Indianapolis Journal, Indianapolis, Marion County, 31 January 1896 — Page 2

THE INDIANAPOLIS JOURNAL, FRIDAY, JANUARY 31, 1898.

committed by the people to the wisdom of th legislative branch of the State government; that the courts may not therefore Interfere with the exercise of this power by the General A.wmbly. This, no doubt, speaking in broad terms. Is true; but only to the extent provided by the people In framing the Constitution. The courts can..not say how an apportionment shall be mad, nor even whether any apportionment shall be made. The province of a court, however. Is to say what the law Is. If then a law Is enacted, and Its validity Is brought in question, in a proper proceeding, and before a court of competent Jurisdiction, the court muit render Judgment. That is the proper and netssary function of a court. "The sole standard by which the validity of a law is to be tested Is the fundamental law of the land. The Constitution is the supreme law, to be respected alike by legislators and by courts. The people, through their Constitution, having thus Vet up the courts as the tribunal to pronounce upon the validity of all laws, and having made the Constitution Itself the standard by which such' laws shall be tested, the courts must" determine whether any given law is In conflict with the Constitution or not. They have no choice In the matter, but must pronounce Judgment. And it can make no difference what the law may be. apportionment law that violates the Constitution must be held Invalid, quite the same aa any other. The question is - irot, what is the character or subject of the law. but whether it is In conflict with the Constitution. "In recent years the validity of apportionment acts has been before the courts of last resort in -at least four States besides our own. In two of these cases, in Wisconsin and Michigan, the courts held the acts unconstltutianal: in the other two cases, in New York and Illinois, the acts were held constitutional; but In all four cases, as well as In this State, the courts, without hesitation, assumed Jurisdiction of ne subject matter of the controversy. State vs. Cunningham. 81 Wis. 4K) (15 L. It. A.. 61;) and fc3 Wis. J (17 L. It. A.. 145;) Board of Supervisors vs. Blacker, 92 Mich. 8 (18 L. R. A., 422:) Glddlngs vs. Blacker. S3 Mich. 1 K L. R. A.. 402;) People vs. Rice. 1 N. Y.. 473 (16 L. It. A., JC6;) Parker vs. Mate. 133 Ind. ITS (18 L. It. A., W7;) People vs. Thompson. 153 Illinois, 451. See in particular the forcible argument of Elliott, J., In his concurring opinion In Parker vs. State here cited. In State vs. Cunningham, supra, citing Houston vs. Moore, 18 U. S. 1. the power and duty of American courts to determine the constitutionality of all laws Is asserted la this clear and vigorous language; 'By a course of judicial decisions, reaching from the earliest history of American government to the present day without a dissenting voice, it has been adjudged that courts of Justice have the right, and are In duty bound, to test every law by the Constitution, as the fundamental and paramount law of the land, governing all derivative power and the exercise thereof. The Judicial department, with us, is the proper power under the Constitution to declare the constitutionality of a law; and every act of the Legislature contrary to the true Intent and meaning of the Constitution will be deaf a red by the courts null and void and of nor effect whatever "In so far, then, as an apportionment law violates the provisions of the Constitution, it will, as In the case of any other act of the Legislature, be declared void. It need hardly be said, however, that in so far at the Constitution Itself has made the apportionment of the State discretionary with th Legislature, that discretion, as In an other case, will be scrupulously respected by the courts. Yet more, since the subject of apportionment is, in general. In charge of the legislative department of the government, wherever there is no positive Injunction In relation to this .matter laid lefore the General Assembly by the Constitution, there also the courts will refrain from substituting their discretion In place of the discretion of the Legislature. COURTS HAVE JURISDICTION. "Whore, however, the Constitution has spoken, and th voice of the. Legislature is heard In conflict with the voice of the Constitution, there the courts will interfere and will sustain the paramount law of the land as against Its violation by the Legislature. An'd to determine whether, in any given case, the Constitution has been violated by an act of the General Assembly, tho courts will always take Jurisdiction, whether the act be one for legislative apportionment or for any other purpose. The remaining reason given for the demurrer Is that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action ' against appellants. The main question In the case, as made by the pleadings, and as discussed by counsel In their briefs and In the oral argument, arises under this head, namely, whether, under the- Constitution, any apportionment act could be-passed at the time when the alleged apportionment law of i&95 was enacted. The . appellee contends that, since the Constitution has fixed a time, once In six years, when an enumeration of the voters of the State shall be taken, and an apportionment of Senators and Representatives made by law, there is thereby created limitation upon the power of the Legislature to make ouch apportionment at any other time. The appellants argue, on the contrary, that, since the making of an apportionment is an exercise of political power, and hence committee to the legislative department in the general grant of . power to that department, therefore the Legislature may exercise this function at any time; and that the provisions of the Constitution requiring the enactment of an apportionment law at the beginning of each period of six years were inserted In the fundamental law so that such apportionment should be made at least once in six years, but were not Intended as a prohibition upon the General Assembly from making other apportionments as often as that body might deem best. This question, we think, notwithstanding the elaborate and able arguments of counsel for appellants, must be decided In favor of the contention of appellee. 'It is i provided in Section 1. Article 4, of the Constitution, that 'The legislative authority of the State shall be vested in the General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.' If there were no particular provisions in the Constitution In regard to the subject of legislative apportionment, there is little doubt that, under the foregoing full and unrestricted vesting of legislative power In the General Assembly, that body mlRht. in Its discretion, and at any time, enact laws for the apportionment of its members among the several counties or other districts of the State: or might, perhaps, proVide that all the members of the Legislature should be chosen by the people at large. But Section 4. of the same article, provides that 'The General Assembly shall, at its second session after the adoption of this Constitution, and every six years thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made of all the male Inhabitants over the age of twenty-one years And Secticn 5. of said article, contains the following provision: The number of Senators and Representatives shall, at the session next following each period of making such enumeration, be fixed by law. and apportioned among the several counties, according to the number of male Inhabitants above twenty-one years of age in each. "We think the legitimate and necessary conclusion to be drawn from these two

sections is that an enumeration of the voters shall be taken once every six years: and that, upon such enumeration as a basis, the apportionment of members of the .Legislature shall be made at the next ensuing session of the General Assembly, and only then. 'Otherwise, and as said by this court In Farker vs. State, supra, 'unless the General Assembly is to be governed by the enumeration, when made, in the matter of districting the State for legislative purposes, the enumeration is a useless ceremony, and an unnecessary expense. The purpose In requiring the enumeration is to fix the number of voters in each county at the time the apportionment is made, in or der that the legislature may form dis- J tricts so as to secure to each voter, as near as may be. an equal voice with each other voter in the State in the selection of Senators . and Representatives. The enumeration at the short period of six years was intended to secure a readjustment and correction of the Inequalities that might arise from the growth and shifting of the population within that period.' ONLY ONCE IN SIX YEARS. 'In case, then, there Is in existence a valid apportionment law, and one passed within the proper enumeration period. It may be confidently affirmed that an attempt to make another apportionment, and at a time further removed from the time of taking the enumeration, is a violation not only of the spirit but of the letter of the Constitution, all of whose provisions are mandatory, unless by their own terms made directory, or simply permissive. The fixing, too, by the Constitution of a time and a mode for the doing of an act. is, by necessary implication, a forbidding of any other time or mode for the doing of such net. So it was said In Morris vs. Powell. 125 Ind., 2S1 (91 R. A.. 33C): 'When the Constitution commands how a right may be exercised, it prohibits the exercise Of that rlstht In some. other way." Citing Cooley Const. Llrn. 61. Sc. 1: also, the town 'of Wllliamsport vs. Kent, 14 Ind., 3u; the City of Kvanaville vs. State, lis Ind., 42C; Page vs. Allen. & Pa. St. 333 9s Am. D.. 272.) It follows, then, that counsel are in error when they argue that because the Legislature Is not expressly forbidden to paw an act of apportionment at a time different from the time fixed for that purpose, therefor it may, by virtue of Its general power .isolate, enact apportionment laws

whenever It pleases. The Constitution of the State of Wisconsin, in its provisions for enumeration and apportionment directs that, 'at their first session after such enumeration, and also after each enumeration made by the authority of the United States, the Legislature shall apportion and district anew the members of the Senate, and Assembly, according to the number of Inhabitants. It was held by the Supreme Court of that State, in Slauson vs. The City of Racine, 13 Wis., 23: 'In our Constitution there Is no express prohibition against. the alteration of Assembly districts. And whatever limitation exists upon the power of the Legislature In that respect, is to be derived from the general scope and objects of the provisions of the Constitution concerning the apportionment of Senators and Representatives. But It ma- be said that these furnish a limitation, an1 that when the instrument provides for an apportionment and organization of districts once In five years, this implies that It shall not be done at any other time. This would seem clear with respect to a general apportionment, and. perhaps, the same implication would extend to any particular reoreanlzatlon of Assembly or Senate districts, by any law passed directly for that purpose. "Under our Constitution, an enumeration Is provided for every six. Instead of every rive years; and the implication that an apportionment law can be passed only once for each enumeration period, thus found by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin to be necessarily drawn from the words of the Constitution of that State, must also be drawn from the like words of our own Constitution. Since the Constitution thus provides that an enumeration of the voters of the State shall always be made as preliminary to the enactment of an apportionment, it is evident that the theory of the frames of the Constitution was, that a valid apportionment can be made only after the taking of such enumeration, and that when such valid apportionment Is once made. It should stand until after the making of the rlext enumeration. They did not, of course, contemplate the enactment of an Invalid apportionment, or one made in violation of the letter and spirit of the Constitution. If, however, a valid apportionment were once made, it could not be made over again. Being a valid apportionment, to change It before another enumeration of the voters could but result In an Invalid apportionment. Hence, it was provided that enumeration and apportionment should go together, the one to be the complement of the other. When the enumeration should be taken, and the consequent apportionment made, the work wpsfd be complete, and would not, therefore, be repeated. In whole or In part, until the succeeding six year period should come, when the dual work would again be done. "But counsel for appellants say that, even If It be true that an apportionment law can be passed but once for each enumeration period, yet if no valid law has. In fact, been enacted, the continuing duty to pass such a law at the earliest time practicable, always rests upon the law-making power, until such valid apportionment is finally made. People vs. Rice, supra. Counsel say further that the last enumeration was taken in 1389; that at the next session of the General Assembly thereafter, in 1S91, an apportionment law was parsed; that this law was adjudged unconstitutional by. this court. Parker vs. State, supra. That thereafter, in 1893. the Legislature passed another apportionment law; that this apportionment law . of 1893 was invalid for the same reasons for which the act of 1831 was held invalid: that the Legislature of 181S found this invalid act of 1S93 upon the statute bock, declared it unconstitutional and repealed it, and then passed the act of 1895, now under consideration; that the act of 1893 being unconstitutional, it was as if no apportionment law was in existence, therefore, the continuing duty of enacting a valid apportionment law rested upon the Legislature of 1S95. and hence the act of 1896 was passed at a proper time, and is valid and constitutional. 189G LEGISLATURE HAD POWER. "Whether the Legislature of 1835 had authority to enact an apportionment law must depend, as we have already seen, upon the fact as to whether there was then in existence a valid apportionment law passe J within the current enumeration period. That Legislature could not by any act of its own create the necessity for the enactment of another law on the subject, as by repealing the law already In existence. If th3 apportionment act of 1S93 were indeed a valid law it could not be repealed by the Legislature of 1895. For, in case of the validity of the act of 1S0G. it would mot certainly have been unlawful to enact any other apportionment law until the next enumeration period, and the Legislature could not change this condition by an attempt to repeal such valid apportionment to make room for another law on the subject. Such further law on the subject would have been premature and out of due time aa fixed by the constitutional mandate. The repealing act therefore which was passed in 1895, as preliminary to the enactment of the apportionment act of that year, was itself either a violation of the Constitution, or else a vain and useless act, being the repeal of an Invalid law. But if the. Legislature of 1890 could not repeal a valid apportionment act passed In 1893, .the question arises whether the Legislature of 1895 could In any case pass an apportionment law? It certainly had the power to do so if there were at that time no valid apportionment. If the act of 1S93 were In fact an unconstitutional law. "The ordinary and proper course to be taken to determine whether the act of 1893 were unconstitutional or net, was, as In other cases, to apply to the courts. These tribunals were open for the consideration of the validity of this, as of the other acts of the Legislature. As it Is the province of the Legislature to enact laws and of the executive to enforce them, so It is of the courts to determine their validity. This would have been the fitting course, rather than to have the legislature Itself cry out against the good faith of Its predecessor, and to declare against the constitutionality of the very law under which It was itself elected. "In this case the indelicacy of the legislative criticism of a preceding Legislature Is the more marked when we reflect that, as shown by the files of this court la the case of Wlshard vs. Lenhart, No. 172S5, appealed from the Marion Circuit Court, that court had already found the act of 1893 to be a valid and constitutional law. It would have been more seemly, as well as more effective, to have passed that case to a final hearing rather than to have acted In defiance of the decision already rendered by the Circuit Court. Some question having been made as to whether we can thus take notice of other records In this court, in considering a case at bar, we may here remark that we have no doubt that this maybe done, whether the court make such Inspection of Its own motion or on the suggestion of counsel. See Washington, etc.. Railroad Company v. Coeur D'Alene Railway Company, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States. Dec. 2, 1S93. But. apart from any consideration of propriety, the question recurs, could the Legislature of 1S95 assume to determine for Itself the constitutionality of the act of 1893, and, on such assumption of responsibility, proceed to pass another act of apportionment, leaving the courts to pronounce finally upon the question as to which of the two laws was constitutional? We have no doubt that the Legislature of 1S3 had this power. The members of that body took the oath taken by all those who perform official duties, namely, that they would support the Constitution. If those legislators believed under their oaths that there was no valid apportionment law In existence based upon the last enumeration. 4t was their solemn duty to pass such a law. Their enactment of such a law was In itself. In effect, an apeal to the courts to decide whether they were mistaken or not. and to say which of the acts. If either, was the valid and const'.tutlonal law of the State. " 'Every department of the gpvernment,' says Judge Cooley. m his Constitutional Limitations. Chapter 4, 'and every official of every department, may, at any time, when a duty is to be performed, be required to pass upon a ouestlon of constitutional construction. And again. In the same connection, he says: 'We shall find the general rule to be, that whenever an act Is done which may become the subject of a suit or proceeding In court, any question of constitutional authority that was raised, or that might have been raised, when the act was done, will be opn for consideration In such suit or proceeding; and that, as the courts must finally settle the controvert so also will they finally determine the question of constitutional law. VALIDITY OP THE TWO ACTS. "It may be admitted, then, that, as both the act of 1S95 and that of 1893 are before the court as acts of the Legislature, In due form and duly authenticated, and the constitutionality of both are questioned, we must determine the validity of each. If on such examination one act is found valid, the case is ended; so also If both are found Invalid. If, however, both acts should, la all respects except as to date of enactment, be found to comply with the constitutional requirements; then It would follow from what we have heretofore said, that the act of 1893, being in itself a valid apportionment law. the Legislature of 1895, or at any other time prior to the next enumeration, could have no warrant under the constitution to enact another apportionment law; and the act of 1S9" would, for that reason alone, be void. While the act of 1S93, being valid, would, during the enumeration period when It was passed and until the passage of a valid apportionment act after the ensuing enumeration, be the sole law upon the subject of apportionment. It therefore becomes necessary, apart from any question as to the time of the making of either apportionment, to determine the . constitutionality of - the act

of 1805, and also of the act of 1S33. By Section 4 of Article 4 of the Constitution, as we have seen, an enumeration of the voters of the State Is to be taken once every six years. The ensuing sections, 5 and 6, of the same article, provide for apportionment, as follows: "Sec. 5. The number of Senators and Representatives shall, at the session next following each period of making such enumeration, be fixed by law and apportioned among the several counties, according to the male inhabitants above twenty-one years of age in each. Provided. That the first and second elections of members of the General Assembly, under this Constitution, shall be according to the apportionment last made by the General Assembly before the adoption of this Constitution. " Sec. 6. A senatorial or representative district, where more than one county shall constitute a district, shall be 'composed of contiguous counties: and no county, for senatorial apportionment, shall ever be divided.' "It Is clear from these selections, that. In providing for an apportionment of members of the General Assembly, two main objects were kept in view by the framers of the Constitution; one being local county representation; the other, proportionate representation of all the people. The counties, as governmental subdivisions of the State; and the inhabitants, according to their number in each county, were to be represented. The striking and comprehensive language of the Constitution is: The number of Senators and Representatives shall be fixed by law, and apportioned among the several counties, according to the number of male Inhabitants above twenty-one years of age in each. Either of these objects, county representation, or proportionate popular representation, might be attained in perfection, were it not for the necessity of also attending to the other object; but the design was that neither be neglected or sacrificed for the other. The most exact proportionate representation would be secured by making a single district of the State, and electing all the members by the people at large. Each voter would thus have his absolute and equal welsnt with every other voter in selecting the members of the General Assembly. But, besides resulting in the admitted evil of making the General Assembly solidly of one political party, at least so far as elected at the same time, and thus wholly stifling the voice of the minority; this exactness of proportionate representation would also be attained at the total sacrifice of local county representation. On the other hand; if county representation only should be considered, then proportionate representation of population in large and In small counties would be wholly lost sight of. "To secure the fullest possible local county representation, with tho nearest proportionate representation of the voters in each county, is the approximate result to bo reached from these two requirements of the Constitution. The working out of this approximation is a practical problem to be left to the patriotism and good Judgment of the Legislature; and hence not reviewable by the courts, except for gross abuse of discretion, and provided only, that both objects contemplated In the Constitution be kept In view In the law enacted by the General Assembly. People vs. Thompson, supra. AS TO FAIRNESS OFlS35 ACT. "By Section 3, of Article 4, of the Constitution, It is provided that Senators shall be elected for a term of four years, and .Representatives for a term of two years, from the day next after their general election. And, in Section 3, of Article 15, it Is declared that whenever, either In the Constitution or in any law thereunder, It Is provided 'that any officer, other than a member of the General Assembly, shall hold his office for any given term, the same shall be construed to mean that such officer shall hold his office for such term and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified.' "Construing these two provisions of the Constitution together, it is apparent that the members of the General Assembly remain in office only during the terms for which they were elected. Senators can, under no circumstances hold office after four years, nor Representatives after two years, from the next day after their general election. So Jealous were the people, in framing the Constitution, of the possible usurpation of power on the part of tho Legislature that they thus expressly excepted members of the General Assembly from that provision according to which all other officers are authorized to hold their offices until their successors are elected and qualified. "But while the General Assembly Is thus prevented from any attempt at perpetuating its existence by extending the terms of office of Its members: yet there would be but little thus gained or saved to the people if the Legislature might, through' an unequal apportionment, perpetuate its power by insuring the re-election of its members, or the election of new members who should be in sympathy with those who were engaged in usurping and perpetuating power against the will of the majority of the people. "The principle of proportionate representation has always obtained in Indiana, even from a time preceding the formation of tho Constitution of the United States. From the passage of the ordinance for the government of the Northwestern Territory, July 13, 17S7, out of which Territory our Commonwealth was afterwards formed, this principle of proportionate representation has been of the very essence of our local self-government. The ordinance of 1787 names proportionate representation in the same category with the writ of habeas corpus, trial by Jury, and due process of law, as fundamental rights to which the people of this territory shall always be entitled. On the formation of our State government. In 181C, the Constitution then adopted retained, in Article 3, the same principle of proportionate representation, based upon an enumeration of tho Inhabitants every five years. Finally, on the adoption of the present Constitution, In 1851, the principle was still continued. So that, fcr over one hundred years, the unvarying law of this Territory and State has been, as affirmed by the fathers of 1787, The inhabitants of said Territory shall always be entitled to the benefit of a proportionate representation of the people In the Legislature.' "It is true that the ordinance of 1787, and the Constitution of 1816, are no longer In force, only In so far as. provisions of those Instruments have been retained in -our present Constitution. The principle of proportionate representation In the Legislature has, however, been so retained, and, consequently, has been the law here during the whole period covered by those three charters of free government In Indiana. "It Is provided in the second section of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States that The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative.' Under the first census Congress. In obedience to this provision of the Constitution, fixed the number of Representatives at 120. By this apportionment Massachusetts was entitled to fifteen Repre5entatives, with an excess of 25,327, for which an additional Representative was given. Other States, also having large fractions of population left after supplying their respective quotas of Representatives, based on the given ratio, were each awarded an additional Representative; while States having but a small excess were each denied an additional Representative. President Washington, with the advice of Jefferson, Madison and otners, vetoed the bill, aa in violation of tne constitutional provision, above set our, that 'the number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand.' The exact mathematlclal rule of apportionment thus insisted upon at the beginning, proved unsatisfactory', inasmuch as It resulted In leaving a number of Representatives unassigned, owing to the fractions of population left unrepresented after filling the quota to which the several States were entitled by reason of their full ratios of Representatives. The question continued to trouble Congress until 1832, when the rule adopted was that after each State was given one Representative, and also tne full number to which It should be entitled bv reason of Its population, being one Representative for each ratio, the remaining ttenresentatives should be assigned, one ea7h to th" e States having the largest fractional remainders of population. Phis has since continued to be the law. "In advocacy of the rule of approximation thus adopted Mr. Webster, then in the United States Senate, said: The Constitution therefore must be understood not as enjoining an absolute relative equality, becau e that would b- demanding an impossibility but as requiring Congress to make an apportionment of Representatives among the several States according to their respective number", as near as may be. If exactness cannot, from the nature of things, be attained, then the nearest practicable approach to exactness ought to be made. Congress Is not absolved from all rul merely because the rule of perfect Justice cannot be applied. In such a case approximation becomes a rule; it takes the place of the other rule, which would be preferable but is found inapplicable, and becomes'ltself an obligation of binding force.' ABSOLUTE RULE IN THIS STATE. "The Constitution of this State, like that of the United States, provides for an absolute rule of apportionment; not, as in some of our sister States, that the apportionment shall be, 'as nearly as may be,' or 'as nearly as practicable,' according to the Inhabitants of each county.' but that It sha!l be simply 'according to the number of male inhabitants above twenty-one years of age in each.' Much, therefore, of what is said by the Supreme courts of New York and I11Inols la People vs. Rice and People vs.

Thompson, supra, as to the discretion of the Legislature in making apportionments is Inapplicable to the case before us. "Our Constitution requires that legislative apportionment shall be according to the number of inhabitants, and that requirement is quite as binding as the injunction that a district formed of two or more counties 'shall be composed of contiguous counties,' or that 'no county, for senatorial apportionment, shall ever be divided.' One mandate of the Constitution must be respected as well as another, and, as Webster said, if the mandate cannot be. absolutely obeyed, it should be observed at least as nearly as may be. The nearest approximation to exact truth or exact right, when that exact truth or exact right cannot be reached, prevails in other cases, not as a matter of discretion, but as an intelligible and definite rule, dictated by Justice and conforming to the common sense of mankind.' "While it is true, therefore, as already said, that the Legislature has, and in the nature of things must have, large discretion in making an apportionment, yet. as held in Parker vs. State, supra, 'it cannot be successfully maintained that the incumbents of any department of the government have a discretion to disregard the Constitution of the State. It is safe to say that where the act of either of the three departments is in violation of the Constitution of the State such act is not within the discretion confided to that department.' Considering, then, the act of 1895 In the light of ihese principles, the main objection urged ag&inst it is what are called the double districts that is, the grouping of two or more counties, neither or none of which has a voting population equal to the ratio for a Senator or a Representative, and giving to the district so formed more than one Senator or Representative. The court will take notice of a census or other enumeration made under the authority of the State or of the United States; also of the location, boundaries and Juxtaposition of the several counties of the State. (State vs. Cunningham, supra.) "By the act of 1895 the counties of Randolph, Delaware and Madison are grouped into one district, which Is given two Senators. By the enumeration of 18S9, under .which tho apportionment of 1835 was made, there were in the county of Randolph 7,250 male inhabitants over the age of twentyone years; in Delaware, 7,138, and In Madison. 8.010. The ratio, or average number of such voting inhabitants in the State, entitled to be represented by one Senator In the General Assembly, was 11,020. None of the counties in this double district, therefore, had a voting poulatlon equal to the ratio for a Senator, and yet each of them Is allowed to vote for two Senatora It was said In Parker vs. State, supra, in speaking " of Clark county, and also of Brown county, in relation to the apportionment of 1891, each of those counties having a voting population less than the ratio for a Senator: 'When a county of that size has been assigned tc a senatorial district and given a voice in the election of one Senator, It ceases, in our opinion, to be a factor in any legitimate scheme of apportionment for senatorial purposes.' That, in the act of 1895, the scheme of apportionment by which this double representation was secured, differed from the scheme or plan adopted In the act of 1S91, can make no difference. The end attained is the Kam,, whether it be done by a double district or by two single districts. In either scheme a county having less than the ratio entitling It to be represented by one Senator Is nevertheless given a voice In the election of two Senators. UNJUST DOUBLE REPRESENTATION. "Indeed, the scheme adopted In the act of 1891 is the less objectionable. In that apportionment the counties of Clark, Scott and Jennings, ncne of them having a population equal to the raflo, were Joined In one district and given a Senator. So the counties of Clark and Jefferson, neither with a population equal to the ratio, were formed Into another district and given a

Senator. If the four counties were put Into one district and given,' two Senators, as they might have been according to the scheme adopted in the act of 1895, th result could have been no more unjust than It was, the four counties controlling the election of two Senators by either plan. But, in truth, the plan adopted In the act of 1891 is the more nearly equitable, tor the reason that, by making two v. ngle districts. Instead of one double district. It might be possible for each district to elect a Senator of its choice, notwithstanding the vote of the .common county thrown In to control eacn district; whereas if the four counties were thrown together the combination would be" sure to carry both Senators. The plan of the act of 1891, condemned as it was, and rightfully so, by this .court, in Parker vs. State, was yet nearer to th constitutional standard, local county "representation, than is the double district system of the act of 1895. So odious, indeed, has this double district system been regarded that in the constitutions of many of the States it has been specifically forbidden and the singledistrict system alone authorized, even so far as to require that a county entitled to more than one member should be divided Into as many districts as there are members. The observations made in regard to the double senatorial district of Randolph, Delaware and Madison, apply also to the district made up oft the counties of Clinton, Boone and Montgomery, and likewise to that composed of the counties of Miami, Wabash and Huntington. None of those counties had a voting population equal to the number fixed . for one Senator, and yet each is given a voice in the election of two Senators. What is said of the double senatorial districts is likewise true of the double representative districts. The rato for the election of a member of the House of Representatives, according to the enumeration of 18S3, was 5,510. The county of P. err had 4,152; Crawford, 3,076. and Orange. 3,454. None of these counties, therefore, had a voting poulatlon equal to the ratio for one Representative; yet by throwing the three into one district each county was given a voice In the election of two Representatives. The same may be said of tho double representative district of Brown, Johnson and Morgan, and that of Monroe, Lawrence and Martin. "It may be replied that, by thus throwing counties Into a double district, equality of proportionate representation Is more nearly secured, and the fractions of population over and above even ratios are reduced in number and amount. If this argument were gotnl, it should be nusned further. The greater the number of counties grouped Into one district, the fewer will be the fractions of excess in population, and the more exact will be the proportionate representation of the people in the General Assembly. If the number of counties in a senatorial district, and likewise In a Representative district, were Increased to ninety-two, being the whole number In the State, the perfection of equal proportionate representation would be attained. "But If the Senators and Representatives were thus elected by the people at large, and on one ticket for the whole State, there would, as we have already seen, be a total loss of local representation, the most precious right of free government. The counties would be obliterated. Yet, as we have also seen, the Constitution provides for county representation, quite the same as for proportionate representation. The words used in Section 5 of Article 4. as already quoted, are: 'The number of Senators and Representatives shall be fixed by law, and apportioned among the several counties, according to the number of male inhabitants above twenty-one years of age In .each.' Local representation was deemed by the framers of the Constitution to be as necessary as. proportionate representation; so the members of the General Assembly were not only to be apportioned 'according to the number of inhabitants, but were to be apportioned 'among the several counties' and according to the number of Inhabitants 'in each. "The rule, as stated by PInney, J., in State vs. Cunningham, supra, citing Sedgw. i?tat. and Cor.et. Law, 200. and Endllch Interp. Stat., Section 23, is. 'that effect is to be given to every clause or word of a statute, and no word Is to be treated as unmeaning if a construction can be legitimately found which will preserve it and make it effectual: and this rule Is applicable with special force to written Constitutions. In which the people will be presumed to have expressed themselves In careful and measured terms, corresponding with the Immense Importance of the powers delegated, leaving as little as possible to Implication.' Citing also Cooley Const. Lim., 72, and numerous other authorities.1 INTEGRITY OF THE COUNTY. "In the section quoted from our Constitution, not only aro' 'the several counties' named as entitled to representation, but particular attention Is drawn to the representation of the inhabitants 'in each of the counties. And In Section 6 of Article 4, It Is further provided that 'no county, for senatorial apportionment, shall ever be divided.' Regard for the integrity of the county, as a governmental subdivision of the State, Is thus made an essential feature In every valid plan of apportionment. "The people of a county have common interests and objects, peculiar to themselves, and intimate public relations with each other. Hence, when the Constitution was formed, It was deemed of viral Importance that the Integrity of counties In the formation of legislative districts should be thus carefully guarded: 'to the end, that each county having sufficient population should have its own representatives in the Legislature, chosen by Its own electors anJ them only, and owing no divided, perhaps conflicting, allegiance to any other constituency.' True, because of the sparse population in crtaLi parts of the State, It was, and is, necessary la some cases to include

more than a single county in one district.-

This, however, is but a partial, though necessary, exception to the rule that each county is entitled to its own representative. See- Chief Justice Lyon, in State vs. Cunningham, supra, "Each county, and each district consisting of two or more counties, and being the least number having a population equal to the numerical unit for representation In the General Assembly, Is entitled absolutely to one member In tho Legislature. Ib. See also Parker vs. State, supra. It Is therefore apparent that In all the doubled districts, formed by the act of 1S93, although any one of the three counties so joined did not have a voting population equal to the ratio for a member In the General Assembly, yet that any two of such counties, being adjacent and having together such sufficient population, were quite as much entitled to their Senator or Representative as any single county with such population would be. The Constitution protected them with such population from being overwhelmed by the unfriendly population of another county. "It may be urged that cases might arise when double districts would be necessary. In order to secure approximate equality In, proportionate representation. It is certain, however, as we are satisfied, that other methods less obnoxious to the requirement of the Constitution can be -resorted to In such extreme and exceptional cases, should they arise. In case of counties having a less voting population than the ratio of representation, and also in case of fractions of population deft after giving the county the representation to which it Is itself entitled, great discretion must of course be left to the Legislature in grouping such counties for representation. But In no case can a county having les3 than the ratio be so grouped with other counties as to have a voice in the election of more than one member of the General Assembly, whenver It is possible to avoid it. And in disposing of such counties with population less than the ratio, and also In disposing of the fractions of excess of population over the ratio or ratios In other counties, as said by Chief Justice Morse, in Board vs. Blacker, supra, There can be no legislative discretion, under the Constitution, to give a county of less population than another a greater representation.' As in the apportionment for members of Congress, when the several counties have been given the representation to which they are severally entitled by reason of their full ratios; then the largest excesses over such ratios should receive first consideration. These are salutary rules, to be applied in every case where it is practically possible to do so. i "But, it may be said, when the Legislature, in the exercise of its best judgment and discretion, has formed the several counties into single senatorial and representative districts, there may still remain large excesses of population over the ratios, unrepresented. To this it may be answered, as said in Parker vs. State: 'When it is found that exact equality cannot be attained, where the integrity of the county is preserved, approximation becomes a rule as binding upon the General Assembly as any other rule fixed by the Constitution. The Constitution requires that the State shall be apportioned every six years according to the male Inhabitants over the age of twenty-one years In each county. It contemplates the formation of districts, each embracing, as nearly as possible, an equal number of electors of the State. But the rule requiring an approximation to equality forbids the formation of districts containing large fractions unrepresented, when it is possible to avoid it, while other districts are largely overrepresented. RULE OF APPROXIMATION. 'This rule of approximation, thus prominently set out in Parker vs. State, as it is also repeated and insisted upon in this case, must, of course, be understood as entering into every rule laid down in relation, to apportionment. As said by Webster, when the exact requirement of the Constitution cannot be observed, then the obligation of observing such requirement as nearly as possible becomes Itself of binding force under the Constitution. It is further urged against the apportionment law of 1S95 that it violates Sections 2, 3 and 7, of Article 4, of the Constitution, by placing in districts having 'hold over' Senators certain counties which under former apportionment voted four years previously for Senators, and should vote at the next election for successors to such Senators; but which, under this apportionment, could not vote until two years later for Senators; thus depriving the electors of such transferred counties from voting for Senators oftener than once in six years, whereas, they are entitled, under the Constitution, to vote for Senators every four years. There can be little doubt that the transfer of counties from districts which would have elected Senators at the next election thereafter to districts which would not elect until two years thereafter, might become a source of great abuse of legislative discretion: and, if it appeared that such abuse of discretion were gross or wanton, or indulged in merely to disfranchise voters of certain counties, allowing them to vote for Senators but once in six years, while voters in other counties were permitted to vote for Senators once in two years, the apportionment thus made might be declared invalid. "While it cannot be said, aa an abstract proposition, that such transfer of counties into 'hold-over senatorial districts is in itself unconstitutional, because, if it were so held, It might be quite difficult or even impossible, with a due observance of other provisions of the Constitution, ever to rearrange the senatorial districts in any sixyear period; yet, on the assumption that Kuch an outrageous act of injustice had been attempted and carried out in an apportionment, merely to give to the people of one set of counties an undue advantage over the people of other counties, we could find no words too strong to express o condemnation of such an abuse of legislative discretion, and for this reason alone would not hesitate to declare such a law invalid. But, having found it necessary to pronounce the act before us unconstitutional for reasons that admit of no uncertainty or doubt., we deem It unnecessary to further consider the abuse here suggested. Some further unfair features of the act of 1893 are quite noticeable. For example, tho county of Marshall, with a voting population of 6,150, or 640 over the ratio, is given but one Representative, while the counties of Noble. Gibson. Daviess and Hamilton, each with a population less than that of Marshall, Is yet given not only one Representative, but also a voice In the election of another, thus violating the principle that a county of less population than another should not be given a greater representation. It need hardly be added that such favoritism and Injustice should be avoided wherever possible. "In the case of Daviess county, the additional Representative was secured at the sacrifice of at least two other elements of a fair apportionment. The small excess in that county, 331, is also merely to make contiguous and so control the vote of Knox and Dubois counties. Yet Dubois alone had nearly enough population to be entitled to a Representative, and with the excess in Knox had more than enough to give the two counties such Representative. The placing of Daviess with those two counties, bein Itself already assigned one Representative, and throwing It between those counties in a forced union, so as to control the election of a second Representative, has In It no element of Justice or fairness, provided only such result could possibly be avoided. A like wrong Is done in thrusting Gibson between Pike and Vanderburg, which could be Justified only on the plea of absolute necessity. Other instances may be found, not so objectionable, perhaps, but which would be absent from a perfectly fair anportlonment. Thus it may be noted that the county of Tippeconce had one full ratio, for which It was given a Representative, with an excess of 4.340. for which It was given another Representative, while the county of Tipton, with 4.3S6 voting Inhabitants,, was refused a separate Representative. 1895 , ACT UNCONSTITUTIONAL. "The unconstitutionality of the apportionment act of 1893 being therefore evident from the provisions of the Constitution, and from the prlclples established by the courts, and particularly by this court in the case of Parker vs. State, supra, it remains, in order to determine whether the appellant was entitled to the relief demanded by him, to inquire as to the constitutionality of the act of 1893. The unconstitutionality of this act is readily apparent, both from what we have said as to the act of 1895, and also from the decision in the case of Parker vs. State. In the first place, there are two double representative districts. Neither Dubois, .Martin, Orange nor Lawrence county had a population equal to the ratio for a separate Representative; yet each .of them, by being Joined In one district, ws given voice In the election of two Representatives. By simply applying the principles and arguments urged by counsel for appellee against the double districts formed by the act of 1895. we could but make a like holding as to the unconstitutionality of this double Representative district formed by the act of 1S93. The district of Adams, Jay and Blackford is even more objectionable. Neither Adams nor Blackford was alone entitled to a Representative, though both together would be entitled to one, while Jay alone was entitled to a Representative: yet all these were Joined, and given two Representatives, So, in the senatorial apportionment, the county of Clark, which did not have a voting population equal to the ratio for one Senator, was vet Joined in one district to Scott and Jenning3. and In another to Jefferson, and thus given a voice In the election ot two Senators. "This act also, as does that of 1835, offends against the principle that a county

of less population than another should not be given a greater representation, unless U should be absolutely necessary to do so. The county of Shelby, with a voting population of 6,545. being 1.035 over the ratio, and the county of Dearborn, with a voting population 'of 6.3S2. being 872 over the ratio, are each given one Representative, and also a voice In the election of another, while the counties of Randolph, Delaware, Boone, .Wabash, Huntington and Grant, each with a greater voting population than either Shelby or Decatur, are given each one Representative only. "A graver violation cf this principle Is found in the case of the counties of Harrison, Ripley, Franklin, Sullivan, Putnam and Tipton, each having a voting population les3 than the ratio, but each of which is given a Representative, being all that they could be entitled to; yet each of these counties is also given a voice in the election of an additional Reoresentatlve. The district consisting of Ripley, Franklin and Union, Is the most objectionable of this class for the reason that Union, the only county of the district already fully represented, has only 1,976 voters, and could not, therefore, by Its own slight population uphold the Representative. The offense of the Legislature of 1S33, as also of the Legislature of 1S95, against the commands of the Constltu tion Is the more reprehensible from the fact that the decision of this court, in Parker vs. State, had then been made; and many of the violations of the Constitution made in both those acts are shown to be such in that decision. Much, therefore, of what we have said as to the assumption of unlawful power by the Legislature of 1895 Is equally applicable to the Legislature of 1S93. "To all the objections thus made to the constitutionality of the apportionment act of 1893, counsel for appellee make but one reply. They gravely contend that the constitutionality of the act of 1893 has . been adjudicated, and the act declared unconstitutional. This contention is based upon the Judgment of the Marion Circuit Court, In the case of Wlshard vs. Lenhart, to which we have heretofore referred, and the appeal from which Judgment, No. 17385, was dismissed In this court, on motion of the appellant, Nov. 27, 1894. The purpose' of that section was to test the constitutionality of the apportionment act of 1893; and, by the judgment of said Circuit Court, rendered upon demurrer to the complaint, the act was, in effect, held to be a valid law. At furthest, and we should hesitate to give it that force without special plea, that decision could be controlling only within the jurisdiction of the court making it and between the parties to that suit. The binding force of such a decision, as said in 5 Chicago A,aw Jour., 863, quoting from Judge Cooley, goes only to this extent, namely: 'A decision once made in a particular controversy, by the highest court empowered to pass upon it. is conclusive upon the parties to the litigation and their privies;' and again, 'the doctrine of stare decisis, however, is only applicable in its full force within the territorial jurisdiction of the court making the decision. AS TO WISHARDS SUIT. "Indeed, It is by no means clear how it was Intended by counsel that the judgment here referred to should be treated as a former adjudication of the questions at issue in the case at bar. in the first place, the judgment has not been set out in the complaint, nor has it been In any way specially pleaded. Neither has It been pleaded on appeal, even if such plea could be made on appeal. Eckert vs. Binkley, 134 Ind., 614. But even if sucn judgment were pleaded, it would seem that then could be no question of former adjudication entertained as counsel urge. Before the rule of former adjudication can be invoked, it must appear that the thing demanded was founded upon the same cause of action, that it was between the same parties, and found for one of them against the other in the same quality. The parties must not only be the same, but must also be suing in the same right. Kltts vs. Willson, 140 Ind., 604. See the learned work of Judge Van Fleet on Former Adjudication, Chap. 11, and generally. It is enough on this feature of the question that in the case in the Circuit Court, Albert W. Wlshard was the party plaintiff, while in the case at bar the plaintiff was the State of Indiana on the relation of Ferd E. Basler. The parties plaintiff were not the same, and for this reason alone the rule of former adjudication cannot apply. See Glenn vs. State, 46 Ind., 368; Maple vs. Beech, 43 Ind., 51. "In the former of these cases, it was held that a judgment in an action brought by Margaret Clore against William Glenn could not be considered as a former adjudication of the issue in an action brought in the name of the State of Indiana on the relation of Margaret Clore against William Glenn, although the facts were precisely the same in both cases. In the two cases now under consideration, it will be remembered that Albert W. Wishard, the plaintiff In tho former action, is not a party, nor even a relator, in the case at bar. "Neither do we think there is any estoppel here, as in the case of Vickery vs. the Board (134 Ind.. 554). to which we are referred. ,There the party bringing suit to enjoin a levy of taxes to pay for bonds issued on purchase of a toll road had waited until he received the benefit of the bonds

Jefore asking the court to declare uncon stitutional the law under which they were issued. Here, while there may be some question of private or personal benefit, yet the issue before the court is much broader. The action concerns all the people of the State in their most enlarged and sacred relations of citizenship and government, and the case cannot be tied up with the purely private rights of any one. It is true that an action to test the constitutionality of the law, if brought at all, should have been pressed to a final determination In the first place, and before the election of the present Legislature, which is but a de facto body, in case the law of 1893, under which it was chosen. Is invalid. Yet the people of the State, In their sovereign capacity, cannot, for such reasons, be estopped from asking for a determination of the validity of a law under which it is now proposed that they shall elect their next Legislature. When the people of the State appear at this bar with such an issue there can be no question of estoppel. The inquiry is one reaching to the foundations of government. "While, then, all respect will be given to the Judgment of the Circuit Court in this, as In every other case, yet we cannot seriously entertain the contention that such adjudication of a constitutional question is of binding force in this court. More than this, no property right or contract between the parties being involved, It will not be' considered that the rule of stare decisis requires that in deciding so grave a matter as that of the constitutionality of an act of the Legislature we should be bound by even our own former decisions. In such a case, as forcibly said by Chief Justice Bleckley in Ellison vs. Georgia Railroad Company (87 Ga., 691), the maxim for a supreme court, 'Supreme in the majesty of duty, as well as in the majesty of power,' is not 'stare decisis,' but 'fiat insticla Let this decision be right, whether other decisions were right or not. In State vs. Walsh, at last term, involving the constitutionality of the fee and salary act of 1831, this court did not hesitate to overrule its own . decision as to the validity of the same law in State vs. Bolce (140 Ind., 50C), when satisfied that the decision first rendered was erroneous. See. further, Robinson vs. Schenck (102 Ind., 307); also the exhaustive discussion of thU subject in State vs. Aiken (S. C; 26 L. R. A., 315) and authorities there cited. "We are therefore of opinion that both the apportionment act of 1XK and also that of 1893 are unconstitutional and void, and consequently that the ippellee was not entitled to the relief demanled by him in his con plaint, and which was awarded him by the decision of the trial court. This court, in the case of Parker vs. State, while deciding that the apportionment acts of 1S91 and 1S79 were both invalid, yet exprs3ly held that the constitutionality of the Intermediate act of 1893 was not before the court for adjudication anl accordingly refrained frcrh making any decision in regard to it. Neither has the constitutionality of the apportionment act of J8S5 been questioned In the cise at bar. Consequently, that act ;.a the last, and perhaps the only, expression of the legislative will left upon the subject of apportionment, end under which Senators and R?prerentatlves may be chosen at the general election of 1S96, unless the Governor should see fit to call a special session of the Legislature to pass a new apportionment law. The Judgment is reversed, with Instructions to the Circuit Court to sustain the demurrer to the complaint ind for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion." Judge Monka concurs in the abov. JUDGE HACKXEY'S OPINION. He Consider the Or Pnctn LegUlnI it re of 180.;. "While giving my full concurrency to the conclusion of the principal opinion it is my purpose to add one or two thoughts to what my associate has said. This suit, in form and effect, disaffirmed the constitutionality of the apportionment act of 1M5 and affirmed the constitutionality of that of 1S93. The uecree of the lower court, by forbidding steps under the act of 1S93 and commanding that such Fteps, toward the biennial election of this year, be taken under the act of 1893, held the law of 1S95 to be void and that of 193 to be valid. The question of the correctness of this holding of the trial court, thus involving both of said laws, is before this court. 'The act of March 5, 1893, repealing that of 1S93. and the other act of that date reapportioning the State have been considered In the principal opinion, and properly

In my judgment, as one act. since, by the Constitution it was not contemplated that the General Assembly could, by repealing an apportionment act. deprive the people of the light to choose their representatives; 'and could not supplant an apportionment act. properly enacted, excepting at the sexennial periods. The two acts mentioned were passed concurrently, and could have been separated only In the hope that if the second should not stand the tirrt should have the effect to repeal tne law of 1KO and require the next Generat Assembly to be chosen under some prior law, or under some law which might be enacted by a special session made necessary by the absence of any apportionment law. The onlyremaining nlternatlve would be that the. people should be without a law under which to choose the next General Assembly, an alternative probably not contemplated when these acts were passed, and one-which the framers of tue Constitution certainly never Intended shouM arise. That it was intended to carry down the act of 193 at all hazards is manifest not only from the express repeal of that act. but also from the language of the preamble to the repealing act. It is declared therein that the act of li3 Is unconstitutional and was intended by the General Assembly which passed it to be unfair, unequal, in. violation of the Constitution and in disregard of a decision or this court. While thus assuming the Judicial function of declaring an act of the General Assembly unconstitutional, and while assuming the effect of that declaration to carry down the law of 1893, It is, by tne last paragrapU of the preamble, expressly conceded and declared to be the province of the courts to pass upon the constitutionality of laws. The effect of this preamble Is the question In this case. It voices the conclusion of its; authors that the power to enact an apportionment law, out of the sexennial period, depends upon the nonexistence of a constitutional law apportioning tha State; hence, the express declaration that the law of 1893 was unconstitutional. There is but one other possible construction of the preamble, and that is that its authors desired simply to challenge the Integrity of those who had preceded them in the high office of legislators, and who bad taken an oath to support that Constitution which is said,-by this preamble,- to have been willfully violated. This latter construction is not essential to the principal object, the passage of a new apportionment act. The former Construction was regarded as essential to that end, and stands in this case as the justification for reapportioning the State before the period contemplated by the Constitution. As said in the principal opinion, and as practically conceded by the closing paragraph of th preamble, the declaration that the law of 1S93 was void was beyond the authority of the General Assembly, was the exercise of Judicial power, and is now without force. It is even more than this; It is a declaration that those who made it held their places as members of the General Assembly alone by virtue of the "very law declared by them to have been void and of no effect. - 'These considerations are pertinent not only to a decision of the question of the power of the General Assembly to exercise judicial functions, but (hey are of moment in looking to the consequences which, may follow such exercise of power and the possible consequences of this proceeding. All tribunals of organised society accord to precedent respectful observance and generally obedience, unless such precedent is palpably at variance with Justice, morals or the fundamental law. Especially do the. members of the society owe this observance and obedience to the written laws. None rest under this obligation more fully than those who make and those who execute the laws. It is the precedent established by this court in the Parker case (133 Ind., ). which Is urged by the appellants, to overthrow the law of 1S93, and by which, In a great measure, we are controlled in passing upon that and the act of 1895. No tribunal can maintain long the respect of society if It may wantonly or even with indifference reverse to-day its action of yesterday. This is true, whether that tribunal is Judicial or legislative. The fame rule which is certainly our guide nhould be the guide of other co-ordinate departments of the government, rinding the act of 1893 upon the statute books, and bearing in mind that no valid act could be passed at that period, in t.e absence of the conclusion that the act of 1S93 was void, it was assumed and declared that, such act was void. If this may be done irr. any case it may be done in every case, and the Legislature may be found repealing its enactments at each succeeding session. The Fplrit of the Constitution forbids this with reference to apportionments and tolerates it only in the event that such conclusion is unmistakably correct. DE FACTO LEGISLATORS. "One of the consequences of the Jaw ot 1895 was to require Judicial investigation, and decision as to which of two laws Fhouli be observed by the people. Both could not stand. The first being valid, there could be no authority for the second. Another consequence was that it supplanted a law no more" objectionable, under the Constitution, than itself. Looking beyond the mere, partisan advantage to be gained by, the enactment of either law, what shall become of the principal of local self-government and the prerogative ot proportionate representation? It is a more than important question. It is, in view of the present situation, startling. There is, by the invalidity of the acts of 1893 and 1895, no apportionment law since that of 1S.VJ whichi has not been found, upon "Judicial investigation, to have violated the Constitution. The law of 1879, the last before the act of 1SS5, was held in the Parker case to -be unconstitutional. When the acts of 1S93 and 1895 fall where shall the people look for the apportionment, a necessary prerequisite, upon wnich to elect the next General Assembly? It may be said tnhat the Governor will convene the last chosen General Assembly in special session for that purpose. While the enactments of merely de facto legislators are generally upheld for the peace and good order of society, it may be seriously questioned whether one chisen under a void law Is a de facto officer continuously for the. mere purpose of keeping the oifice filled. A merely de facto officer is not usually entitled to hold! for the full term In an office whose functions are in continuous operation, when a de Jure ofneer is chosen during such term. "De facto officers get no power or authority from the acts they perform, but the principle which supports the acts of such officers Is that the public, finding him In actual possession of the office and dealing with him, under circumstances of reputation and color which would, lead mea to suppose they were legal officers, such dealings are validated on the ground of publio policy. But there are authorities, thou we have no occasion to apply them In this illustration, to the effect that when the want of authority tn such officer to perform the acts in question becomes notorious the reason for the de facto doctrine cease. An essential feature of the doctrine would eem to be that it Is considered only with reference to past acts and not as Justifying further acts and the continued right to occupy the office where the duties of the office are not In continuous exercise, bat at tho close of a session cease forever unles specially alled into action before new officers convene in regular session again. "This would not only suggest the doubts arising to Influence the Governor in calling or declining to call together person who had occupied, de facto, an office not In continuous operation, and one which. It has become notorious, they hell without the sanction of law, but aa suggesting also the possible right of the people to elect, at the next election, de Jure. Senators to represent them Instead of those chosen under a voli law. "Another fact which might be influential upon the mind of the executive as to his duty to call a special session of the General Assembly, is the fact that at th regular session, while condemning the net of 1893 for its violation of the Constitution, another law was enacted as grossly violating the same principles of the sacred Instrument. If the special session shoull repeat the disregard of existing enactments and the decisions of th courts no relief would come and it would be less anarchistic to deprive the people of a constitutional choice by affirmative legislation than by r.o legislation. But, I aprrehenl. the Governor would be slow to call a special session when the act of 18S5 stands upon th statute book unchallenged anl when this court, in the Parker case, where the question wat made, expressly declined to declare It unconstitutional, though the arts of 1S79 n1 that of 1891 were both hell void. I shouM probably say, however, that the Governor, In discharging his dutv. has the same power, subject to the same limitations, to rrgarl existing eppcrtlonment laws as constitutional or unconstitutional that the General Assembly had. A MANDATORY COMMAND. "It is insisted, however, that by the Constitution an apportionment law becomes, by the lapse of time.' Inoperative after six years and that, therefore, all acts prior to 1S91 have expired. There can be but little doubt that the command of the Constitution is mandatory and exclusive in that it re-qul-es an apportionment at each six years period and forbids it at other times. It is no less clear, in my Judgment, that, as maintained In the principal opinion, the duty enjoined is cont nulng and may be discharged as oommanc ed. This conclusion rend:rs another conclusion inevitable anl that is that the choice of the people is a right to be exerciel upon the rule of apportionment existing at the time the neglected duty should have been performed. If this were not so there would never b a Legislature following that which bad iCoutinncd on Third rffe.) "