Evening Republican, Volume 21, Number 49, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 28 February 1917 — Page 2

Fight U-Boats With Nets and Motorboats

Italy’s Operations Against Submarine Menace Is Que to Allied Methods. DIRIGIBLES AS SEA SCOUTS Al! Ports Protected by Netting—Mine Sweepers Win Little Glory and Less Publicity, but Are Most Important Factor. By EDGAR ANSEL MOWRER. (Correspondence of the Chicago Daily News.) Italian Const. —What «m the allies do against the submarine menace? A great deal in such small landlocked waters as the Adriatic, the Aegean end the Tyrrhenian seas, less in the open Atlantic. But in the Adriatic particularly ninny devices can be profitably employed. “The most important of these is doubtless the wire snbniarine net. All ports are now protected by netting which can be opened and shut to permit the passage of ships. Hence submarines have become chary of entering an enemy port, preferring to wait -jtist ent side «r- b 1 ock the (channel by a row of mines. In consequence mine sweepers have become a necessity and hardly a port but harbors a fleet of them. - These small ships, which often fall victim to their task, becoiihUfc. aware of a mine only as their keel strikes it and amid the thunder of defith, win little glory and less publicity. Thpy are among the unchanted humble, the housemaids of naval warfare. All ships that "pass floating mines on the high seas shoot at them and sink them, sometimes by rifle fire, more often by gun fire. “The invention of nets against submarines,” writes Paolo Giordanl. “is due to the British ddmiralty. which not long ago, after several months of toilful silence, celebrated the certain sinking of the 100th enemy submarine snared in the toils. These nets are most ingenious and formidable.”

“Drifters” Hold the Nets. The nets are towed through the water by small steam fishing boats known as drifters. Great Britain has already mobilized -more than 100.000 fishermem with at least 3.000 ships. Some hundreds of these drifters have been loaned to Italy. Each drifter drags out and places a section of net some 1.000 meters long, for which It is responsible. A submarine strikes a piece of net like some blind nightflying beetle. The nearest drifters wait a certain time to see If the submarine is prepared to come to the surface and surrender. If not a bomb is dropped into the dim thickness of water. There Is a choked report, a disturbance in the waves and then all Is quiet. Submarine and net have disappeared. And proudly the successful drifter, returning homeward with or without prisoners. hoists to the masthead the black sinister flag of the pirate, the ancient symbol of a good catch. Every drifter Is moreover armed with little guns at stem and stern, a wireless apparatus and a megaphone, through which the hardy sailors, the same who manned the ship in time of peace, cull back and forth to each other. Already the number of submarines sunk in the Adriatic is not small. .. Humble Fishermen Lose Lives. “But." continues Sig. Giordanl. “it does not always happen in this way. The bggt Hurt inspect*. -thia. strange guard notices an open door, a broken ring In the chain. No matter. • Another drifter takes the place of the one swallowed by the waves and the chain is again closed, the shackles of ambush again assured.” The drifters are offered in sacrifice to the sea and the submarine that great ships may pass safely where they will. The humble fishermen of the coast still look to the dominion of the seas. Next to the patient net* throwing drifter the most picturesque weapon is the armed motorboat. These fast flyers have the advantage of greater speed and vision over the submarine. They are so small that they are not worth a torpedo and draw so little water it would be almost Impossible to torpedo them. Back and forth, the length and breadth of the patrol, day and night, in all weathers, these diniijt of the submarine —the sea serpent of terror and death. Motorboat* Chase Submarines. The first fleet was formed of fast pleasure launches, commandeered and turned to a use for which they were never made. More recently larger, faster, more comfortable and seaworthy steel motonboats. painted lead color and in appearance not uqjike submarines, were built and armed by the government. Boats of this type carry guns, machine guns, torpedoes. and occasionally bombs. For weeks they crujse and watch tn vain and then, perchance, their patience and endurance are repaid—an Austrian submarine trying to run In close for a try at the big ships sHps to the bottom of the gray sear —: The life of those who remain at sea In such little ships In all weathers is one of abnegation and discomfort. Larger than motorboats, cruisers, destroyers and torpedo boats aid in the submarine hunt. And of these torpedo boats are the most useful. To tell a truth Qbyious to any student of naval fjtctid* the Italians have found

i that for the patrol ’work now occupyi Ing their attention their forces in small ■ craft are limited. In Italy, as in the i United States, the number of ships had been fixed in time of |>eace at a minimuni of efficiency by the naval anthor- . ities and then reduced by minister!? ; bent on economy. Fortunately, the I Austrians are no better off. The Italians have worked hard to develop their fleet in directions indi- , < ated by- experience. Allied ships must at all times move freely through I tlte Mediterranean and the Adriatic i must be kept safe for transports. The I first’ pre-qccupatlon of Italy is to guard [ tXFOdtipping and harbors. Submarine chaSers had to be found. Recently moreover. a tool in offensive warfare ■ has been realized. An extremely fast type of scout cruiser has been . built, which it is hoped willprovesueeCssfu 1 in forcing a fight oti the wary Austrians. catching the marauders along tlie Italian coasts before they can reach port. These ships closely resemble the larger types of American destroyer with difference due to the work~for which they are Intended. Against submarines. such i ships are less effective than tiny torpedo boats. Austrian submarines, especially the smaller types generally employed in the Adriatig, cannot remain long absent from their base. They can remain under water only a few hours. Their speed is low. So they can. sometimes be traced, followed and forced to fight. - Tight to Destroy Each Other. In such a case it becomes a question of head work between the captain of the submarine and the captain nf tlte torpedo boat, the one striving to elude, the other to draw near. Usually, needless to say, the submarine wins. If, however, the torpedo boat outguesses the submarine and foresees the spot where the latter wrll emerge, a most curious conflict ensues. “The submarine.” to quote Sig. Giordan! again, “disappears, comes into sight farther away, disappears, reappears, seeking a convenient spot for launching the torpedo that will rid it of its oppressor. The torpedo boat must follow it ever more closely, watching the torpedo’s departure and maneuvering nimbly to avoid it and cut off the enemy.” Hydroplanes armed with bombs which explode 30 or 40 feet under water are useful for sighting and even for fighting submarines. Two or three

NEW ZEALANDERS ARE REAL HEROES

Malcolm Ross, War Correspondent, Tells of Work of Doc- ' tors and Nurses. SAVE LIVES UNDER GUN FIRE Bearers Work Day jmd Night Without Food or Sleep— Describes Brilliant Deeds in Battle of Somme. London.—An Interesting article written by Malcolm Ross, war correspondent with the New Zealand, forces, and 1 1 1 X'ntl’ 700 (1 Pii 11 O ff. AVmi-...LlXlt— W-O l K--LLt—LA4-VJ-land medical corps on the Somme, has been issued by Sir Thomas Mackenzie. high commissioner for New Zealand. Tire following are extracts: “No account of the fighting on the Somme would be complete without'reference to the splendid work done by the New Zealand medical corps. It was on September 13 that the corps ‘took over’ from the English division that our troops relieved. In a German dugout at a place known to us as Flat Iron Copse > the advance dressing station was established. It was all the time under shell fire. Two of the orderlies were killed on the first afternoon. Several .bearers were killed in the vicinity of Thistle Alley, another station. Others were wounded. One night both doctors and men worked for hours in their gas helmets, and that is not an easy job. Battle Was Raging Near By. Two thousand yards away was Fl<>rs. about which the battle raged for some time. From there the hearers had to carry uphill over sodffenground through a fairly heavy barrage of 5.9 high explosives and shrapnel. It was a long and difficult job, but rain or shine they never ceased their efforts. In many cases it took six bearers five hours to bring a wounded man from the relay post 500 yards south of Flers. A medical officer and 12 men were sent out there. The post was no sinecure. There it wa> that Major Martin and Captain Boyle were killed. They were splendid fellows, and very brave. “During the whole of the first week the Germans, kept up their barrage, with a view to preventing transport and troops getting up to Flers, but during the whole of the fighting not a single man ever hesitated to go forward when, required. . - L . ’ “Some of the bearers worked for 48 hours, some for 72, without sleep apd with but little food. One who brought a wounded man right down to Flat Iron Copse was at the finish almost worse than his patient. Another bearer was wounded, but went on carrying tn another wounded till wounded a second time. He was shot In the leg. Later

THE EVENING REPUBLICAN, RENSSELAER, ifrD.

times. I believe, a suomarine in immersion has been struck and destroyed by a bomb cleverly dropped from an airplane. Scouting for submarines from the air is so fruitful that almost every day squads of aviators fly out over the sen on regular patrol duty. Tlte Italians are fortunate in possessing a new type <ff fast seaplane, with a dolphin shaped body, said to be superior in power, carrying and climbing capacity to tlte Austrian Loehner, employed l>y tlte Italians up till now, and to our own Curtiss, of which the Loehner is said to be an imitation. Tlte new type, in body identical Avith&the one employed by the French and British, is constructed in Italy and equipped withan Italian motor. as Sea Scout*. The most useful of all constructions for sea scouting is the dirigible balloon. For tills one purpose ftie Zeppelip has not proved a failure. Italy, is fairly well equipped with semirigid balloons similar to the French type and almost every day one or more of them may be seen gliding over tipi sea. What they accomplish I do not know. Captive balloons are sometimes hoisted over tin- shore Tor observation purposes. - Sm li ;i re 11m principal weapons used by.ltaly .against submarines, flow ilia struggle Is progressing, whether amelioration of mjrans is counterbalanced by improvement in submarine con,struction. on future, in all likelihood tlie immediate future. will tell. Today both sides are losing heavily. Sometimes the submarine is its own undoing. Despite its terrible offensive powers the submarine has remained, in the words of Luther Bradley, “a delicate little thing.” More than once during this war a submarine emerging beside ti ship at night and launching a sun k bjrflphggv amr the water caused by the - explosion. Tlie submarine dare not approach too near its victim, and.for' this reason-, many steamers escape. Sometimes in Hie dark commanders of submarines become confused and overestimate distance. This statement seems the more credible if we reflect that in torpedopractice the United States navy ha? found that a single explosion often kills the fish for 400 or 500 yards on all sides. To be sunk by one’s own torpedo seems a sad fate, but not unfitting those who preach ruthless warfare. Cred it- Is due the score: Whereas the submarine was known and developed before the war, the antisubmarine craft, nets, bombs and tlie like, all had to be brought into being. In this work, as in every other branch of the war it has been my privilege to investigate, Italy is playing its part well.

he was shot In the arm, but even then he picked up his stretcher and wanted to carry on. and would have done so were It not for the fact that a doctor had ordered him away. He now proudly wears the rlbilnd of the military medal. “Owiqg to the casualties in the New Zealand medical corps, orders were given by the army corps that regimental .officers and other officers and bearers were to go out only at night. So far as I could see, there was no very laudable intention of carrying out that order. Count Day as Night. “The New Zealanders' salved theSr consciences by counting day a>» night. In this way they goLonelaniC-Uight of 24 ..ho.urjs. .. In other . words, they. went right through, night arid day; many instances of bravery and untiring devotion to duty in the big event might be given. “There were men who day and night went out under shell and machine gun fire, time and again, and at great risk of their own lives saved th* lives of many wounded who otherwise would have died or been killed. Some of them worked continuously collecting wounded under fire for 20 hours at a stretch. But there is no need to multiply instances. Our stretcher bearers earned undying fame in Gallipoli. The Somme enhanced the luster of their laurels. “The work of the doctors from beginning to end was magnificent. They do not say much about it themselves, but those of us who saw something of it can estimate it at its true value, and tlie estimate is very high. “At all the advanced dressing-sta-tions and aid posts they were under firiG hut they-fetuelfeTo their work heroism worthy of the best traditions of British doctors. Three out of our small band lost their lives on the Somme.”

Reads Two Columns at Once.

Arkadelphia, Ark.—Velma Cypert, seven years old, is a wonder child. She can read a page of large print at a single glance. She can read two columns of printed matter adjoining each other at the same time, and admits she doesn’t know how she does it. The child is entirely normal and winsome in appearance, loves her dolls and a big maltese cat, but has no fondness for dogs. Site announces her purpose to become a writer, probably of romance.

Woman Confessed; Then Smoked.

York, Pa. —Mrs. ■ Annie Denllnger, charged with the murder .of her husband, Harry Denllnger, confessed the 1 crime in the jail here, Aid then asked for a cigarette. She declares she was treated so brutally by her husband that she does not care what happnna to her.

DIRECTIONS FOR PLAIN CAKE

Simple Confection to Serve at Luncheon or to Follow the Sunday Evening Supper. , y), *■ One and one-half cupfuls of pastry flour or one and one : eighth cupfuls bread flour, two teaspoonfuls baking powder, speck of salt, one-fourth teaspoonful' grated nutmeg, one-fourth cupful butter, one cupful sugar, two eggs, one-half cupful milk. With a plain <akq as a foundation many variations may be made. Substitute onehnif .leaspoonful of vanilla or lemon extract for. the nutmeg. For it white or silver cake omit the egg yolks and use the whites only, more may be added for IffyeFTMlte. Bake in shallow pans of equal, size, and when cooked -place tilling between the layers. Rilion cake may be made by dividing the latter into twd or more equal parts . Color' one or more and bake each i»oi'ti«>n separately, then place in laygrs With jelly between. A richer cake may be made by using twice the quantity of butter and one-fourth cup-' ful more of flour should then be added. For raisin or nut cake add onehalf cupful of seeded raisins or chopped nuts, sprinkle with twa.±ahle-_ .spoonfuls of flour and add to sifted ‘dry ingredients. Currants or citron may also be added. Dark cake may be imide by adding molasses, spices. ter of required consistency. For marble cake put a portion of plain or white cake into the baking pan. scatter a spoonful of a dark cake mixture -over i t and eover-wi-th remttimleroT the light mixture.

DAINTIES FOR LUNCH BASKET

Take Only a Little Time to Prepare and WtH Be Appreciated by the Schoolgirl or Boy. Ti ny. buttered. , tea rolls, potato, salad (in small jar), sponge cake, coffee (in small bottle). Brown bread sandwiches, stuffed eggs, vanilla cookies. .. Nut sandwiches, cold roast veal, cake of sweet chocolate. Date sandwiches, jar of chicken salad. apple turnovers. Plain bread and butter sandwich, cold roast beef, stuffed dates. If possible, through the winter months it would be well to have small jfli-« of chowder, soups, coffee, tea,, cocoa . or“anyfhihg that may"E)e reheafed. These may be placed in dishes of hot water over gas or heated in any way to'make'a warm lunch for the girls.

German Kuchen.

Take one quart of milk, one cupful of butter and lard mixed and scald. Wljen cool add two cupfuls of sugar, twd cupfuls salt, one yeast cake and about 11 cupfuls of flour. Be sure and not have the dough too stiff. Raise over night. In the morning roll out one-half inch thick and lay on rows of apples. Sprinkle with sugar and cinnamon —and raise - a little-- while. Bake till the apples are tender. Cinnamon Kuchen. —Roll the same as for above. Then take three common crackers rolled line . and the same amount of sugar with a little cinnamon and mix together. Spread little bits of butter on the cakes and then cover with the mixture of crackers and sugar. Kuchen Loaf. —Cut one-fourth cupful raisins fine and add to some of the dough and raise and bake the same as bread.-- —

Fruit Salad.

Take any fruits in season, and pare and cut them into neat pieces. Bananas, pineapple and pears make a good coinmnation. iind 1 orange quarters may be added too, with the seeds find thin, tough skin covering the quarters removed. Put all the fruit into a deep bowl, the pineapple on top. Sprinkle sugar thickly on top. and add lemon juice and water in the proportion of one part of lemon juice to four parts of . water. Add enough liquid barely to cover the fruit. Let the whole stand for .some hours, then stir up from the bottom and serve _ with whipped cream.

Yorkshire Parkin.

One and three-fourths pounds of flour, one pound of oatmeal, four ounces of butter, two cupfuls of molasses, one cupful of milk, six teaspoonfuls of baking powder, one dessert spoonful of ginger, ground. Mix the dry ingredients well together, warm the molasses with the milk. D" not make it hoi, and mix the whole together. Bake in a well buttered tin for one hour. Of course you know this is hetter to stand for a few days. I always think it seems to soften up some. .

Cream Puffs.

One cupful of water and one-half cupful of butter; boll together; while boiling stir in one cupful sifted flour; remove from fire and stir into a smooth paste. When cool add three unbeaten eggs, stirring five minutes. Drop in spoonfuls on buttered tins and bake in a quick oyen 25 minutes* For cream take one cupful o€ milk, onehalf cupful of sugar, one egg, three tablespddiifuls of flour, cook thoroughly and flavor. When the puffs are cold open and fill with cream.

Usw for Broken Gups.

Teacups with ‘ broken handlesare very useful for poaching eggs. Butter the inside, break the egg Into the Cdp and stand the cup in the frying pan half filled with water. It keeps the egg in good shape when poached, easy to slip on to toast and is deader thao poaching in a frying pan. ■ - j --T-T-- ‘ -yr - -- - - —r-V '

QUEER THINGS IN KOREA

TO THE natives of Korea, the world is populous with active and malevolent beings who are ready at any moment to fall upon them in wrath, according to a statement made by Dr. I. M. Casanowicz, assistant curator of old world archeology of the United States National museum, concerning the paraphernalia of a Korean sorceress now deposited in the museum collections. Doctor Casanowlcz says the Koreans believe that these beings or spirits haunt every tree, mountain and watercourse ; are on every roof, fireplace ami beam, and infest even their chimneys, living rooms and kitchens; that they beset them at home and waylay them when abroad. They seem to be everywhere at all times and make their lives miserable. To their iriflueence the Koreans attribute every ill, all bad luck, official malevolence, loss of power or position, and especially sickness; demons, consisting of selfexistent malicious spirits and spirits of departed impoverished persons who died in distress, and spirits whose natures ate partly 7 kindly, which include the ghosts of prosperous and good people, but even the latter appear to be easily offended and extraordinarily capricious. Two Classes of Sorcerers. To cope with these two fortns of spirits and be assured of a little peace and quiet, the Koreans have two classes of sorcerers, or, as they call them, “shamans;” the.Pansu and the Mutang. Both classes are mediators between the people and the spirits, but they bear little relation to each other. The former are “fortune-tellers,” and the Th Casanowicz said: “The office of the Pansu la restricted to blind men, perhaps owing to the common belief among primitive peoples that those who have been deprived of physical sight have been given an inner spiritual vision. The Mutang is always a woman, generally from the lower classes and of bad repute, and her calling is considered the very lowest in the social scale. While the Pansu Is, as it were, born or made by dint of his loss of eyesight, the Mutang enters upon her office in consequence of a ‘supernatural call,’ consisting in the assurance of demoniacal possession, the demon being supposed to have become her double and to have superimposed his personality upon hers. The ‘possession’ is often accompanied by hysteria and patheological symptoms. The spirit may seize any woman, maid or wife, rich or poor, plebeian or patrician, and compel her to serve him, and on receiving the ‘call of the spirit’ a woman will break every tie of custom and relationship, leave home and family to become henceforth a social outcast,-so that she is not even allowed to live within the city walls. But notwithstanding her low social status, her services are in constant demand. “In traveling through the country, the Mutang or sorceress is constantly to be seen going through the various musical and dancing performances in the midst of a crowd in front of a at the close of the nineteenth century the fees annually paid in Korea to the sorcerers were estimated at $750,000. Pansu Is Master of Spirits. “The Pansu acts as master of the spirits, having gained by his potent formula and ritual an ascendancy over them. By his spells he can direct them. The Mutang is supposed to, be able to influence them with her friendship with them. She has to 'pray to them and coax them to go. By her performances she puts herself en rapport With the spirits apd is able to ascertain their will and to name the ran-

STREET SCENE IN SEOUL

som for which they- will release the | victim who is under torment. “More varied than the functions of ' the Pansu are the pacifications and propitiations, called kauts or kuts, performed by the Mutang. The kaut may be carried out either at the house of the patient or at the home of the Mutang, or at some shrine or temple, called tang, dedicated to some spirits, which are seen on the hilisides in Korea. If, as is occasionally the case, the Mutang belongs to a noble family, she is allowed by her family to ply her trade only in her own house. Those who require her services send the re- . quired fee and necessary offerings, and I the ceremony is performed by the Mutang in her own house or at the tang. 1 “Her equipment consists of a number of dresses, some of them very costly ; a drum shaped like an hourglass, about four feet high; copper cymbals; a copper gong; a copper rod with small j bella or tinklers suspended from it by copper chains; a pair of telescoping baskets ; strips of silk and paper bani ners which float around her as she dances; funs, umbrellas; wands and j images of men and animals.” I The paraphernalia of the sorceress or exorcist was acquired for the United States National museum through • the agency of the late W. W. Rockhill, formerly envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of., the United States to China, and is now exhibited in the section of historic religions In i the older building of the museum. Healing the Sick. . “The service of the Mutang most in demand is the healing of the sick,” continued Doctor Casanowicz. “If a sick man believes that his distemper has t been caused- by a spirit - ,"he sends to I the Mutang to describe the. symptoms and learn what spirit Is doing mischief. The Mutang may declare the mime of ' the spirit without going to the pa- ' tient’s house, or may say that she must see the patient first. On retalnj ing her fee she names a ‘fortunate’ j day for the ceremony, which will be performed either at her house or shrine or at the patient’s house, according to the seriousness of the ailment and the fee he can pay. r —k - j “The .performance of a certain sorceress reported took place before the open door of the sick man’s house, in an inclosed st>ace within which were tables laden with food and delicacies. Three old women accompanied the Mutang, two of them beating large hour-glass-shaped drums, ■while the third clashed symbols. The sorceress faced them, dressed in rose-pink silk and a gauze robe of buff, its sleeves trailing on the ground. Her hair was decorat- : cd with strips of white pi) per and a curious cap of buff gauze with red patches. Over her left shoulder she carried a brightly painted stick supporting a gong upon which she beat with another stick, executing at the same time a slow, rhythmic movement accompanl-ed by a chant. Every now and then one of the ancient drummers gathered pieces of food and, scattering them to the four winds for the spirits to eat, invoked them by saying: ‘Do not trouble this house any more, and we will again appease you by ofThe exorcism lasted-from two in the afternoon until four the next morning, when after fourteen hours of treatment the patient began to recover. It is believed by another writer, however, that all the gestures and whirling, and the noise of the drums and cymbals, must In some cases actually ‘kill’ instead of ‘cure.’ ”

“She's always bragging’, about her husband.” “What does, she say?" "She says he's the biggest chump 111 town.”—Detroit Free Press. ■ '

Her Boast.