Evening Republican, Volume 21, Number 90, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 24 April 1918 — Page 3

RULES TO GOVERN BUILDING GARAGE

Conform to Architectural Lines of Surroundings, Structures, and Materials. FIGURE FOR TWO MACHINES ' t - - --,.-c Value of Estate Is Increased and Will Give Owner Less Trouble in Every Way—lnstallation of Equipment Important. The same fundamental rules govern the building of a garage that apply to the building of a house. Care must be taken to see that the stylestructure conforms with the architectural lines of surrounding buildings and that the materials used are not in too great contrast with the house. It is advisable when building a garage to figure on accommodations for at least two machines. The additional cost of making a slightly larger building is but a small proportion of the cost of a one-car garage, and when one considers that the-investment value is doubled, the added initial expenditure is well worth-while. At the prevailing rental rate’s and the big demand for automobile space in all builtup sections, the larger garage can be erected as a good paying investment. Essentials In Construction. Good workmanship and materials are just as essential in the building of a 'garage as in the construction of the house. A good garage increases the value of an estate and Will give the owner less trouble in every way. A concrete floor will be found more serviceable than a wooden one and will enhance the appearance of the building. The installation of the garage equipment is of the utmost importance and should be attended to under the direct supervision of the owner. It is a good plan to sheathe the Inside of the walls and ceiling as a means to conserve the heat, and the economy effected by the double walls will probably equal the additional cost In one season. A pit of sufficient dimensions to allow a person to crawl into should be constructed. This device will permit the owner to lie underneath his car and enable him to make any adjustments necessary. The Installation of a drain at the bottom of the pit is very convenient. Water connections are desirable in the garage, as water is needed for many purposes. It is convenient for filling radiators, washing the car and keeping the floor clean. The connections with the house system would cost but little more as a rule than direct connection with the street system and the advantages of hot and cold water more than offset the extra outlay Involved. Use Electric Lights. Electric lights should be installed in the garage if possible. Electricity eliminates danger of explosion from gasoline fumes and extensions may be carried to any part of the building. A permanent bulb is necessary over the work bench while the trouble lamp with an extended cord can be used under the cars and in shaded corners; An economical device which Ms worthy of consideration is the underground gasoline tank. This may be placed butslde the building with a pipe running underground into the garage. The underground style of tank stores the gasoline away from the building and insures its safety from ignition. It also enables the owner to purchase his gasoline in large quantities with the advantage of wholesale prices. The work bench is an indispensable fixture in a garage and should be constructed to allow plenty of working space. A good sized bench for the average garage is six feet long and a foot wide. The front board of the bench proper may be made of a 2 by 8 plank, which will permit the placing of a vise and enable it to stand the pounding that is often necessary. Cross braces on the legs will support a shelf for tjie storage of materials and tools.

Auto Alarm Whistle.

An automobile alarm whistle, to be cbnnected to the cylinders of a car can be made to utilize the full force of their explosions when desired.

SELLING TICKETS FOR WOMEN’S HOSPITAL

The picture shown an armored car leaving Washington square. New York, for the purpose of selling tickets to the big military ball held at Mfdison Square garden for the benefit of the Women’s Overseas hospital.

YELLOW GASOLINE IN FAVOR

Supply Might Be Increased If Motorist* Realized Their Prejudice Was Unwarranted. If motorists realized that their prejudice against yellowish gasoline was unwarranted the gasoline supply might be Increased considerably. # In the early days of the oil industry poor refining methods were responsible for the production of yellowish kerosenes and gasolines, which were sometimes dangerous. . Another handicap, according to petroleum experts, is the necessity for refiners treating gasoline with sulphuric acid and caustic soda to remove unsaturated hydrocarbons, which have a high fuel value In an explosion engine. It Is estimated that there is a loss of $10,000,000 a year in the United States through these prejudices, represented by 30,000,000 gallons of gasoline, 35,000 tons of sulphuric acid and 3,500 tons of caustic soda.

REPLACE BEARING ON WHEEL.

Best Way to Accomplish Task I* to Slip Short Length of Pipe Over the Spindle. In replacing a bearing on a front wheel spindle for which it is a tight fit, the car owner sometimes 'slips the bearing on the taper end of the spindle and then uses the wheel as a hammer to force it home, wheel and bearing sliding into position of the spindle at the same time. This is poor business, as the strain on the bearing may break the hardened shoulder of the inner race, which Is meant to withstand wear, but not shocks of this kind. The best way of accomplishing this work is to slip a short length of pipe over the spindle, the inner end resting against the inner race of the bearing. By hammering the outer end of the pipe carefully, the bearing will slip into place without trouble.

METHOD FOR HOLDING AXLES

Device Outlined for Holding Wheel Firmly in Position—Use Care in Hauling Car. Here Is a method for holding a broken rear axle in place. It consists of a board about six feet long, about one inch thick, and about six Inches wide. A hole should be bored In the center of sufficient diameter to allow the hub

When Rear Axle Breaks.

cap to rest in it. The front end of this board Is fastened to the running board, and the rear end is fastened to the spring. The wire on the running board should be fastened through the bolt hole, and in this way keep from marring the fender. , This device will hold the wheel firmly in place, although care should be taken in hauling in the car.

IN FITTING BALL BEARINGS

Outer Race Should Form Sucking Fit With Its Housing—Stresses Are Thu* Distributed. In fitting ball bearings the outer race should form a sucking fit with its housing. This means that it should just be free enough so that shaft rotation will BiUse ttfe race to slip around intermittently; A press fit should never be peripitted and it is equally bad to fly to the other extreme and get too loose a fit. With a sucking fit the outer race can at times slip around and in this way the stresses are distributed and do not fall always on the same point.

Overlook Own Wheels.

Despite the criticism of the average owner as to the condition of the wheels of the car ahead, few indeed take the trouble to make the Inspection of the Wheels of their own cars.

' THE EVENING REPUBLICAN. RENSSELAER. IND.

MEETING DEADLY GAS ATTACKS

She United States Army is being prepared to meet the gas attacks of the enemy, the means of protection having been devised by the gas defense service of the medical department, which comprises about 100 officers and approximately 600 enlisted men. The two principal factors in gas defense are effective masks and thorough training of »o>dien< in the use of masks and various methods of avoiding contact with poisonous vapors. Experts who have been sent to this country y the allied governments have pronounced the present American masks the most efficient in existence. The production of these masks is progressing at a rate which Insures that the requirements of the American troops abroad will be amply supplied. At each cantonment in the United States a gasdefense school has been established and placed in charge of a divisional gas officer, who works in conjunction with the chemical adviser, both trained in the theory and practice of meeting gas offensives. Through these schools every officer and man receives instruction as to proper means of gas defense. The use of gas in warfare dates back to about 404 B. C. The Spartans saturated wood with pitch and sulphur and burned it under the walls of cities which they were attacking. For several centuries gas had not been used in warfare and The Hague convention definitely ruled against it. However, on April 22, 1915, the Germans liberated_ great clouds of gas against Canadian -troops near Ypres. Terrible destruction and demoralization resulted from this first gas attack, and within a week England made plans for gas warfare against the Germans. Gas is now an everyday part of war. Gases may be employed in the form of clouds, or in shells, bombs and hand grenades. The first gas attacks in the present war were in clouds. Fumes were liberated from steel containers which were distributed In groups of three or four at Intervals of 50 yards along the trenches opposite the line to be attacked. Tubes, provided with a stopcock attachment, were connected with the gas tanks, and the end of the tube was passed over the parapet. When the attack was intended, a signal was given and the stopcocks were opened, allowing the gas to escape in the form of liquid which immediately vaporized. Soon after the first German gas attack English and French women sent to the front hundreds of thousands of home-made gas masks. For the most part they were merely bandages impregnated with chemicals to wrap around the mouth and nose. The next step in gas masks was a cloth helmet or hood which had been dipped in neutralizing solution, the bottom of which was tucked In the collar. The next improvement was to put In an exhaust or outlet for the exhaled air. This type of mask has been used extensively. The small box respirator mask was next developed, and it Is the model of the mask we are at present using. It is the highest development, affording good protection. It has an impervious face-piece, with glass or celluloid eyepieces, held in place by rubber bands around the head. A canister is carried in a small knapsack and a flexible tube connects the box in the face-piece. Inside the face-piece is a small wire clamp with rubber pads which fi,ts on the nose and forces the wearer to breathe through his mouth. of the flexible tube has a rubber mouthpiece through which the man breathes. The incoming breath comes through the canister, which Is filled with several layers of special chemicals of an absorbent nature which neutralize or render harmless the gas-laden air. The outgoing breath passes outside the fact-piece through a small rubber valve. The American gas defense service is divided Into three separate parts: (1) Field supply section; (2) field training section; (3) overseas repair section. The function of the field supply section is to manufacture or procure all gas-defense materials and equipment. The big work of course is to furnish our troops with effective masks. The small box respirator type of mask, admittedly the best mask in existence, was accepted as a model. The manufacture of a gas mask of this type presented a problem. No manufacturing firms had experience with an article of this kind. More than ordinary care must be used In making parts because the slightest defect would render the mask useless. The wide variety of materials going Into the mask made it necessary to have the parts made In separate plants and assembled at a central plant. At present about sixty manufacturing firms contribute directly to the making of the American mask. With no actual experience to depend upon, much experimental and research work was necessary. An extensive experimental organization was built up, with branches in several cities. Recently it was decided to establish a government-operated plant to handle the final assembling and the difficult sewing operations on the face-piece. This plant will soon be in full operation, with about 4,000 employees. The American mask, similar to the British. Is a a mechanically perfect as the best experts in the. country have been able to produce. The vital feature of anv respirator mask is the chemicals contained in the canister. These chemicals and absorbents are made from secret formulae. The face-piece consists of a base of cotton fabric, carefully rubberized. These face-pieces are made to fit various types of faces. A network of elastic bands over the head holds the face-piece n place. The ears are left uncovered. The mask is carried in a knapsack at the left hip, supported by a shoulder band. When troops approach a danger zone, the straps are shortened and the knapsack Is shifted to rest high on the chest ready for Instant use. This is known as the alert position.” The soldier has merely to open the knapsack, pull out the flexible hose with the facepiece attached, put the rubber mouthpiece in his mouth and adjust the bands over his head. The nose clip can easily be adjusted from the outside after the face-piece is on. This nose cUp Insures

Army Medical Department Devising Improved Protective Methods

that even if the fabric of the face-piece should be pierced, the soldier would still be breathing entirely through his mouth. For every mask made there is at least one extra canister. These canisters are detachable from the tube. When a canister has lost its efficiency, it can be detached and a new canister put on. About the first thing a soldier wants to know about a gas mask is how much protection it affords him. The best answer to this question is that the present American mask affords more protection than any device in existence. The chemicals in the canister will neutralize the heaviest concentrations of gases for a period at least ten times longer than the possible duration of any gas attack. In every knapsack is a record card, on which each soldier must enter the time that his mask has been exposed to gas. This record, combined with subsequent examination, makes it possible to judge accurately when there is any danger of the chemical being worn out. Before that point is reached a new mask is issued. While the main function of the field supply section Is to supply gas masks, it Is also responsible for the supply of all other gas-defense equipment. This includes masks for horses, which consist of several layers of fabric which are impregnated with neutralizing chemicals. Trench or flapper fans must also be supplied In considerable! number. Oxygen inhalers and oxygen bottles for use in field and base hospitals are also supplied in large numbers. Instruments for the detection of gas and the spreading of gas alarms are necessary. These consist of horns, rattles and special detecting devices. There is perhaps no feature of modern warfare in which the psychological element is more important than in connection with gas. Gases are uncanny to the untrained man. Every soldier must be made to understand that there is no protection except the gas mask, and he must believe in the value of his equipment. He must realize that the equipment itself will not do the work unless he is skillful in adjusting It quickly and being accustomed to wear It without feeling hampered. ‘Reports of gas attacks show that the casualties are caused, not so much by defective masks, as by lack of training. Here are excerpts from official reports from the western front, giving reasons for gas casualties: “Officers and men sleeping in dugouts without having their masks attached to them, or being caught away from their dugouts without their masks.” “Men in support trenches not getting the warning in time.” _ “Helmets being worn under, overcoats, with con- * sequent difficulty in getting them out and putting them on quickly.” “Men thinking that gas was gone' and taking their masks off.” Since casualties like these occur every time a gas attack is made, it is obvious tliat simply to provide troops with gas masks is not enough. They must be drilled until they feel their respirators are a part of their dress —more necessary than a pair of shoes, for they must never depart from them. They must learn to give the alarm instinctively and to have, such confidence in their masks that under no circumstances will they take them off. This means stiff military discipline. It necessitates training that is different from anything that was ever attempted, since It deals with a weapon that is noiseless and sometimes invisible. It is the work of the field training section of the gas-defense service to bring home to the American soldiers the importance of his gas mask, to drill him in its use and to Inspire confidence in its efficacy. The gas defense schools at all camps provide training in the theory and practice of gas defense. . As in all other elements of warfare, the principles of defense can be comprehended only through a knowledge of offensive tactics. In training troops, conditions are created in the field which resemble as nearly as possible actual conditions encountered at the front. The student learns to get his mask on in a hurry, six seconds being the standard time when the knapsack

containing the mask is hanging at the chest in the “alert position.” Dexterity of motion must be developed. Series of trenches with dugouts have been constructed at each cantonment. A gas attack Is arranged. The class is placed in the trenches, each man is given a definite assignment, sentries are posted, the alarms are made ready and the dugouts occupied. Without warning clouds of smoke and chlorine are liberated by the instructors. Masks are hurriedly put on, alarms sounded, sleeping men ih dugouts aroused and the curtains lowered. The attack ceases, tbe trenches are cleared, the air tested, and permission to remove masks is given. Suddenly a second and more concentrated cloud comes over and the performance is repeated. Sofoetimes the class is taken on a hike, preferably at night. Suddenly a report is heard and a harmless-looking smoke cloud arises 15 or 20 feet away and drifts towards the column. Woe to the man who does not get his mask on at once. The instructor has thrown a paper gas bomb, that may emit a vile and nauseating gas, or one that will sting the eyes more than the concentrated juice of a tiiousand onions. Gas warfare is new. The methods of gas and shell and cloud attack are being changed almost dally. New conditions can only be met by thorough training and rigid discipline. The overseas section of the gas-defense service consists of about 15 officers and a number of enlisted men who will conduct a repair factory in France. Masks with worn-out canisters will be sent to this country to be detached from tbe tube and new canisters put on. This section will also be equipped with sewing machines and other appliances to do general repair work on tbe mask.

BABY MISTOOK SNAKE FOR TOY.

Mrs. Richard D. Corder placed her little daughter Mildren In her go-cart in the front yard of their home, near "Lawrenceburg Junction, her. She saw a* large blacksnake crawl Into the cart and nestle on baby’s pinafore. Darting its head here and there tbe bfacksnake intently watched the baby. Probably the Infant thought a new toy hnd\ come and put out its chubby hand to grasp the snake, which eluded the child. Terror nearly paralyzed Mrs. Corder. She could not move, but she uttered a shriek. Mrs. Charles W. Corder, her sister-in-law, who was calling on her. ran to her, and she pointed to the baby cart. Mrs. Charles W. Corder rushed out, seized the snake by the tall and flung it yards away, and the baby began crying for Ats pretty. new toy.

LESS DANGER IN WAR.

In this war fourteen out of fifteen men come through safe and sound, not more than one ma* in thirty is killed, and only one in 500 loses an arm or leg. In the Civil war the per cent was much higher, th fact, the soldier in this war stands no greater chance of being killed or injured than a man engaged in a hazardous occupation.

CAUSE AND EFFECT.

Flatbush—My next door neighbor was taken sick last night. Bensonhurst —Too bad. •* "Yes.' we telephoned for the doctor, but he couldn’t come.” “How is he today!” "Oh. he’s worse. The doctor came today!”— Yonkers Statesman. ' .

DIFFICULT ECONOMY.

“I’ve got a good way for you to save money.” “Well!” “Whenever you see a real bargain advertised—■* “Yes. my dear. I’m to buy it.” • “No, you are to restrain from buying it no mab> ter how cheap the article may be if it Is some* thing ydu don’t need.”