Evening Republican, Volume 21, Number 186, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 23 August 1917 — Page 2

How Our Secret Service Started

All nations engaged in the great war now have elaborate spy systems: :/t is a phase of military work as, old as history::“ Yankee” and a ßebel” scouts of both * sexes were noted for their daring fifty odd years ago

C HE use of spies in war is as old as war itself. The modern German elaboration of espionage, in time of peace W ' TT) as as " ar ’ amon s K" neutrals as well as enemies, > Jis rather a reversion to type than a step in progress, says .> a wr ft er i n the Philadelphia Record. Joshua and Solomon employed spies. The Hebrew peregrinations to reach the promised land required information concerning regions and peoples ito be invaded. One Caleb was the chief spy of a corps that was sent to learn of the fertility and the military Btrength of the land of Canaan. After 40 days of espionage they reported that It was a land of milk and honey end fruit, but that the cities were fortified and the people were strong, some of them being giants. The Greeks rather prided themselves ion the cleverness of their spies. The Romans, if we are to take their own word for it, were incapable of (Stooping to the baseness of common ispying or studied treachery of any sort. When Abraham Lincoln, presidentelect, in his address on Washington’s Ibirthday, 1861, at Independence hall, in reply to the mayor of Philadelphia, hinted in a single clause that he might not live to be inaugurated, he had been informed, through John Allen Pinkerton, of the plot to take his life at Baltimore. - He left on an earlier train, and did not stop at that city. The .United States at that time had no seicret service organization. But a systtem for obtaining military information in the Southern states was established early in the war by General MciClellan, and from this developed the (federal —secret service, which was throughout the war in charge of the original Pinkerton under the name of Maj. E. J. Allen. America’s Secret Service. Pinkerton, gaining some reputation Iby running down a gang of counterfeiters, had been appointed deputy isheriff of Cook county, Illinois, with offices in Chicago. He won more fame Iby getting the thieves and nearly all the loot of a $700,000 theft from the Bases of the Adams Express company. !ln 1852 he established the Pinkerton (National Detective agency. And perIhaps it is only just to say that Pinkerton saved Lincoln for the presidency sand thereby saved the Union. Important figures in the secret service work of the Civil war were newsipaper reporters, scouts and women. 'The newspaper men- did not have the semiofficial and perfunctory status that they have in this war. They had to assume the disguises and pretenses of Teal spies to get material they were supposed to get, and then send it uninspired and also uncensored. They were frequently arrested and imprisoned and took many of the same risks that the military spies did. This was especially true of the early part of the w’ar, and the seceding period preceding, when they followed the movements leading to the war and mingled with legislators at the Southern capitals. Scouts, who are ordinarily in uniform end treated as regular prisoners of war when captured, did much service under such commanders as Mosby and Young quite after the manner of spies, -and they were hanged when caught. The most notable female spies were not professional secret service agents, but were residing in one section and holding their sympathies with the other, and acted primarily through strong patriotic motives. Inefficiency During Civil War. Besides the spy activities at home, the Confederate states had an important secret service work in Europe. English sympathy was enlisted on their side, arrangements were made for building cruisers at Bordeaux, English Ironworkers were sent to the South. When the army of the Potomac, after long’ delay and preparation, began Its advance in October, 1861, McClellan’s orders had been given in entire ignorance of the topography of the environs of Edward’s Ferry (all the maps being Inexact), and of the force of the enemy in front of Leesburg. In spite of the efforts of Pinkerton, at that time the secret service organization was entirely inefficient. Fighting units thought to be within supporting distance of each other were crushed without the knowledge of the intended supporters. The South had the advantage of familiarity with their own country. There were no airplanes to guide the

PRIMITIVE DECORATIONS

Townsend, an early Western traveler, tells that one day he met about a hundred Indians of the Sac tribe. 4l They were dressed and decorated In the true primitive style, their heads shaved closely, and painted with alternate stripes of fiery red and deep black, leaving only the long scalping tuft, in which was. Interwoven a quantity of elk hair and eagle’s feathers. Each man was furnished with a good blanket and as underdress

advance. There was great need of spies. However, some historians attribute McClellan’s failure to win the decisive results that were open to him at Antietam to the mistaken reports of the great preponderance of numbers in Lee's army that -were received from the secret service organization. McClellan seemed inclined to use the agency too much to learn the strength of the enemy and too little to learn its weaknesses. Operation of Women Spies. Miss Van Lie*v, a resident of Richmond. Va., rendered Invaluable service to the Union cause, and Mrs. GreenhoW"was equally valuable to the Confederacy as a spy in Washington. Mrs. Greenhow had been a leader in Washington society before the war. “She was a Southerner by birth, but a resident of the capital from girlhood; a widow, beautiful, accomplished, wealthy, and noted for her wit and her forceful personality." Her wide acquaintance among Important men was used to good advantage to further the Southern cause. Though suspected by the Federal authorities, she contrived many ingenious ways to escape their vigilance. Jefferson Davis said to her: "But for you there would have been no battle of Bull Run.” That defeat of the North was supposed to have been largely due to her getting a copy of the order to General McDowell and sending it to Beauregard. She was drowned at the mouth of Cape Fear river, North Carolina, in her attempt to land from the blockade runner Condor, after some secret mission to England in behalf of the Confederacy. Weighted by her heavy black silk dress and a bag of gold sovereigns," she was an easy victim of the waves. We have the word of the adjutant general’s office of the war department that women spies were never shot during the Civil war. Secret Stations and Ciphers. The Army and Navy Journal says that the greater part of the information that was received, at Washington from Richmond was collected and transmitted by Miss Van Liew, through a chain of five secret stations established by her for forwarding her cipher dispatches. '"She was a woman of forty, of delicate figure, brilliant, accomplished, woman of great personality and infinite charm.” She held in Richmond a special position corresponding to that of Mrs. Greenhow in Washington. Jenny Lind sang in her parlor and Poe there read aloud his “Raven.” This house was the rendezvous of the Federal secret agents, and, there, in her “secret room,” were concealed escaped union prisoners. Miss Van LiFW even had the audacity to get a negro girl devoted to her interests introduced as a waitress into the home of Jefferson Davis. Though her Northern sympathies- were well known and she was constantly suspected, no evidence against her sufficient to cause her arrest was ever obtained. Mrs. Surratt was condemned and hanged for participation in the Lincoln assassination plot. Her home had been a regular meeting- place for conspirators, and her son among them, and Payne, who attempted to kill Seward, was on his way to the Surratt rendezvous when arrested. Belle Boyd was the siren spy of the South. The daughter of a Virginia’ merchant, "blue eyed, sharp featured, quick tempered and very free; 7 ’ she easily attracted the young officers and learned how to get information and get it across the border without detection. She rode a spirited horse and carried a revolver in her belt. Not satisfied with her individual efforts; she organized a corps of spies of h<*r own style. Virginia women lighted many a sig- 1 nal lamjp by the garret windows, and

of calico, but the greater number were entirely naked to the waist. The faces and bodies of the men were, almost without an exception, fantastically painted, the predominant color being deep red, with occasionally a few stripes of dull clay white around the eyes and mouth. . . . The squaws, of which there were about >, twenty, were dressed very much like the'then, and at a little/distance could hardly be distinguished from them. Among thfm was an old, superannuated crone, who, Soon after her arrival, had been

THE -EVENING REPUBLICAN/ RENSSELAER. IND.

honest-looking corsages and innocentlooking bustles carried many a military secret. Scout Spies of the North. “Archie” Rowland was one of the most daring and successful scout spies of the Northern side. He and his pals formed the nucleus of Sheridan’s secret service organization in the valley of the Shenandoah. This organization, recruited up to 40, under command of H. H. Young, became the most noted and efficient of the Federal army. Rowland tells how he volunteered for this service. "My company had been on ordinary scout duty for some time. But when we were drawn up in line and the Captain asked for volunteers for ‘extra dangerous duty,’ I looked at Ike Harris and Ike looked at me, and then we both stepped forward. We were both boys and wanted to know what was the ‘extra dangerous duty,’ and when we found out we hadn’t the face to back down. They took us to headquarters and gave us two rebel uniforms —and we wished we had not come.” . These men were expected to deceive pickets by the uniform and capture them so that the main body could be surprised; or ride up to a Southern citizen, man or woman, ask for information and depend upon the deception to get all the person knew. One of their great dangers was that of meeting death at the hands of their own men. Often discovered and hard pressed by the enemy, they would flee in their gray uniforms for safety to their own lines, only to be met by a murderous volley from their own mistaken pickets. . . . Ten of Young’s command of 40 were lost, none by the natural dehth of a soldier and none in the colors for which he died. Two were hanged by their own halter straps.- --- “Aristocracy of the Army.” But they had privileges beyond any others in the army. They were free from all camp drudgery, guard and picket duty, and from camp discipline. They lived together in the headquarters, ate the best the land afforded. Each had four picked horses. They were paid according to the value of their information, and the secret service chest was prodigal with their expense accounts. They were the aristocracy of the army. On the reverse of a certain little tßPonze star are these words: “The Congress —to Archibald H. Rowland, Valor.” John Beall, privateersman, with Burley and Maxwell, were on the Potomac and Chesapeake what Mosby was on land. Beall cut the submarine telegraph cable under the Chesapeake and destroyed lamps and machinery of lighthouses. Meeting Burley by surprise in Toronto, Canada, they turned into a private room and shut the door. Then Beall slowly said: “Burley, 1 want you—for my lieutenant. It is my old plan at last. I am to capture the Michigan, free the Johnson island prisoners, burn Sandusky, Cleveland and Buffalo.” The services of Harry Young were so esteemed that when Sheridan said, “I want him,” General Edwards remonstrated, "I would rather you would take my right arm.” One of his soldiers said, “We think God A’mighty of him.” And there were Bowie, “William, C. S. A.;” Landegon,, the Phlllipus—father and .son —and Timothy Webster, spy. . ' It was Timothy Webster who insinuated himself into the confidence of the would-be assassins, in Baltimore and frustrated the plot against Lincoln’s Jife. Allan Pinkerton gives himthe supreme credit ; “He, among all the force who went with me, deserves the credit of saving the life of Lincoln, ever more than I do.” .

presented with a broken umbrella. The only use that she made of it was to wrench the plated ends from the whalebones, string them on a of wire, take her knife from .herSelt, with which she deliberately cut a slit of an inch in length along the upper rim of her ear, and insert them in it.” —Youth’s Companion.

The Babylonian bricks were more commonly burned In kilns than those used at Nineveh, which were sun-dried, like those of the EgypthuuL » j

STORE FRUIT JUICES

How to Prepare for the Future Comfort of the Family. ALL FRUITS CAN BE UTILIZED Grape Juice—Sirup Made From Windfall Apples and Apple- Cider— Here Is a Fine Flavor* (From the United States Department of Agriculture.) Various fruit juices may be prepared in the home and bottled for future use. Practically any fruit may be used in the first recipe following. —Sterilized FrultJulcea*—The fruit juice may be pressed out of fruit by means of a cider press, special fruit press, or other improvised presses; then heated in an acid-proof kettle up to 110 degrees Fahrenheit. The fruit juice may then be poured Into ordinary hot jars, hot bottles, or tin cans, and handled by the same directions as those for canning of fruit itself. If poured into miscellaneous bottles, It js suggested that the fruit juice be sterilized as follows: Make a cotton 'stopper and press Into the neck of the bottle and leave during the sterilization period. Set bottles in boiling hot water up to the neck .of the bottle, sterilizing the fruit juice for 3Q minutes at a simmering temperature (165 degrees Fahrenheit). Remove the product, press cork in top over cotton stopper immediately. If the <ork fits well, no paraffin need be used. Jf a poor cork, it may be necessary to dip the cork in melted solution of wax or paraffin. Fruit juices and apple cider when handled in this way will not “flatten in taste” and will keep fresh for future use. Grape Juice by Two-Day Method.— For home use there are a large number of varieties of grapes which will make a pleasant and healthful drink. No matter what the kind of grape,

JAMS,FRUITBUTTERS,MARMALADES,ETC.

A Luscious Trio—Yellow Tomato, Kumquat and Strawberry Preserves.

(Prepared by the United States Department Of Agriculture.) Jams are made of small fruits which are not whole or firm enough to use for preserves. No attempt is made to retain the original shape of the fruit, the finished product having a uniform consistency. Marmalades have a more jellylike texture and thin slices of the fruit appear suspended throughout the mixture. In fruit butters and pastes frequently less sugar is used than in Jams and the product is more concentrated. Conserves may be made of large or small fruits, cooked in the same manner as Jams. Sometimes nuts are In stirring Jams use a wooden spoon or paddle, moving it across the center of the first one way and then the opposite, and next around the pan, gently rnoying the mixture from the bottom of the pan, being careful not to stir rapidly or beat. Cook the Jam to 105 degrees Centigrade or 221 degrees Fahrenheit, if a thermometer is used. If a cooking or chemical thermometer is available more accurate results can be obtained by its use. The proper condition of the cooked fruit can be determined approximately, however, without the use of such instruments. For determining when they are finished most Jams may be given the same test as finished Jelly; that is, when a little is held a moment and cooled in a spoon, it will not pour from the side of the spoon, but will fall in a sheet or flake. This is not true of Jams made of peaches, cherries, strawberries, and other fruits not containing pectin, the Jellying principle. When using such fruits, cook until the Jam 1b of the desired consistency. Well-glazed hermetically sealed stoneware Jars with capacity of eight ounces and up, are suitable and attractive containers for packing Jams, marmalades, etc. Large-necked bottles, glasses, etc., also may be used and sealed with cork, paraffin, etc. Jams and marmalades may be packed hot la sterilized Jars, glasses or large-necked bottles, and sealed immediately. When packing for market.

however, only clean, sound fruit should be used and it should be well ripened, but not overripe. The grapes' should first be crushed and pressed in an ordinary cider mill or by hand if no mill is available. Red Juice.—For red juice, the crushed grapes are heated to about 200 degrees Fahrenheit before the juice is separated from the pulp and then strained through a clean cloth or drip bag without pressure. Thereafter, the process is the same as for light-colored juice. Grape juice should be stored away in bottles or jars that are not too large, for after these have been opened the juice is likely to spoil. If properly made, however, the Juice should keep indefinitely as long as it is kept in sealed bottles. Sirup Made From Windfall Apples and Apple Cider. —Add five ounces of powdered calcium carbonate (obtained at any drug store)'to seven gallons of apple cider. Powdered calclum carbonate (carbonate of lime) or, to give it is common name, precipitated chalk, is low-priced and harmless. 801 l the mixture in a kettle or vat vigorously for five minutes. Pour the liquid into vessels, preferably glass jars or pitchers ; allow to stand six or eight hours, or until perfectly clear. Pour the clear liquid into a preserving kettle. Do not allow sediment at bottom to enter. Add to the clear liquid one level teaspoonful of lime carbonate and stir thoroughly. The process Is completed by boiling down rapidly to a clear liquid. Use density gauge or candy thermometer and bring the temperature up to 220 degrees Fahrenheit. If a thermometer is not available, boil until bulk is reduced to one-seventh of the original volume. To determine whether the sirup is cooked enough test as for candy—by pouring a little into cold water. If boiled enough it should have the consistency of maple sirup. It should not be cooked long enough to harden like candy when tested. When the test shows that the sirup has been cooked enough, pour it into fruit jars, pitchers, etc., and allow it to cool slowly. Slow cooling is important, as otherwise the suspended matter will not settle properly and the sirup will be cloudy.

however, it is far safer to process them both to insure sterilization and a tight seal. Process pints for 3D minutes at simmering (87 degrees Centigrade or 188 degrees Fahrenheit). Berry Jam.—ln selecting berries for jam the ripe, broken ones will give fine color and flavor, but about onehalf the quantity should be slightly underripe. This is necessary to give a jelly-like consistency to the product Cooking In small quantities also helps to retain color and flavor. Weigh the berries and allow three-fourths of a pound of sugar to each pound of fruit. Rapid cooking with constant care is essential. Peach Jam.—Two and one-quarter pounds peaches cut into small pieces, one pound sugar, six whole allspice, one cracked peach seed, one inch ginger root, one-half cupful peach juice, one-half teaspoonful whole cloves, one teaspoonful cinnamon bark, one sprig mace. (Tie spices in cheesecloth bag.) Cook all together until thick as marmalade and clear or until of the consistency desired (to 105 degrees Centigrade or 221 degrees Fahrenheit). Pack hot in hot jars and seal at once or process. Quince Paste. —Three-fourths pound powdered sugar for each pound of fruit pulp. Wipe the fruit, cut into quarters, remove flower and core, and cook in water until very tender. After rubbing the pulp through a sieve, weigh it and add the required amount of sugar. It is until very thick. Scalded and chopped nut kernels may be added. The pulp remaining after the juice has been extracted for quince jelly may be used also. Pear and Quince Preserves. —For pear and quince preserves, use the same proportion of sugar and fruit. Cut the fruit into half-circle slices. | Cook the fruit until almost tender in boiling water, drain, add the sirup, and proceed as for peach preserves. . Apple gutter.—Measure the apples, wash to remove dirt, slice into pieces,-and for each bushel of apples add four gallons of water; boll until the fruit is soft, then rub through a screen or sieve.

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Getting Out From Under.

It Is probably quite natural that there should be considerable rivalry at Ft. Harrison between the student officers of National Guard training and those with no previous military experience, and sometimes stories are told which might not be told if it were not for this rivalry, says the Indianapolis News. A young student officer was putting a squad of fellow-students through squad formations the other day of a rather intricate nature and the process proved to be like climbing a roof. It is easy to climb into a perilous position astride the cone, but difficult to climb down to safety. The young student officer got along very well until he attempted to get his squad back into its original formation. Somehow it wouldn’t work out right. Then he cut the knot of his difficulty with one command, delivered as sternly as possible: fAs you were at first! March!” This would not have been told if there had not been several former National Guardsmen In the squad.

Quite Happy.

Through the wild way of her good-for-nothing husband, a hard-working charwoman had to remove to a little two-roomed cottage, where there was scarcely space to sneeze without shaking the ornaments from the mantelpiece. “It’s hard lines for you to be brought down like this, after what you’ve been accustomed to,” said a sympathetic neighbor. “I don’t doubt you feel very miserable, Mrs. Jones.” “No, I don’t,” the charwoman stoutly denied. “I’m happier here by a long way than I used to be in the old place. For one thing, when my husband comes home In a brute of a temper, he can’t throw me down the cellar steps, as he used to, ’cos there ain’t none now!” —Pearson’s Weekly.

Didn't Seem to Be “Free” Seeds.

An Indiana congressman recently made a liberal distribution of free seeds, sending them to his" constituents in franked envelopes on which appeared the regular warning, "Penalty for private use, $300,” says the Indianapolls News. A few days later one of his supporters wrote: “I don’t know what to do about those garden seeds you sent me. I notice It is S3OO fine for private use. I don’t want to use them for the public. I want to plant them In my private garden. I can’t afford to pay S3OO for the privilege. Won’t you see if you can fix It so I can use them privately* I am a law-abiding citizen, and do nol want to commit a crime.”

The True Word.

Two elderly New York clubmen who have retired spend much of their time gazing out upon the Fifth. avenue throngs from their leather rest chairs at a club lounge window. Charles B. Towns was seated near them the other day. A very stunning woman of middle age passed in a handsome turnout. “I wonder how old she is?” said one. “Wormyi Is as old as she looks,” was the reply. * There was a pause. “And man is not old until he quits looking,” said the first —and both resumed their gazing. -

The world's normal yield of the six great cereals ranges from 16,000,000,000 to 19.000,000,000 bushels.

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