Alice Hughes and there are sketches by Launi Buehler. The Contemporary Club will hold Its monthly meeting to-morrow evening. Jt will be addressed by Mr. William Armstrong:, musical critic of the Chicago Tribune. Mr. Armstrong will present a, paper entitled "Ur publishecl Interview?." Mr. Armstrong's opportunity for meeting distinguished people, his keen appreciation of Interesting persanalitles. his shrewd reading of human nature, and his line literary style Insure an evening of unusual pleasure to the members of the club. Herrick'n Punching Bap: (one. Last summer Clerk Herrlck. of the Board cf Safety, purchased a punching bag and rigged if up in the storehouse in the rear of his yard at Z Clreenwood street, and hammered it with much persistency. Ia.st Friday morning he found a burglar had entered the Ftorehouse during the night ami looted it. The punching bag was gone. EcasessssEsasasraj QA!L BORDEN fl SEAGLE Brand! -CONDENSED IHLIL. g Has No Equal fj SOLD EVCWirCSB

Fome tools, some of Herrlck'a summer clothing, u pair of skates and a bicycle lamp. The burglar had pried open the door, made friends with the watch dog. which had been locked In the room, arid then leisurely helped himself. The matter was at once reported to the police. SUBURBAN AFFAIRS. At the regular meeting of the West In-' dlanapolis Council last night all members were present except Mayor Tolln. Asido from the regular routine work but little business was transacted. The. finance committee reported that a Chicago broker had offered a premium of JIGl'.X) for the eight $1,000 twenty-year bonds, and the probabil

ities are that the bonds will be Fold to him. The Indianapolis Light and Power Company has offered to furnish incandescent lights in the suburb's hau for 23 cent a light. The clerk was Instructed to make a demand of Mrs. Harris lor the $1.18 overpay allowed her for the extra block of cement which she had laid at her expense and for which the suburb afterwards repaid her. Bills were allowed amounting to $13.04. Edward Guard, of North Indianapolis, was fined $2 and costs in Magistrate Herig's court, in West Indianapolis, yesterday morning for having gambling devices. In his possession. He was the only one arrested at May wood Park during the prize fight fiasco Sunday. Two shells and a ball used In working the shell racket were found In his pockets. In court he said that he was a poor man. with a child lying sick at home with the diphtheria, and acknowledged that he had gone to May wood to make money, lie was committed to tho county jail. Holler It oiled on (lie .Men. Andrew Brown and James Goodnight, colored men employed by the Webb-Jamison Company, were injured yesterday while setting a loiler in the Stevenson building. The boiler rolled over and pinned Brown down by tho leg. Goodnight sprained his back In jumping to avoid danger. Neither was seriously injured. Tike little key that opens the small pad lock is the real thing that opens the massive door. The door that will withstand the attack of a crowbar opens readily with the proper use of a Ley one-thousandth part as big and stronr. liig- things are not always the most useful or the most effective. Dr. Pierce's Pleasant Pellets are little, so small that forty of them will go into a vial no larger round than a lead pencil and two inches long. They are tiny, sugar-coated granules, but they do thdrwork more effectively than nauseous doses a hundred times their bulk. They are for the cure of constipation. They cure the hundred and one symptom of constipation. They cure headaches, biliousness, sour stomach, foul breath, heart-burn, palpitation of the heart and pimples, and they assist in the cure of almost every disease with which mankind is afflicted. No one can get well unless the regular, healthy action of the digestive organs is restored. The "Pellets" will do this. One little Tellet " is a gentle laxative and two a mild cathartic. Without causing any pain, griping or any other unpleasantness, they will restore the natural action of the boweh, and when this is dene their use may be discontinued. They are not tnent to supersede Nature, but to help her. and that is all she needs. There are druggists who for the sake of a slightly greater profit, will endeavor to sell you something else which they say it "just as good." They are trying to make a profit at the expense of your health. For the physiology of wota en, in health and disease, read Dr. Pierce 'a great work, the Common Sense Medical Adviser." A copy, paper-covered, free to anyone who will send one-cent Mampa to cover cost of mailing c-lr. to World "a X isocv kut Medical Association, Oufialo, 2J..Y t00O9000O0O0O090UOO000O0Ol THREE INCHES TALL AND CUT ON ENTIRELY NEW. LINES. THIS COLLAR S IS THE PERFECTION f' OF EVEN I KG DRES a tlNSISTON? : TM BT M A'DI''. ..rGUARANTEEfgPA NATIONAL Tube Works Wroaght-iroa Pipe fcr Gas, Steam and Water. Hour Tub, cast ad M anaable Iron Hnm-i(blci anl palv&nlzt'd). Vaive. Mtof Cork. Lnflna Trimming Meant -Gamer, 11 r TonRt, M; Cutttr, VIm. crrt 'laf au't Di, WrfiMb, Meam Trap. u!!i?. Kttb rn MtAs. 1Iom. ncliii;jr.!aitlt MetaL Solder. Winte anl C'tIorr1 Wljiirijc W'ant. an all other .ijj.Ur url a i'tme tjn Hi:h G.n. stra:u aixl Watr. Natural Uaa Nuppllrw a peMai;jr. M'tnf heating Aiiarntn forfait. liuiMltiT. sur-rtotu )IilW,pboiia.r a-torif. Iaun tfrle. Luiater Iry-Houn-s etc. Ctit an t Tbrra.1 to order ant U WrMi iit-lroo Yl. ftviu , tueh U tl KHIGHT Sl JILLSON. unci ft. rESXSTLYAMA C? kV-T.-'

Mr

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