Evening Republican, Volume 22, Number 144, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 19 June 1919 — Page 3

All About Teeth

(From the New* Bureau, Public Information Committee, American Museum of -> Natural History, New York City.)

There’s a new exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History that tells a great deal about teeth—about their structure, location, mode of implantation, growth and replacement, with special reference to the teeth of mammals. Many kinds of teeth are shown in the exhibit, frojn the curious, complicated apparatus called the “Aristotle’S lantern” in vogue among the sea-urchins to the great, cruel fang of the lion. The Aristotle’s lantern of the sea-urchin consists of five pyramidal jaws, each carrying a long, slender tooth of continu-oua-growth, which moves forward in the jaws as it becomes worn. away at the point. The horse-shoe king crab wears his teeth on his legs, at the first joints of which is a series of spines and sharp points. The food is torn to bits on these teeth and worked into the mouth opening. The lobster does his fletcherizing with teeth which are to be found on his fourth to ninth appendages. Some of these teeth are adapted to seizing the food, others to grinding it, etc. The exhibit also reveals the little-known fact that the beetle and worm boast teeth as useful and efficient as any. Of course there are teeth of many*kinds. But the typical tooth of a vertebrate or back-boned animal, as shown in cross-section, consists of (1) pulp contained in a cavity, which by deposition of lime in its exterior portion becomes (2) dentine, ivory or bone, forming the body of the tooth, (3) enamel, overlying the dentine on the crown of the tooth, and (4) cement, usually surrounding the base of. the tooth and sometimes covering part or all of the enamel of the crown. The teeth of some animals, however (the sperm whale, for example), have no enamel whatsoever. In man, as in most mammals, the teeth are set in distinct, separate sockets, called by the initiated “alveolas,” and are separated by a membrane from the surrounding bone. But nature has other ways of implanting teeth. The extihct sea reptile known to the scientist as Ichthyosaurus had his teeth planted in a continuous shallow groove, as w'as the habit with certain birds which lived many centuries ago. Modern birds, however, have adopted the fashion of going toothless. Another sort of attachment of the teeth is by means of a bony union of the outer side of the teeth with the inner side of the jaw. In a fourth case the base of the tooth is completely fused with the side of the jaw. It is another evidence of a beneficial nature that man, the only creature who is given to having his teeth extracted, does not have his teeth implanted in this last way. Bonn; miimals'lmvt; the advantage of teetli whicirare more or less movable, due to the fact that they are attached to the jaws by ligaments. This is the case with many fishes and some reptiles. With snakes this arrangement the swallowing of the food. Some animals, less fortunate than man, have only one set of teeth, which are expected to last them through an entire lifetime. Most animals, like man, have two sets —a temporary or milk set and a permanent "set. No mammal has more than two sets of teeth. Generally a tooth is replaced by the formation below it of another tooth. As the new tooth increases in size, the roots of the old one are absorbed until finally it falls out and gives place to the new. Most reptiles and fishes, however, are well supplied with teeth, having several series, which provides for a more or less continuous loss and replacement. The shark is not worried by the fear of a toothless old age, for he has several rows of teeth, one behind the other, and as fast as the teeth in the outer row are lost they are replaced by those just back of them. Replacement may be accomplished by the formation of a new tooth beside the old one which is absorbed at the point of contact until the developing tooth enters the base and replaces it. That is the wav crocodiles and lizards do it. Or teeth may be formed at the back of the series, these moving forward to take the place of those worn away. The teeth of the elephant are developed at the back of the jaw, and the entire row moves slowly forward, the front part of each tooth coming into use first and wearing away as It is pushed forward. While six teeth are developed on each side of either jaw, not more than parts of two teeth are in use at any one time.

War on Wheels

Practically All Equipment Mounted

This has been a war on wheels, great guns have been transported on and fired from railroad cars and autotrucks. Troops have been fed from “rolling kitchens” and “rolling bakeries.” Automobile machine shops, to make repairs, have accompanied the aircraft sections. Observation balloons have been handled and controlled from motortrucks- Field blacksmith shops and carpenter shops have been on wheels. Many other things might be mentioned. But oddest of all perhaps wefe the field printing shops—such an affair being a motortruck with a little house mounted on its chassis, the latter containing a first-class printing press. On such presses a vast amount of printing was done — for a modem army needs a lot of it — including» that of the newspapers written and issued by our soldiers.

History of the Great War Will Necessarily Be World’s History for Last Four Years

Already, of course, we have histories of the great war—scores, even hundreds, of them. They began to appear on the bookstalls almost simultaneously with the roar of the big guns. But who shall write the history, the one for which libraries, colleges and universities will subscribe? Certainly, not one man. This.,was a fiveplane war; on the water and under the water; on the land and under the land—and in the air. From first to last more than a score of military fronts were involved, counting the western and the Italian fronts each as one, with a total extension of 800 miles. But the military operations constitute only one division of the activities a historian will have to cover. A real history will include such divisions as diplomacy, chemistry, mechanics, ordnance and aeronautics; food, fuel, labor, industry. In short, the history -of the war has been thq history of the world for the last four years.

Three Kinds of Wolves.

We have three kinds of wolves and they all travel In packs. There are black wolves, the gray timber wolves, and the great Siberian wolves of the North. The latter come across the ice from Siberia and hardly ever venture very far souths They are not trapped to any extent because the •would have to go to such great distances to got them.

Moran Is Confident Reds . Have Good Chance to Win The Pennant This Season

A seasoned major leaguer like Pat Moran isn’t given to idle boasting. Pat knows whereof he speaks, for no one is better equipped to discuss baseball authoritatively than he. And Moran sincerely believes the Reds have as

Pat Moran.

good a chance to win the pennant this season as any other club in the National league. “The Reds are going fast, but not beyond their normal pace, as some of the knockers appear to think,” declared the genial Pat. “We have a mighty, good pitching staff and a well balanced club, with a good wallop in its attack and adequately strong on defense. I’m going to see to it that those 'pitchers keep their current gait throughout the race. Keep your orbs on the Reds.”

Young America Is Always Anxious to Match Strength

There is something chlvalrlc in the unknown possibilities of big demands. Every youth with capabilities covets the chance to match strength with the victorious conquerors of his comrades. To him defeat is a thing to be proved. Talk of .it only sets the itch for a trial going. The hint of its possibility primes his nerves for the effort. It matters not that others have been laid low. r The ardent mind conjures, up a thousand reasons for the failure.' That cannot be his lot .. Crdakers of defeat have no place, in his plans. Even advice, however wholesome, finds little chance for a hearing, The great thing is the challenge that offers a chance to measure strength.

THE EVENING REPUBLICAN, RENSSELAER, IND.

How One-Mart Made Back Yard Help Feed the Family Last Summer and Winter

“How much can the back yard do to supply the table?” asks Alfred Westfall of thfe Colorado agricultural college, and then*he answers his own question by telling what he did in his back yard last year: “I am nut trying to tell a bear story. Others have raised better gardens than mine was last year. I merely want to show what an amateur who has only a limited amount of time to spend in a garden can do. “My* gardenJs 60 by 110 feet. The soil is clayey. The garden was prepared and handled in the usual manner with not more than average’ care. It supplied a family of three with fresh vegetables all summer besides what it produced for canning. “There was rhubarb. Six quarts were canned. We had green peas from the first of July to the last of September and canned ten quarts. There was an abundance of string beans. We canned 27 quarts. We also had a generous supply of lima beans. We had fresh tomatoes for a month. After that we pulled the vines and hung them in the cellar and had tomatoes until Thanksgiving. Besides, we canned 20 quarts. There was sweet corn for the table and eight quarts to can. We had enough pumpkins to supply us for the winter, and our neighbors as well. There were 85 pounds of carrots, 50 of turnips. There were beets, cucumbers, onions, radishes, lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower and Hubbard squash. Eleven quarts the rest stored in a back-yard pit for winter use. “We had the finest kind of fresh vegetables all summer and went into the winter with 77 quarts on our shelves and well provisioned with those that will keep fresh.”

Mother's Cook Book.

She was so skilled and perfect In the art, everything Her fairy fingers touched Seemed like ambrosia. Sweet lady, tell me, can you make ar pudding? For the Sweet Course. A dainty sweet makes a good finish for a hearty meal when a heavy dessert would be’ entirely out of place. Often a mouthful or two of some little sweet is sufficiently satisfying, but if omitted the meal seems unfinished. Cream puffs made the size of walnuts and filled with any desired filling; either sweetened and flavored whipped cream, ice cream or chocolate filling are good. Stuffed dates, prunes and figs are all easy to prepare and usually well liked. Small balls of well-seasoned cottage cheese, of cream cheese, garnished with a cupful of jelly or a bright red cherry, served with a cracker, will make a pleasing de&sert. Frozen Cheese With Figs. Mash two good-sized cream cheeses and beat in a half cupful of stiffly whipped cream; sweeten to taste and bury in ice and salt after packing in small baking powder cans. When reftdy to serve cut in slices, make a depression in the center and drop in a rich preserved fig with the stem end up. Apples With Almonds. Core and peel firm, good-flavored apples and cook In sugar and water until nearly tender. Remove from the sirup and decorate with quartered almonds blanched. Fill the apples until they look like a small porcupine. Place in oven with the sirup poured around them and cook until the apples are soft and the almonds brown. Dust with powdered sugar and serve hot or cold with cream. Care should be taken to remove the apples before they lose their shape. - Maple parfait. Beat four egg yolks lightly and pour one cupful of hot maple sirup very slowly over them, cook until thick, stirring constantly; adff a pinch of salt. Cool and add a pint of whipped cream and the stiffly beaten whites of the eggs. Let stand in a mold packed in ice and salt three hours. f~ ! Mousse Marron. • Cook together a half cupful of sugar and a fourth of a cupful of water five minutes, pour over the stiffly beaten whites of two eggs, dissolve a tjeaspoonful of gelatin In one and onehalf tablespoonfuls of boiling water and add to the fiifet mixture. Set this in a pan of ice water/ and stir until cold. Add 1% cupfuls 6f cooked chestnuts; fold in the whip from a pint of cream and flavor with a half teaspoonful of vanilla. Delicious little cakes are made of Ifball round crackers with a marshmallow on top, then put into the oven until the marshmallow is melted or puffed and brown. These are called marguerites. Maple sirup heated until hot and served over vanilla ice cream, with or without nuts, makes a most popular sundae.

The Path to the Ridiculous.

The of saying something, the perplexity of having nothing to say,' and t a desire of being witty are capable of making even the greatest writer ridiculous. —Voltaire.

The White House Flock

The two lambs of the White House flock which were born early In tile year were named George and Martha Washington by Mrs. Woodrow Wilson. George is the aloof individual on the left, while Martha, who is the same size, is shown approaching the trough. In the background Is the rear of the White House.

GIVE BABY CHICKS BEST OF CARE

“A few baby taken cam of will give better results than double the number that are neglected,” says H. R, McLean of the Colorado Agricultural college. “Keep the hen and chicks free from lice and in comfortable quarters, otherwise look out for losses. “Feed the baby chicks a little feed after they are 36 to 48 hours old. More chicks are killed the first three days after hatching by overfeeding than during any other period. “If you keep the body growing you will find no chicks with drooping wings. Skim milk that is allowed to clabber furnishes the best animal protein for. the growing chick. Give it to them slightly warm and start them out on it. The lactic acid helps clear the intestinal tract and a lot of bowel trouble is avoidable by its use. If fed in connection with bread crumbs, johnny cake or a good commercial chick feed you can give them all the milk they need without harmful results. ‘ "Don't change from sour skimmed milk to sweet or buttermilk, but feed one kind to avoid throwing them oft their feed. “Chicks should have access to good, clean, coarse sand or the fine commercial chick grit,”

Abdications in Germany Will Include Total of 278 of Royal Families

A German professor figures out that the abdication and dethronements in Germany include 278 persons. Bavaria leads, with one king, one queen, 15 princes, 16 princesses, five dukes and one duchess. Prussia has sent 33 royalties into exile, Including the emperor, the empress, 20 princes and 11 princesses. Brunswick is at the bottom of the list, with only the ducal couple and their three children. The two tiny principalities of Reuss, whoss area is hardly one-three hundredths part of that of Prussia, have exiled 36 royalties. The principality of Lippe, only about 20 square miles larger than the Reuss states, had a royal family numbering 24 persons. Most extraordinary is the case of Schaumberg-Lippe, with its area of ”'l3O square miles, where there was nearly one royal personage for every five square miles. These included the reigning prince, seventeen princes and seven princesses.

Women May Be Members of the American Legion

Women who served in various war service work, including yeomanettes, army nurses and marine torps girls, are eligible for membership in the American legion, the association of veterans of the world war, according to a statement issued from the national headquarters of the organlzaion. The announcement says that so many inquiries came from women who served during the war that it was decided to issue a formal notice. Preparations are under way to form the first post of women who had worn t*he uniform of their country. Whether or not the yeomanettes will unite in a post with the army nurses or whether the women will join the posts formed by the service men is to be left to the discretion of the local posts.

Flat Famine Threatens N. Y. Workers’ Exodus

Tenement and home building must" be resumed on a large scale in New York to prevent a general exodus of workers to other parts of the country, the state reconstruction, commission announced. A shortage of 100,000 apartments exists in New York City, the statement said. Only half as many plans for new buildings were filed in 1918 as for the same period two years ago, and only a third of the buildings planned have been completed. ~ ' ~

Zoo Superintendent Finds New Husband for Mourning Widow in Alligator Family

For many weeks Cy De Vry, superintendent of the Lincoln Park Zoo at Chicago; watched with utmost " concern t|ie ravages of melancholia upon the person and psychology of Desdemona, the brunette alligator, who some time since was bereft of her husband. He succumbed to influenza. They were inseparable and had achieved a oneness of concord rarely encountered in the domestic domain. The unalloyed bliss they enjoyed was manifest to all. It was natural that with the visit of the grim reaper the weaker vessel, deprived at one fell stroke of prop and stay, should mourn deeply. But De Vry thought time would assuage her grief. In this he was in error. After a consultation he. decided that but one hope remained —to obtain a new husband. In the Florida jungles there was captured Othello, a blackamoor. If Cupid’s darts prove potent the gnawing grief wearing away the widow’s heart will be eradicated forever and a day.

THE WORSHIP OF NATURE

The harp at Nature’s advent strung Has never ceased to play; The song the stars of morning sung Has never died away. And prayer is made and praise is given, By all things near and far; The ocean looketh up to heaven, And mirrors every star. Its waves are kneeling on the strand, As kneels the human knee, Their white locks bowing to the sand. The priesthood of the sea! They pour their glittering treasures’forth, Their gifts of pearl they bring, And all the listening hills of earth Take up the song they sing. The green earth sends her Incense up From many a mountain shrine; From folded leaf and dewy cup She pours her sacred wine. * The mists above the morning rills Rise white as wings of prayer; The altar curtains of the hills Are sunset’s purple air.' The winds with hymns of praise are loud. Or low with sobs of pain The thunder-organ of the cloud, The dropping tears of rain. With drooping head and branches crossed The twilight forest grieves, Or speaks with tongues of Pentecost From all its sunlit leaves. The blue sky is the temple’s arch, Its transept earth and air, The music of its starry march The chorus of a prayer. So Nature keeps the reverent frame With which her years began, And all her signs and voices shame The prayerless heart of man. -Whittier.

Only 125 Cases of Total Blindness Among Yanks

There were only 125 cases of total blindness and fewer than 4,000 amputations In the American forces engaged in the war, it is stated by the bureau of war risk insurance in an announcement concerning the bureau’s activity in supplying crippled soldiers and sailors With artificial limbs and in otherwise caring for the wounded and disabled. Not even all of the 125 cases of total blindness cited, it is stated, have yet been declared as permanent by the medical officers in charge. Relative to amputations, denial is ma(|e, on the authority of Surgeon General Ireland and Col. Charles E. Banks, chief medical officer of the war insurance risk insurance that there were any cases in which men lost both arms and both legs.

Cause of Bowlegs.

Bowlegs in growing children are caused by lack of milk. Walking at too early an age or v too often has nothing to do with it. So declares a Pennsylvania county agriculturist. He says that scientific investigations show that all children should have milk, one quart a day at least, from the time they walk until they are full grown.

Insects Cause a Billion Dollar Loss Yearly, Says Agricultural Department

Destructive Insects in the United States have a food bill of sl-,000,000,-000 annually, according to department of agriculture figures. That amount Is tost each year because of insect depredations on various farm crop& and fruits. In addition to this, there is a large loss to live stock from such pests as biting flies, parasitic flies, ticks, mites and so forth. In 1916 destructive insects caused a loss of $430,204,300 in cereal crops and were responsible for a loss of $116,230,500 in hay crops. The insect damage to the tobacco crops was $16,- . 900.800 and in vegetables $199,412,600. They caused a loss of $8,436,800 in sugar crops and a loss of $141,264,300 in fruit. The loss caused by them in ail other crops was $29,649,700.

It has been found that vegetable and fruit crops suffer most heavily from the ravages of insects and a 20 per cent loss in vegetable crops and a 30 per cent loss in fruit crops is probably a minimum figure for these two. A further study of this question has revealed the fact that in 1916 the chinch bug alone was responsible for a loss of $60,000,000. The grasshopper caused a loss of $50,000,000 and the Hessian fly was charged with being responsible for $40,000,000 slump. In addition to the direct losses in growing crops, forests and live stock. Insects are responsible for depredations on stored grain, other farm prod-j ucts and household supplies. All those have brought the-total anaual loss from insects in the United States up to $1,000,000,000.

Rat Skins Make Leather Suitable for Some Kinds of Gloves and Mittens

There is not enough leather to go round. Fish skins are susceptible of tanning, and there are rat skins which .make good leather, large enough for many 'purposes. 1 They would do for some kinds of gloves and mittens, says the Little JouraaL They may be sewed together to make cloaks and other garments, and they are not too small to be available for parts of boots and shoes. The general rule as to leather is that the thicker the fur Is the poorer the hide and vice versa. According to this, rat hide would produce superior leather. Somebody with the gift of guessing computes that there are 100,000,000 rats in this country, and the damage they do would feed a good sized army. It would take at least 5,000 ' skins a day to supply a small modem tannery. Nobody wants the rats; they belong to anybody that can catch them. That is the only problem —to catch them and skin them, and then deliver the goods.

SCRAPS OF HUMOR

Some Hope. “Cholly, do you ever intend to quit smoking cigarettes?” “Deah boy, why should I?” “Because if you don’t they will kill you.” “Well, when they do, deah boy, ni quit.” Bill Rendered. Dalton —You should pay more attention to your personal appearance, old chap. Remember that clothes make the man. Deßroke —Yes, but for me the man refuses to make any more clothes: A Quid Pro Quo.

No Escape. “Ah, laws. They prate of the time when dreams come true. Before I was married I used to hope every day . I’d meet the lady before the day ended.” “And now that you are married?” “I gotta meet her. Can’t get away from it.” * Dashing Joy. Mabel —George gave me such a lovely diamond engagement ring. Muriel—But he’ll want you to give It back to him when he gets engaged to another girl. He always does. Very Likely.

“My policy is never say die.” “But you’ll change it quick en o ugh when . your hair begins to tom gray.”,

His Place. “What place does that queer fellow fill In his mechanical business?” , “Oh, I guess they use him anywhere they need a crank.” - Misunderstood. “Our salmon are nice and fresh, mum.” “Er—have they roes?” , “Well, yes, mum, the price Is | bit higher.” • : V

“Why do you women go to bargain sales to get something for nothing?” “Why do you men go to poker clnbs to do the same thing?”