Evening Republican, Volume 23, Number 22, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 24 January 1920 — Page 3

Bitter Waters and Sweet: Farm Water Systems

(Prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture.) a HERE Is Scriptural authority for the statement that bitter waters and sweet do not flow from the same fountain. The sa m e tru th appl les to wells on the farm. The family that uses a well or spring Subject to contamination is almost ____surely destined to taste the dregs of sorrow and suffering for having drunk its disease-laden output. Investigations made by the United States department of agriculture Indicate that only a small minority of farm-water supplies can be classed as unqualifiedly safe and desirable. Oh the average three out of four farm wells are located within 75 feet of a back door of the house* and in the direction of the barnyard. That convenience and first cost, not safety, ' have been the deciding factors in such cases is made evident by the nearness of barnyards, pig pens, pastures, fertilized fields, sink drains, privies, cesspools, and areas rendered insanitary by chickens, slops, and other filth. Too frequently the seepage from these and other sources, after joining the ground water, moves to wells and springs, impairing the water supply by impurity, and may be grossly poisonous. Sewage Disposal. Popular Indifference to the effective disposal of sewage has existed so long and so universally that only within comparatively recent years has it been realized that this waste product of human life is poisonous and must be kept from the food and drink of man. From the specific germs or poison that may be carried in sewage at any time there may result typhoid fever, tuberculosis, hookworm disease, cliblera, dystmfefy, diarrhea, or other ailments, and it is not improbable that certain obscure maladies may be traced eventually to the poisonous effects of drainage from human waste. The poison is invisible to the naked eye, and it may be carried by many agencies, by devious routes, and be unsuspectingly received into the human body. Typhoid fever is peculiarly a rural disease, and many instances clearly indicate serious neglect of responsibility with regard to sanitation by people who live in the country. Not to dispose of sewage \promptly invites nuisance, but not to dispose of sewage cleanly and completely invites disease. It Is not enough that human filth Is taken 50, 75, 100, or 150 feet away from a well or spring, or that It is taken merely to lower ground. Given loose or open subsoil, seamy ledge, or long-continued pollution of one plat of ground, the -zone of contamination Is likely to extend and readily may reach quite distant wells, especially at such times ns well waters are lowered by drought or heavy pumping. Whatever the system of sewage disposal, it should be entirely and widely separated from the water supply, and, if possible, the surface of the sewage in any leaky privy, vault or cesspool should be lower than the lowest water in any near-by well. The United States department of agriculture has prepared bulletin No. 712, from its 1916 Yearbook, entitled “Sewage Disposal on the Farm," which gives details regarding various types of outhouses, suggestions regarding plumbing, cesspools, septic tanks, and, related subjects. This pamphlet will be mailed free on request. Pure Water the Need. One of the first and obvious needs of American farms Is pure water supply. From the standpoint of the housewife, second only tn importance to purity, is the installation of a water system in the farm house that will save labor. Continued pumping will not improve water in a' well if the sources which feed it are permanently at fault. Wells cannot be located In all cases to be wholly free from pollution, but the greatest safeguards are clean ground, and as wide separations as possible from the probable channels of impure drainage. Water for domestic use should be clean, lustrous, odorless, colorless, wholesome, soft, neither " strongly acid nor alkaline, and its temperature for general farm purposes should be about 50 degrees. These characteristics, however, are never proof of purity, for a glass of water may possess them all and yet contain millions of diseaseproducing germs. ' Ground water Is the ideal supply for the farm. Any farmer who is about to have a deep well, and who is uncertain of the depth and quantity or quality of the water likely to be encountered, should describe fully the location and condition of his project to national or state geological authorities and ask for advice. The use of ths water, hazel, or peach stick for locating un-

derground water is without merit, although “forked-stick” artists from experience often are better able to judge the probabilities of ground water than the average person. Various Kinds of Wells. Wells are spoken of as shallow or deep, dug, bored, driven, or drilled, and in the case of tubular. wells, as nonflowing, flowing, or artesian. Persons interested in the various types of wells and their construction, advantages, disadvantages, etc., will find the subject treated in Farmers’ Bulletin No. 941. Wherever possible, thq farmhouse should be fitted with some sort of running-water system, simple or elaborate, according to the Investment the owner is able to make. For such systems water may be raised by natural flow, hydraulic rams, pumps, air lifts, or air-displacement pumps. Hydraulic rams are the most economical waterlifting devices. Since rams of various sizes and makes perform differently, it usually is necessary to accept the mechanical details determined by the manufacturer. The minimum, never more than the average, flow of the spring should determine the size of the ram. Otherwise, the one selected may be too large for the dry-weather flow. Smhll flows may be determined by noting the time required to fill a vessel of known capacity. Larger flows may be determined by weir measurements. When the water supply is far from the ram site, it is usual to pipe the flow to an open lank or reservoir located so as to secure the desired length and fall of diive pipe. Sometimes the flow’ of a spring is too small to actuate a ram that is sufficient for domestic requirements. In such . instances and where a nearby brook can be dammed to obtain the necessary power head, the recoil of the ram may be employed to admit the spring water, which Is pumped by a fall of the brook water to the piper drive. , Motion of water produces friction, which Increases with the length and roughness of the pipe and the rapidity of the water’s movement. Hence, wherever much water is to be delivered through a long pipe the power or head necessary to overcome friction should be determined. The bulletin mentioned before (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 941) contains a table which shows the friction head; that is, the number of feet to be added to the vertical height for each 100 feet of Iron pipe (not new) to overcome friction when discharging given quantities of water. Selection of Pump. In the selection of a pump one should determine the kind of well to be used, its Inside diameter, depth to the bottom, the depth cased, depth to the water level, both when the pump Is at rest and in operation, and the maximum yields The maximum quantity of water required per day should be calculated also. One should also determine the distance from the well to tne proposed location of the pump and the vertical height between these points; likewise the distance from the pump to the reservoir or tank and the vertical height between these points. The kind of power to be employed should be settled upon also —hand power, windmill, gasoline or oil engines, or electric motors—and the method of transmitting the power. Farm pumps usually are of the suction, lift, force, deep-well type or some combination of these. Suction.and lift pumps do pot. raise water above the pump nor discharge it under press- _ ure. Suction pumps require the cylinder to be above the water level of the supply. If a perfect vacuum could be created within the cylinder water could be raised vertically by suction 33.9 feet at. sea level. However, the actual suction lift is usually not more than two-thirds of the < theoretical lift Methods of making tight joints are described in the bulletin referred to. Horizontal suction plpea may extend long die- • tances, providing the friction loss plus the vertical height from the water level to pump valve Arms not exceed the limiting suction lift Where

THE EVENING REPUBLICAN, RENSSELAER, IND.

a pump cannot be placed so that the limiting suction lift will not be exceeded, it is necessary to lower the pump cylinder into the well, raising 'the water from the cylinder to the spout by the direct lift of the piston. Water can be pushed more easily than it can be pulled, hence, rather than resort to extreme suction lifts it is preferable to lower the cylinder to within 15 feet or less of the supply, or still better to submerge it. Where water is discharged against pressure a force pump is necessary. A practical Installation for the kitchen sink is a'combined suction and force pump w-hich will be found a great labor saver for the housewife. • Deep-Well Pumps. Deep-well pumps are heavier end stronger than those described above. They may be of the lift or force type and the standard or working head is always directly over the well. The cylinder should be near (within 15 .feet) or else below water level which pumping and drought may create. Submergence is the preferable arrangement In all installations the size of the pumping cylinder must be determined from the size, depth, and yielding power of the well, the quantity of water required, and the available power. Deep wells and hand or windwill outfits take small cylinders. 0 Pumping by means of compressed air is very oli but the systems used prior to 1909 required the air supply to be turned on or shut off according to whether or not the water was needed. Based on a patent granted in that year, a twocylinder air-displacement pump submerged in the water supply and controlled by the opening and closing of the faucet, was devised. The essentia! parts of installation, besides such a pump, are an air compressor, storage tank, engine or motor —with air and water pipes, and minor attachments. The pump operates only when water »s used, starting whenever a faucet is opened and continuing until all faucets are closed. The chief advantage of air-displacement pumps ts that water may be taken from ordinary depth or lateral distance, or from several sources, with one power outfit and delivered direct from the well to the faucet. The power plant may he located wherever convenient and as many pumps may be used as there are sources of water. Both hard and soft water may be delivered by using two pumps and the necessary piping systems. Air-displacement-pumps are not adapted at present to lifts muon over 125 feet or to wells !oss than three Inches in diameter, nor can they be used where more water is required than the well can supply within a specified period. Air pipes and air-displacement pumps must be tight and remain tight in service, and working parts must be kept in good order.

Horsepower Needed. Water may be raised J hy hand, windmill, hydraulic rams, steam, hot air, gas, internal-com-bustion engines, or electric motors. Hand power Is unsuited to large supplies or high lifts. Windmills are probably the most familiar type of mechanical power used, and often are arranged to start and stop automatically. Gasoline and oil engines are well adapted to farm pumping, and may be equipped to stop at any desired pressure In a supply tank. The use of electricity for pumping is increasing. The method Is clean, quiet, and convenient, and starting or stopping a distant pump by throwing a switch may be practical wherever transmission lines are sufficiently near. _ The theoretical horsepower needed to raise water is found by multiplying the gallons pumped in one minute by the total lift, in feet, including friction in both suction and discharge pipes, and then dividing the product by 4,000. The horsepower, as computed, should be multiplied by from two to four to overcome losses In pumping and still allow for a reserve of power. Ordinarily one to two horsepower engines are sufficient for farm pumps, but It is always safest to determine this point by computation. An advantage to be derived from the well-in-stalled farm water system often overlooked Is the benefit it affords in the way of fire prevention. With relatively small expenditure, fixtures can be added to a pipe system, which give ready access to the water supply for fighting flames. In almost every case a fire can be easily put out if discovered at its early stage, providing there Is fire-fighting apparatus near by, and all hands, even the children, are taught and drilled to use such apparatus coolly and skillfully.

CONCRETE ON THE FARM.

If there is any one thing more than another that has aided the farmer in making his farm-! stead more attractive, his live stock more comfortable and his„ farm more valuable, it is concrete on the farm. It is one of the most economical and suitable farm-building materials. In permanency it cannot be surpassed. In fact, it is unequaled in this one respect. Concrete la also one of the biggest factors In making buildings rat and mouse proof. Needless to say, rats and mice have always been a constant menace to' the farmers’ grain bins and comeribs, but the widespread use of concrete on the farm has greatly reduced the damage done to stored grains. Perhaps the greatest yalue of concrete, however, is the fact that it can be mixed by the fanner himself Instead of having to depend upon • expensive masons and carpenters he can employ his spare time In concrete construction, because concrete work is something that anyone can leant with a little practice.

LIKE DYED LACES

Vogue for Color in Every Type of Feminine Garment. « Decoration la Being Generously Used for the High Lights of the Costume. It may sound at first like painting the lily to talk about dyed lace, but in the tremendous vogue for brilliant color In every type of feminine gar* ment it is not a bit surprising. After the first shock it Is pleasant, in fact, to see a georgette blouse, for Instance, in what is called “new” blue veiling, an underblouse of tomato red filet lace allowed to show in the front in filet fashion. used extensively for Ttfie hlgh lights of the costume. It appears, for example, in silver to lighten up a frock of navy blue georgette. The stiff silver lace encircles the hips, giving the fashionable outstanding line, and is veiled by just one layer of the soft georgette. It edges the neck and short sleeves of the same frock. Case au lalt Lyons lace Is used as a foil In a blouse which is lined with black chiffon and has a girdle of black net tying in a bow at the back. One of the loveliest of evening gowns is entirely of gray lace with the inevitable bright color touch in the orange ostrich pompon at one side. Perhaps filet lace lends itself best to dyeing, but all the fine laces are no exception to the new ruling. Sometimes several laces are combined on one blouse. Filet lace dyed a bright orange, for example, makes flounces over the shoulders of a shadow lace blouse dyed brown with sleeves of net in the same dark brown. To lighten up the darker laces, the navy blue, black and brown tinsel ribbons are used. Little folded flowers of it, tiny bows and narrow twisted girdles, all serve to add to the dressiness of the dyed lace blouse or frock. Beads, too, are being used to bring out the richness of dyed lace. Often they contrast with the lace, repeating the deep color of the chiffon lining or they work out the pattern of the lace itself. Metal threads are also used to bring out the lace pattern from its dusky background. Where a whole blouse of lace would be too thin and delicate to top the suit skirt, jumper blouses are made of velvet on Silk duvetyn to bring the dyed laciness down to earth.

WOOL CAP AND SCARF OUTFIT

Quite the thing this season, this wool scarf with cap to match. This one is white and strongly appeals to the majority of girls.

USE DOILIES FOR COLLARS

Vogue for Biblike Neck Decorations and Drooping Cuffs Finds Place for Old Pieces. With the present vogue for flat, biblike collars, round or square, and oddshaped, drooping cuffs, comes a chance to utilize old-fashioned lace doilies. - Two doilies of equal size are required for cuffs. The linen centers should be carefully ripped out and the edge of the lace basted to the edge of the sleeve, from which it will fall in graceful rippling folds. - The collar dolly should be Borneo what larger than those used for the cuffs. After the linen center is removed decide whether you wish the collar to fasten on the shoulder or ih the back. If the dolly Is round all you have to do is to cut It in one place and hem the raw edges, and it is ready to be worn open either at the side or the back. But if it is square and the opening is to be on one shoulder one side win have to be ent and faced or hemmed after being fitted and a tuck taken in the opposite side to mite the collar fit smoothly. " Of course the doily Is quite large and the neck line rather low the lace Peed not be cut but just worn sllpover fashion, basted or pinned io Pla<*-

Tam-Shaped Turbans.

Tam turbans, many with fitted tips or visors, have come to us from (France. Some of these smart, youthful bats have crown bands of such fur oa kolinsky, squirrel or seal.

RARE FUR-TRIMMED GARMENT

An out-of-the-ordinary drew of gold tissue embroidered with yellow worsted In a plaid design trimmed with kolinsky tails, producing a stunning effect. The exquisite paradiw is goldshaded and puts a charming finishing touch on this unusual creation.

SKIRTS SHORTER FOR 1920

Seven to Wlm Inches From Floor, Decree of Style Committee of National Association. The style committee of the National Cloak, Suit and Skirt Manufacturers’ association in session recently at Cleveland, Ohio, recommended skirts from three to four Inches shorter than at present for the 1920 season in its report. The committee decreed that skirts next season will be from seven to nine inches from the floor for women and about ten inches for misses, as compared with four to six inches for women and six to eight inches for misses at present. I ’ . .. Skirts, the s'tyle makers say, will be “frankly short,” but without abbreviation. One thing to be avoided if one wishes to be stylish, is the extreme. Tunic and plaited skirts will be worn. Fullness at the hips will be a feature of many of the smart spring suits. Sleeves will fit snugly. Sport suits for spring and summer wear are recommended. Novel belts of leather and metal, and a new type of collar —long, slender and rolling—will be a detail of the suits. The Lord Byron and Peter Pan designs will be popular. The newest wrap for women is not unlike the old Boman toga, a graceful, enveloping garment that can be tucked up and pulled together. "Prices of coats, suits and skirts will stay up.” said Michael Prints of Cleveland, chairman of the style committee.

FOR THE WINDOWS AND BEDS

Simple Curtains and Quilts Add to the Beauty and Cheerfulness of the Home. Unbleached cotton makes pretty curtains and bedspreads. Two widths of the fabric can be used for a double-size bedspread, and one half for valance. This may be made plain or gathered. Bands may be sewed on the lower edge of valance, and also on the seams. Pillow shams trimmed to match are attractive. There is nothing very new in plain white scrim curtains, but trim them with pink, blue, green or yellow block gingham, and you will have unusually pretty draperies. The same idea carried out in bureau scarfs is very good. - Linen-colored crash banded with chambray make very pretty diningroom draperies. When hemming curtains pull several threads, just as is done for hemstitching. This will make It easier to cut and hem them evenly. It must be borne in mind that In order to obtain artistic and restful rooms plain colored or bordered curtains should be used with figured wallpaper (.especially large) designs, On the other hand large-figured draperies can be used very effectively with plain wall covering.

Soft Vs. Stiff Collars.

The movement started at a untversity to promote the uaeof soft collars as a means of fighting the high prices demanded by laundries will not exert, It was stated, any harmful effect o® the collar trade. The same profit and a llttie more, it was explained, applies to soft as to stiff collar®. The element of competition, however, is one that big concerns do not particularly like. Soft collars andsoft shirts, it seems, have always been easier to manufacture, and consequently encourage com. petition from small firms.